California Court of Appeal Jul 3, 2024 No. E079586Unpublished
Filed 7/3/24 P. v. Garcia CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E079586
v. (Super.Ct.No. RIF1900810)
HUGO CESAR GARCIA, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Jeffrey Prevost, Judge.
(Retired Judge of the Riverside Super. Ct. assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to art.
VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.) Affirmed.
Valerie G. Wass, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Charles C. Ragland, Assistant Attorney General, Robin Urbanski and Minh U.
Le, Deputy Attorney Generals, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
1
Defendant and appellant Hugo Cesar Garcia got involved in an altercation with
security guards at the Dukes Bar and Grill restaurant and nightclub in Riverside (Dukes).
During the altercation, defendant stabbed two of the security guards and, while on the
ground being held by the security guards, reached into his waistband and grabbed a gun.
Defendant shot the gun one time but did not hit anyone. Defendant was convicted of two
counts of attempted premeditated and deliberate murder, assault with a firearm, and
simple assault against two of the security guards, Edward Daffron and Dennis Richards.
He was convicted of assault with a semiautomatic firearm and assault with a deadly
weapon, a knife, against Austin Daniels.
Defendant claims on appeal that (1) his conviction for attempted murder of
Daffron is not supported by substantial evidence to support that he acted with the
requisite intent to kill; (2) there was no evidence that the attempted murder of Daffron
was committed willfully, deliberately, or with premeditation; (3) the jury’s true finding
that he personally and intentionally discharged a firearm in the commission of the
attempted murder of Daffron is not supported by substantial evidence; (4) his conviction
for assault with a semiautomatic firearm on Daniels is not support by substantial
evidence; (5) his conviction for the attempted murder of Richards must be reversed
because the evidence fails to establish that he acted with the requisite intent to kill; (6)
there was no evidence that the attempted murder of Richards was committed willfully,
deliberately, or with premeditation; (7) the trial court erroneously instructed the jury on
premeditation (CALCRIM No. 601); (8) his conviction for the attempted murder of
Daffron must be reversed as the jury was instructed on an inapplicable and legally
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incorrect kill zone theory of liability (CALCRIM No. 600); (9) the trial court committed
reversible error when it allowed officers to narrate the surveillance video and cellular
telephone video taken at Dukes as their testimony constituted improper opinion evidence;
and (10) this court should conduct an independent Pitchess1 review of the records of
several Riverside police officers who were involved in the investigation.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Defendant was convicted of premeditated, deliberate and willful attempted murder
(Penal Code, §§ 664, 187; count 5)2; and assault with a firearm (§ 245, subd. (b); count 6)
against Daffron. Defendant was convicted of premeditated, deliberate and willful
attempted murder (§§ 664, 187; count 3) against Richards. The jury found defendant not
guilty of assault with a firearm (§ 245, subd. (b); count 4) against Richards but found him
guilty of the lesser offense of simple assault.3 Against Daniels, he was convicted of
assault with a semiautomatic firearm (§ 245, subd. (b); count 2) and assault with a deadly
weapon, a knife (§ 245, subd. (a)(1); count 9). He was convicted in count 7 of possession
of a firearm having suffered a previous felony (§ 29800, subd. (a)(1)); and in count 8 with
possession of ammunition by a felon (§ 30305, subd. (a)).
1 Pitchess v. Superior Court (1974) 11 Cal.3d 531.
2 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.
3 Count 1 was dismissed pursuant to a section 995 motion.
3
In addition, the jury found true the allegation for count 2 that defendant personally
used a firearm. (§ 12022.5, subd. (a)). They found for counts 3 and 5 that defendant
acted with premeditation and deliberation and that he personally discharged a firearm
within the meaning of section 12022.53, subdivision (c). For count 3, the jury also found
true that he personally used a deadly and dangerous weapon, a knife (§ 12022, subd.
(b)(1)) and personally inflicted great bodily injury (§ 12022.7). For count 6, the jury
found true that defendant personally used a firearm (§ 12022.5, subd. (a)). The jury
found true that defendant personally inflicted great bodily injury (§ 12022.7) for count 9.4
Trial was bifurcated on the strike priors alleged against defendant. Defendant admitted to
having suffered a prior serious and violent felony conviction (§ 667, subds. (a), (c) &
(e)(1), 1170.12, subd. (c)(1)).
Defendant was sentenced to state prison for a determinate sentence of 39 years
plus 4 months, plus an indeterminate sentence of 28 years to life.
B. FACTUAL HISTORY
1. TESTIMONY FROM DUKES’S EMPLOYEES
In February 2019 Edward Daffron, who was six feet four inches tall. and weighed
260 pounds, was a manager at Dukes. Dukes had a full restaurant, two bars and patios in
the front and back. Dukes had music and karaoke on the weekends and was usually open
until 2:00 a.m. Dukes had three entrances/exits and was normally staffed with four to
4 The jury further found two aggravating factors to be true; the trial court found the third aggravating factor true, that defendant had served a prior prison term, after an admission by defendant.
4
five security guards. Security guards were not armed; they only carried flashlights. After
9:00 p.m., security guards performed “pat downs” on entering guests to ensure no guns or
knives were brought into the premises. No smoking was allowed in Dukes. Any
encounters with a patron in Dukes would occur with two security guards present.
On the night of February 16, 2019, Dennis Richards had been a security guard for
two years at Dukes. Richards was monitoring the back patio. As he was watching the
patio area, he saw defendant, who was standing in the parking lot of an adjacent gas
station, looking over the wall into the patio. He tried to engage him in conversation but
defendant did not respond. Defendant was chain-smoking cigarettes and had his hands in
the pocket of a heavy jacket he was wearing. Defendant kept staring at a group of people
on the patio and did not speak to Richards.
Richards decided to speak with Daffron to see if anything should be done about
defendant. Daffron went outside to talk to defendant. He was accompanied by Keith
Childress. Childress was six feet three inches tall and weighed 335 pounds.
Daffron asked defendant what he was doing but he did not respond. Defendant
did not look well and Daffron asked him if he needed help. Defendant said he was fine.
Daffron noticed that defendant kept his hands in the pocket of his jacket despite it being
warm outside. Daffron believed, based on his experience, that defendant may have a gun
in his pocket. Defendant warned Daffron to get the “fuck away from” him and not to get
too close to him. Childress heard defendant tell them to back up and saw defendant reach
for his waistband. Daffron and Childress decided to leave the area. Daffron advised
Alicia Rieben, who was working at the adjacent gas station, to call the police to have
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defendant removed. Daffron never yelled at defendant nor did he show any weapons to
him.
Childress and Daffron returned to Dukes. Daffron told all of his security guards to
keep an eye on defendant and went back inside Dukes. Daffron went to his office where
he could see all of the surveillance cameras positioned inside and outside of Dukes.
As Daffron was watching the surveillance cameras, approximately five minutes
after his encounter with defendant, he observed Richards run quickly from the back of
Dukes to the front. Richards had heard a commotion at the front door and ran to help the
other security guards.
Austin Daniels was another security guard who was on duty that night. He had
been working at the front door when he observed defendant about two feet inside Dukes
smoking a cigarette. Daniels advised him he could not smoke in the bar and had to take it
outside to finish. Defendant told Daniels “get the fuck out of my face.” Daniels asked
him two additional times to take the cigarette outside. Defendant refused and Daniels
grabbed the cigarette from defendant’s hand and threw it outside. Daniels advised
defendant that he was not welcome in Dukes and that he needed to leave. When
defendant made no movement to leave, Daniels put his forearm on defendant’s back to
assist him in leaving. Defendant pushed back. Daniels pushed defendant outside of
Dukes.
The jury was shown the video of the encounter between Daniels and defendant.
Daniels described his actions in the video. Defendant could be seen standing at the
threshold of Dukes smoking a cigarette. Daniels confronted him. Defendant just stared
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at Daniels and did nothing to comply with him. Daniels grabbed the cigarette and threw
it outside. Defendant could be seen with something in his hand. Daniels pushed
defendant outside of Dukes.
Daniels followed defendant outside and defendant swung at him. Defendant had a
knife in his hand and stabbed Daniels in the chest and leg. Defendant continued to
struggle with Daniels as he pulled defendant out to the parking lot. The jury also was
shown exhibit 5, which was a video depicting the walkway leading up to Dukes. Daniels
described the video. Security guards could be seen at the end of the walkway checking
identification and patting down patrons. Defendant could be seen walking by the security
guards and approaching the front door. As he approached the front door, he lit his
cigarette. A few moments later, Daniels could be seen pushing defendant down the
walkway.
Another security guard, who did not testify, came to help Daniels. At this point,
defendant was not being held and Daniels stood near him to make sure he was leaving the
area. Defendant did not leave and was swinging his hand at whoever was close to him.
The other security guard pushed defendant to the ground and defendant got back up.
Richards arrived at this point and told defendant to leave but defendant reached into his
pocket. Richards and Daniels believed that defendant had the opportunity at this point to
just walk away but he refused.
Richards rushed at defendant. He grabbed his arms and tried to throw him on the
ground. Defendant struck Richards in the back and on his neck with his fist. Richards
did not realize that defendant was actually stabbing him with a knife. Richards was able
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to pin defendant to the ground by getting on top of him. Defendant was facing the
ground. Defendant then pulled a handgun from his waistband. Childress observed
defendant pull the handgun from his waistband. Childress had also seen another gun fall
from defendant during the struggle with Richards.
Daffron ran from his office to the front of Dukes. As Daffron got to the front, he
could see two of his security guards wrestling with defendant. Daffron found a gun on
the ground about four to five feet away from the altercation. He took the magazine out of
the gun and threw it. He kept the gun.5
Defendant tried to push the gun toward Richards’s face. Richards was able to
move defendant’s arm and pin it to the ground. Defendant then pulled the trigger but
Richards was able to grab his wrist and direct the gun away from his face. Richards
continued to pin defendant to the ground and could not reach the firearm. Defendant
continued to struggle with Richards.
Daffron had observed defendant pull out the gun from his waistband. Defendant
pointed it at Daffron from his location on the ground. Daffron grabbed defendant’s hand
and tried to peel his fingers from the gun. He also tried smashing defendant’s hand down
on the ground to get him to release the gun. Daffron had his hand on top of defendant’s
hand. He thought that defendant was trying to shoot him because he “pointed out
towards my direction.” Daffron’s finger was caught behind the trigger of the gun.
Defendant pulled the trigger and it snapped Daffron’s finger in half. Daffron was able to
5 Daniels testified that he found the handgun about one foot from defendant and that he gave it to Daffron.
8
push the gun away from himself just prior to it being fired by defendant. Daffron was
finally able to get the gun away from defendant.
The jury was shown a cellular telephone video taken by one of the patrons at the
bar. In the video, defendant could be seen standing near three security guards.
Defendant was standing away from the three security guards. One of the security guards
pushed defendant to the ground but defendant immediately stood back up and swung at
them. He had a knife in his hand. Defendant was pinned on the ground, face down.
Defendant lifted up his head, reached into his waistband and pulled the gun from his
waistband.
Daniels was about four feet from defendant when the gun was fired. Richards
remained on top of defendant until the police arrived. Richards was afraid to let
defendant up after he had stabbed him and had fired a gun. Daffron hit defendant in the
head three or four times. He was worried that defendant may have another gun and
needed to subdue him. At this point, Daffron noticed that Daniels was bleeding from a
knife wound to his leg. Daniels also discovered that he had been stabbed in the chest and
leg.
Defendant never said anything during the altercation. Daffron put the guns and
knife in his safe until police arrived. Daffron never observed Richards or Daniels hit
defendant.
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2. ADDITIONAL TESTIMONY
a. Michael Dubski
Michael Dubski was present at Dukes that night. He and his brother were
approaching the front door of Dukes when they observed one of the security guards
advising a person in front of them that he could not go into Dukes. There was a verbal
altercation and then it turned physical. The person and two security guards were
wrestling around in the parking lot just past the entrance. About 30 seconds later, he
heard a gunshot. Dubski saw something metal in defendant’s hand but could not see
what it was. Defendant did not retreat and held his hands up in a fighting manner.
Another security guard showed up and was able to contain defendant. Dubski saw
something get kicked away while defendant was being held on the ground. At trial he did
not know what it was but told police officers that night that he thought it was a gun.
Even when defendant was on the ground he did not appear to give up. Just before the
gunshot, it appeared the security guards were all trying to grab his hands. Defendant was
on the ground when the gunshot was heard.
Dubski indicated that prior to the gunshot, he had not seen anyone kick or strike
defendant. He believed the security guards were just holding down defendant to contain
him until police arrived and did not escalate the situation. Dubski did not see defendant
backing away from the security guards.
b. Alicia Rieben
Rieben was working as a cashier at the gas station adjacent to Dukes on the night
in question. Rieben indicated oftentimes people stood at the wall separating the gas
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station and Dukes, looking over the wall. On previous occasions, she had called Dukes to
request a security guard ask the people to leave because she felt it was not safe to have
persons lingering in the area.
When Rieben arrived at work on February 16, she did not park in her usual spot as
defendant was standing in the area near his car. She did not feel comfortable getting out
of her car near him. Defendant was looking over the wall into Dukes. She asked her
coworker to go out and tell defendant to leave the premises. Defendant did not leave. At
that point, two security guards from Dukes came to the parking lot and talked to
defendant. It appeared that they were arguing. When they were done, the security guards
came into the gas station and told Rieben to call the police because defendant was
refusing to leave. While Rieben was on the phone with the police, she observed
defendant walk toward the entrance to Dukes. A few moments later, she heard a gunshot.
The police arrived quickly after she made the phone call. She never saw that defendant
had a flat tire and he never asked for help.
c. 911 Call
Public safety officer Michelle Jensen testified. She oversaw the 911
communication center for the Riverside Police Department. She testified that Daniel
Tafesh called 911. Tafesh advised the dispatcher that police were needed at Dukes. He
stated that “we almost died” when a customer tried to “shove his way in” and had two
pistols on him. The customer shot the gun one time and had been contained. The
handguns had been taken away. He reported someone had been “hit in the leg” and an
ambulance was needed. Tafesh indicated that the customer was bleeding from his head.
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3. MEDICAL TREATMENT
Daniels went to the hospital. Dr. Joseph Fargusson treated Daniels in the
emergency room at Riverside Community Hospital. Daniels had two stab wounds. He
had a one- and one-half-centimeter laceration to his upper stomach and a two-centimeter
laceration to his right thigh. The stab wound to the upper stomach could have damaged
his heart and other vital organs. He was admitted to the hospital to be monitored to make
sure that no arteries were impacted by the stab wound to the chest. There were also
concerns regarding a blood clot near his heart. Daniels received several stitches.
Dr. Rachael Tena was working in the emergency room that night and treated
Richards. He had a laceration on his upper back. There was no puncture to the lung and
no severing of important arteries. Several sutures were required in order to close the
laceration. The wound would take several months to completely heal. He also had a
wound to his neck, which could have impacted several arteries and been fatal.
Daffron’s finger was broken after the altercation but he did not go to the hospital.
4. POLICE INVESTIGATION
Dubski spoke with Riverside Police Officer Brett McMillan at the scene. He told
Officer McMillan that he observed a “tussle” between defendant and the security guards.
The security guards took defendant to the ground. Dubski then saw an object fall to the
ground that he identified as a handgun.
Officer McMillan also spoke with Childress, who stated he went with Daffron to
speak with defendant when defendant was at the gas station. Defendant told them not to
get too close to him. Childress observed a “tussle” between defendant and the security
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guards. He saw a firearm fall out of defendant’s waistband. He also observed defendant
reach for his waistband and grab another gun. Childress told Officer McMillan that
defendant pulled the trigger on the gun. Childress believed the gun was pointed at the
ground when it was discharged. Childress thought Daniels may have been shot by a
ricochet bullet.
From the scene, Officer McMillan recovered a Glock .23 handgun, a Glock .27
handgun, two magazines, and a folding knife. These were all in a bag in a safe inside
Dukes. The two handguns were not registered.
Riverside Police Officer Matthew Chipukitea was dispatched to Dukes around
midnight on February 16. A spent shell casing was found at the scene. Blood droplets
and blood splatter were found on the walkway leading into Dukes. He photographed
defendant at the hospital; he had two staples at the top of his head. Officer Chipukitea
examined and photographed the two guns; a bullet was missing from one magazine and
the other magazine was fully loaded. Defendant had two holsters for concealing guns on
his person.
Riverside Police Officer Robert Karotz was dispatched to Dukes around midnight
on February 16. When he arrived, the scene was chaotic. Persons were fleeing Dukes
from emergency exits and running into the parking lot. Defendant was in handcuffs or
being loaded into the ambulance. Officer Karotz spoke with Daffron. Daffron was
agitated and emotional. Daffron provided Officer Karotz with access to the surveillance
footage at Dukes. Officer Karotz watched the two videos provided by Daffron . He
described it for the jury, as will be set forth in more detail, post.
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Riverside Police Officer Taylor LaPoint arrived at Dukes shortly after midnight.
When he arrived, other officers were holding down defendant. He assisted with detaining
defendant. Officer LaPoint observed that defendant had a gun holster in his waistband.
He took the holster from defendant. He spoke with Richards. He went to the hospital
and took photographs of Richards’s injuries. He had injuries to his back and neck.
Richards’s T-shirt and sweatshirt had holes that coincided with the knife wounds.
Riverside Police Officer Adriana Valenzuela also responded to Dukes. Officer
Valenzuela secured the perimeter. A person approached Officer Valenzuela and stated
that he or she had a video of the incident on their cellular telephone and did not want to
be identified. Officer Valenzuela was played the video in court and described what was
on the video, as will be set forth, post.
Riverside Police Detective Richard Glover was one of the first officers who
arrived at the scene. There was chaos in the parking lot. He observed defendant on the
ground and two individuals on top of him keeping him pinned to the ground. There was
one person sitting on the curb. A fourth person was pacing back and forth nearby. The
security guards told Detective Glover that defendant had shot at them and one of them
was stabbed. He did not see the security guards hitting or punching defendant.
Defendant was handcuffed and taken into custody. Detective Glover saw two gun
holsters. One was near defendant and another was on his waistband. Defendant was
searched and a loaded magazine was found in his pocket. The handguns recovered would
have fit in the holsters. The handguns would expel a casing. The magazines that were
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found fit the handguns in defendant’s possession. The knife was a folding knife that had
a two- and one-half-inch blade.
Riverside Police Officer Casey Adams arrived at Dukes shortly after midnight.
He was the first officer to arrive. When he arrived, he observed two security guards on
top of defendant attempting to hold him down. It appeared that defendant was trying to
get up and was struggling. He did not observe any of the security guards using weapons
against defendant. Officer Adams assisted the security guards in trying to control
defendant’s hands; he kept trying to put them under his body. Officer Adams was able to
handcuff defendant. There was blood coming from a laceration on defendant’s head and
he was given medical attention.
The parties stipulated that defendant was prohibited from possessing a handgun.
Defendant presented no evidence on his behalf.
DISCUSSION
A. COUNT 5: DAFFRON
Defendant makes three contentions as to the conviction for attempted premeditated
and deliberate murder of Daffron. First, he claims that his conviction for attempted
murder of Daffron is not supported by substantial evidence that he acted with the
requisite intent to kill. He further contends there was no evidence that the attempted
murder of Daffron was committed willfully, deliberately or with premeditation. Finally,
he claims the jury’s true finding that he personally and intentionally discharged a firearm
in the commission of the attempted murder of Daffron is not supported by substantial
evidence.
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1. INTENT TO KILL
Defendant contends there is insufficient evidence to support his attempted murder
conviction against Daffron (count 5) in that he did not possess the intent to kill.
“When considering a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to support a
conviction, we review the entire record in the light most favorable to the judgment to
determine whether it contains substantial evidence—that is, evidence that is reasonable,
credible, and of solid value—from which a reasonable trier of fact could find defendant
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. [Citation.] . . . We presume in support of the
judgment the existence of every fact the trier of fact reasonably could infer from the
evidence. [Citation.] If the circumstances reasonably justify the trier of fact’s findings,
reversal of the judgment is not warranted simply because the circumstances might also
reasonably be reconciled with a contrary finding. [Citation.] A reviewing court neither
reweighs evidence nor reevaluates a witness’s credibility.” (People v. Lindberg (2008)
45 Cal.4th 1, 27; see also People v. Zamudio (2008) 43 Cal.4th 327, 358.)
“ ‘ “ ‘The mental state required for attempted murder has long differed from that
required for murder itself. Murder does not require the intent to kill. Implied malice—a
conscious disregard for life—suffices. [Citation.]’ [Citation.] In contrast, ‘[a]ttempted
murder requires the specific intent to kill and the commission of a direct but ineffectual
act toward accomplishing the intended killing.’ ” ’ ” (People v. Virgo (2013) 222
Cal.App.4th 788, 797.)
“[T]he act of purposefully firing a lethal weapon at another human being at close
range, without legal excuse, generally gives rise to an inference that the shooter acted
16
with express malice. That the shooter had no particular motive for shooting the victim is
not dispositive, although again, where motive is shown, such evidence will usually be
probative of proof of intent to kill. Nor is the circumstance that the bullet misses its mark
or fails to prove lethal dispositive—the very act of firing a weapon ‘ “in a manner that
could have inflicted a mortal wound had the bullet been on target” ’ is sufficient to
support an inference of intent to kill.” (People v. Smith (2005) 37 Cal.4th 733, 742; see
also People v. Nelson (2011) 51 Cal.4th 198, 212 [“Simply pointing [a] gun at [the
victim] . . . is sufficient to support a finding of attempted murder”].) “[I]ntent to kill
often must be inferred from circumstantial evidence surrounding the crime.” (People v.
Canizales (2019) 7 Cal.5th 591, 606 (Canizales).)
Daffron had confronted defendant earlier in the night asking him to leave the area.
Rather than leave, defendant reached toward his waistband and told him to get the “fuck”
away from him. Defendant did not leave the area and instead tried to get into Dukes with
two handguns, loaded magazines and a knife. Defendant was defiant when Daniels
refused him entry because he was smoking. When Daniels tried to get defendant to leave
Dukes, he stabbed him. Richards tried to help Daniels, and defendant stabbed him in the
neck and back. Defendant was defiant with the security guards and intended to hurt
them.
Defendant was pinned to the ground when Daffron approached to help detain him.
Rather than give up, defendant deliberately reached into his waistband and pulled out a
handgun. The cellular telephone video clearly shows that defendant reached into his
waistband and grabbed the gun. Daffron testified that defendant pointed the gun at his
17
stomach. Daffron was able to grab defendant’s gun and put his finger behind the trigger.
This did not deter defendant and he pulled the trigger. This is strong circumstantial
evidence that defendant intended to kill Daffron by pointing the gun at Daffron, who was
in close range. He was only thwarted by Daffron being able to redirect the gun away
from himself.
Defendant insists that the gun was accidentally fired. However, Daffron and
Richards both testified that defendant pulled the trigger.
Defendant contends that he only had the direct intent to kill one staff member.
“[W]here there are multiple possible victims of the attempted murder, the prosecution
must establish that defendant intended to kill each victim for each count charged.”
(People v. Virgo, supra, 222 Cal.App.4th at p. 798.) Here, the evidence supports that
defendant intended to kill Daffron. Defendant had a loaded weapon in his possession but
chose to use the knife against Daniels and Richards. Daffron approached defendant and
at this point, he pulled the gun out of his waistband. The jury could reasonably conclude
that defendant had the intent to kill Daffron because he did not choose to use the gun
until Daffron arrived, and because he pointed the gun at Daffron. Defendant’s claim that
he did not see Daffron is pure speculation. Daffron had his hand on the gun and
defendant did not pull out the gun until Daffron arrived. It is inconceivable that
defendant was unaware that Daffron was on top of him. Substantial evidence supports
the jury finding that defendant had the intent to kill Daffron when he shot the gun.
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2. PREMEDITATION
Defendant also contends the evidence does not support that he committed the
attempted murder of Daffron willfully, deliberately and with premeditation.
“ ‘A verdict of deliberate and premeditated first degree murder requires more than
a showing of intent to kill. [Citation.] “Deliberation” refers to careful weighing of
considerations in forming a course of action; “premeditation” means thought over in
advance.’ ” (People v. Halvorsen (2007) 42 Cal.4th 379, 419.) “In assessing the
sufficiency of evidence of premeditation and deliberation, courts often consider three
factors discussed in People v. Anderson (1968) 70 Cal.2d 15, 26-27[:] planning, motive,
and manner of killing. [Citation.] ‘Anderson does not require that these factors be
present in some special combination or that they be accorded a particular weight, nor is
the list exhaustive. Anderson was simply intended to guide an appellate court’s
assessment whether the evidence supports an inference that the killing occurred as the
result of preexisting reflection rather than unconsidered or rash impulse.’ ” (People v.
Ocegueda (2023) 92 Cal.App.5th 548, 561.)
“ ‘The process of premeditation and deliberation does not require any extended
period of time. “The true test is not the duration of time as much as it is the extent of the
reflection. Thoughts may follow each other with great rapidity and cold, calculated
judgment may be arrived at quickly.” ’ ” (People v. Lee (2011) 51 Cal.4th 620, 636.) A
“preexisting reflection, of any duration, is readily distinguishable from a killing based on
unconsidered or rash impulse.” (People v. Solomon (2010) 49 Cal.4th 792, 813.) “[T]he
appellate court does not substitute its judgment for that of the jury but affirms the verdict
19
if a rational trier of fact could find premeditation and deliberation beyond a reasonable
doubt.” (People v. Pride (1992) 3 Cal.4th 195, 247.)
Initially, there was evidence that defendant planned to enter Dukes and cause
trouble that night. Defendant was approached by Daffron and Childress when he was
observed looking over the wall into the patio area of Dukes and refused to respond to
questions from Richards. Daffron advised defendant that he should leave and defendant
responded to get the “fuck” away from him. Defendant refused to leave. It was at this
point, defendant’s counsel argued, that defendant armed himself with two handguns both
with loaded magazines, and a knife to defend himself. However, it was equally plausible
that defendant armed himself, or was already armed as evidenced by his reaching for his
waistband when Daffron initially confronted him, and this showed he planned to hurt
someone at Dukes.6
His plan to cause trouble at Dukes was further evidenced by defendant’s defiance
in refusing to get rid of his cigarette when asked by Daniels. The video in exhibit 4
shows defendant making no effort to comply with the demands of Daniels to take his
cigarette outside. Defendant just stared at Daniels and kept his cigarette. He then pulled
out his knife and fought with Daniels. Daniels had no intention of leaving Dukes and
was going to hurt the security guards who stood in his way.
6 Defendant argues that arming himself did not show he planned to hurt Daffron or anyone else at Dukes. This may be true if defendant was carrying one handgun but defendant had numerous magazines and two handguns which reasonably shows a plan to hurt those inside Dukes.
20
Defendant used the knife against Daniels and Richards, but it was taken from him.
Defendant was on the ground. None of the security guards were beating him; they
merely had him pinned to the ground and he could have given up. At this point, Daffron
arrived to help Daniels and Richards. Defendant made a conscious choice to reach into
his waistband for the hidden handgun and shoot at Daffron. The evidence establishes that
he deliberately pulled the gun out and used it. This was not a rash or impulsive decision.
(See People v. Perez (1992) 2 Cal.4th 1117, 1127 [manner of killing showed
premeditation and deliberation as defendant searched for additional knife after first knife
broke].) Defendant had armed himself prior to entering Dukes, consciously pulled the
gun from his waistband—when he could have just given up—and instead fired the gun.
Despite defendant contending that he was only defending himself and used his weapons
only after he was pushed by Daniels, the fact remains that he brought numerous weapons
into Dukes after having been asked to leave and refused to leave even though he had the
opportunity.
While there is no apparent evidence of motive, it does appear that defendant
sought to enter Dukes to hurt those inside. Defendant had been outside Dukes looking
into the patio area and ignored any inquiries as to what he was doing. He attempted to
bring two handguns and loaded magazines into Dukes, which reasonably could be
interpreted as he intended to hurt whoever was inside Dukes that night.
Defendant’s premeditation and deliberation that he specifically intended to kill
Daffron is evidenced by the fact that he had multiple opportunities to pull out his gun and
fire at the security guards but waited until the knife was taken from him and Daffron was
21
involved. During the initial encounter with Daniels, defendant’s hands were free and he
could have pulled his gun on Daniels. Defendant instead pulled the knife out and used
that to assault Daniels. The cellular telephone video shows that there was a time that
defendant was standing with the security guards and his hands were not being held. At
that point, defendant could have pulled the gun on all of them, but chose not to use the
gun. It was not until he was pinned to the ground that he reached into his waistband and
pulled out the gun. This was when Daffron arrived to assist Richards and Daniels. Once
he pulled the gun from his waistband, he pointed it at Daffron’s stomach and shot the
gun. This was further evidence of premeditation and deliberation.
The evidence is sufficient to sustain the jury's finding of premeditation and
deliberation in the attempted murder of Daffron.
3. ASSAULT WITH A FIREARM
Defendant contends the evidence does not support the true finding by the jury that
defendant personally and intentionally discharged a firearm within the meaning of section
12022.53, subdivision (c), in the commission of the attempted murder of Daffron.
“[A] person who, in the commission of a felony specified in subdivision (a),
personally and intentionally discharges a firearm, shall be punished by an additional and
consecutive term of imprisonment in the state prison for 20 years.” (§ 12022.53, subd.
(c).)7 “Whether defendant used a firearm in the commission of an enumerated offense is
for the trier of fact to decide. [Citation.] We review the sufficiency of the evidence to
7 These felonies include attempted murder. (§ 12022.53, subds. (a)(1) & (a)(18)).
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support an enhancement using the same standard we apply to a conviction. [Citation.]
Thus, we presume every fact in support of the judgment the trier of fact could have
reasonably deduced from the evidence.” (People v. Carrasco (2006) 137 Cal.App.4th
1050, 1058.)
Here, Daffron’s testimony supports that defendant personally and intentionally
discharged his firearm during the commission of the attempted murder of Daffron.
Daffron testified that defendant pulled out the gun from his waistband and pointed it at
Daffron’s stomach. Daffron tried to grab the gun and was able to get his finger behind
the trigger. At that point, defendant pulled the trigger, snapping Daffron’s finger in half.
It is inconceivable that Daffron could have pulled the trigger that broke his own finger,
and defendant was the only other person holding the gun. Further, Richards testified that
he observed defendant pull the trigger.8
Based on this evidence, the jury could reasonably conclude that defendant
personally and intentionally discharged the firearm during the commission of the
attempted murder of Daffron.
8 Defendant claims that Richards testified he never saw defendant pull the trigger. However, he was asked on direct examination, “At this point did you see him pull the trigger?” Richards responded, “Yes.” Later, Richards, on cross-examination, confirmed that when he grabbed defendant’s wrist, the gun went off. He was asked, “Did you see his finger pull the trigger?” Richards stated, “I did not see it.” Richards also testified that the gun went off while he held defendant’s wrist and Richards did not pull the trigger. From this evidence, coupled with the testimony from Daffron, the jury could reasonably conclude that defendant pulled the trigger.
23
B. COUNT 2: DANIELS
Defendant further contends that his conviction for assault with a semiautomatic
firearm on Daniels is not supported by substantial evidence. He insists that there was no
evidence that defendant pointed the gun at Daniels or in his direction. The gun was
pointed at the ground when it was fired.
“ ‘An assault is an unlawful attempt, coupled with a present ability, to commit a
violent injury on the person of another.’ ” (People v. Cruz-Partida (2022) 79
Cal.App.5th 197, 206, fn. omitted.) “No specific intent to cause injury is required.
[Citation.] Rather, the focus is on the ‘offensive or dangerous character of defendant’s
conduct.’ ” (Id. at p. 207.) Firing a “gun in the vicinity of others has been found, . . . to
be sufficient to justify a charge of assault.” (Id. at p. 208.) “Because the gravamen of
assault is the likelihood that defendant’s action will result in a violent injury to another
[citation], it follows that a victim of assault is one for whom such an injury was likely.”
(People v. Trujillo (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 1344, 1355.)
Daniels was within four feet of defendant when the shot was fired. Daffron was
struggling with defendant when the gun was fired. Daffron was able to direct the gun
away from himself when defendant fired the gun. Daffron believed that Daniels had been
shot and testified the gun was fired in the general vicinity where Daniels was standing.
This evidence that Daniels was within four feet of defendant when he pulled the trigger
on the gun, and Daffron testified that the gun was pointed in the general vicinity where
Daniels was standing, is sufficient to support defendant’s conviction of assault with a
firearm on Daniels.
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C. COUNT 3: RICHARDS
Defendant raises two claims as to his conviction for the attempted premeditated
and deliberate murder of Richards in count 3. He claims his conviction for the attempted
murder of Richards must be reversed because the evidence fails to establish that he acted
with the requisite intent to kill. He further contends there was no evidence that the
attempted murder of Richards was committed willfully, deliberately or with
premeditation.
We have previously set forth the standards for reviewing a claim of insufficient
evidence, for finding an intent to kill for attempted murder, and for premeditation and
deliberation and rely on these authorities here. In People v. Avila (2009) 46 Cal.4th 680,
the California Supreme Court found substantial evidence that the defendant intended to
kill the victim based solely on the evidence that the defendant made repeated attempts to
stab the victim and succeeded in stabbing the victim in the arm and leg. (Id. at pp. 701-
702.) The court also noted that “[T]he degree of the resulting injury is not dispositive of
defendant’s intent. Indeed, defendant may properly be convicted of attempted murder
when no injury results.” (Id. at p. 702.)
Here, the jury found defendant guilty of the attempted murder of Richards based
on defendant stabbing him with the knife. Initially, there was strong evidence that
defendant intended to kill Richards when he stabbed him. Richards joined Daniels in
trying to subdue defendant. When Richards arrived, defendant deliberately swung the
knife numerous times at Richards and connected. He stabbed Richards in the neck and
25
back. Defendant only stopped when Richards and Daniels were able to pin him on the
ground and were able to pry the knife from his hand.
Richards was treated at the hospital and required several stitches. The wound to
his back was concerning to the treating physician as it could have penetrated his lungs.
Ultrasound tests were performed to ensure the stab wound had not penetrated his lungs or
heart. The doctor also indicated that a stab wound to the neck was a concern as it could
impact major arteries, which would be life-threatening. Defendant’s actions in violently
swinging the knife at Richards and the resulting injuries to Richards were strong
circumstantial evidence that he intended to kill Richards.
As for the finding of premeditation and deliberation, defendant had the knife in his
hand starting with the altercation with Daniels. He held onto the knife throughout the
interaction with the security guards. Defendant immediately swung the knife at Richards
when he approached to help Daniels. It was clear that defendant had the intent to use the
knife against Richards, and that he planned to use the knife against anyone who tried to
stop him. Defendant could have stopped and walked away at any point during the
altercation. Defendant was standing away from the security guards in the parking lot. He
could have held his hands up or retreated. Instead, he chose to swing the knife at
Richards, resulting in him being stabbed in the neck and chest. The jury could
reasonably conclude that defendant acted with premeditation and deliberation in the
commission of the attempted murder of Richards.
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D. INSTRUCTIONAL ERRORS
Defendant claims the trial court committed two instructional errors. First, he
claims the trial court erroneously instructed the jury on premeditation in the standard
instruction CALCRIM No. 601, which was given without objection or request for
modification. He further insists that his conviction for the attempted murder of Daffron
in count 5 must be reversed as the jury was instructed on an inapplicable kill zone theory
of liability.
The parties discussed the instructions both on and off the record. The prosecutor
proposed that it would give CALCRIM No. 600 on attempted murder but would have to
give it twice based on two separate victims. The instruction would include a kill zone
theory. The prosecutor also indicated that it was requesting CALCRIM No. 601 on
premeditation and deliberation. No objection to either instruction was made by
defendant.
1. CALCRIM No. 600
The jury was instructed on attempted murder for counts 3 and 5. Defendant only
contests the instruction as to count 5, the attempted murder against Daffron. Defendant
contends that the kill zone instruction was inapplicable to the count involving Daffron
because it was inapplicable based on the evidence presented in the case.9
The jury was instructed on attempted murder on count 5. It instructed the jury,
“To prove defendant is guilty of attempted murder, the People must prove that: [¶]
9 He does not make the same claim as to the attempted murder of Richards recognizing that his conviction was based on defendant’s use of the knife, not the gun.
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1. Defendant took at least one direct but ineffective step toward killing another person.
[¶] AND [¶] 2. Defendant intended to kill that person.” The instruction also included a
kill zone theory of liability as follows: “A person may intend to kill a primary target and
also a secondary target within a zone of fatal harm or ‘kill zone.’ A ‘kill zone’ is an area
in which defendant used lethal force that was designed and intended to kill everyone in
the area around the primary target. [¶] In order to convict defendant of attempted murder
of [Daffron], the People must prove that defendant not only intended to kill [Daffron], but
also either intended to kill [Daffron] or intended to kill everyone within the kill zone. [¶]
In determining whether defendant intended to kill [Daffron] the People must prove that
(1) the only reasonable conclusion from defendant’s use of lethal force is that defendant
intended to create a kill zone; and (2) [Daffron], was located within the kill zone. [¶] In
determining whether defendant intended to create a ‘kill zone’ and the scope of such a
zone, you should consider all of the circumstances including, but not limited to, the
following: [¶] The type of weapon used; [¶] The number of shots fired; [¶] The distance
between defendant [and] [Daffron]; [¶] The distance between [Daffron] and the primary
target. [¶] If you have a reasonable doubt about whether defendant intended to kill
[Daffron] or intended to kill [Daffron], by killing everyone in the kill zone, then you must
find defendant not guilty of attempted murder of [Daffron].”10
“[T]he kill zone theory for establishing the specific intent to kill required for
conviction of attempted murder may properly be applied only when a jury concludes:
10 The same instruction was given for Richards, with his name substituted for Daffron.
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(1) the circumstances of defendant’s attack on a primary target, including the type and
extent of force defendant used, are such that the only reasonable inference is that
defendant intended to create a zone of fatal harm—that is, an area in which defendant
intended to kill everyone present to ensure the primary target’s death—around the
primary target and (2) the alleged attempted murder victim who was not the primary
target was located within that zone of harm. Taken together, such evidence will support a
finding that defendant harbored the requisite specific intent to kill both the primary target
and everyone within the zone of fatal harm.” (Canizales, supra, 7 Cal.5th at p. 607.)
“In determining defendant’s intent to create a zone of fatal harm and the scope of
any such zone, the jury should consider the circumstances of the offense, such as the type
of weapon used, the number of shots fired (where a firearm is used), the distance between
defendant and the alleged victims, and the proximity of the alleged victims to the primary
target. Evidence that defendant who intends to kill a primary target acted with only
conscious disregard of the risk of serious injury or death for those around a primary target
does not satisfy the kill zone theory.” (Canizales, supra, 7 Cal.5th at 607.) It concluded
that, “we anticipate there will be relatively few cases in which the theory will be
applicable and an instruction appropriate.” (Ibid.)
The People concede that the kill zone instruction given was erroneous citing to
People v. Mumin (2023) 15 Cal.5th 176, 193-194, 204-205. “The far more commonplace
act of firing one or a few shots at a group may supply the actus reus for a number of
crimes. But, standing alone, it does not support a conclusion that the shooter intended to
create a kill zone around the primary target in order to ensure that primary target will
29
die.” (Id. at p. 193.) We agree with the parties that the evidence did not support the kill
zone instruction in this case.
The erroneous instruction given to the jury did not prejudice defendant as beyond
a reasonable doubt it did not contribute to the verdict. (Chapman v. California (1967)
386 U.S. 18, 24.) Defendant insists that the giving of the instruction was prejudicial as
the jury could find him guilty of the attempted murder of Daffron without a finding that
he had the intent to kill Daffron.
A similar instruction was given in People v. Tran (2018) 20 Cal.App.5th 567. In
Tran, the instruction named the same victim, Roger James, as the primary and secondary
target. (Id. at p. 567.) The appellate court found that such instruction could not have
possibly prejudiced the defendant. “[I]t could not possibly have prejudiced appellant
because it expressly required the jury to find he harbored the intent to kill James in order
to convict him of that offense. In fact, the kill zone instruction was repetitive in terms of
conveying that requirement in that it required the jury to find ‘defendant not only
intended to kill Roger James,’ but also that he ‘intended to kill Roger James or intended
to kill Roger James by killing everyone in the kill zone[.]’ Either way, appellant could
not have been found guilty of a kill zone attempted murder under this instruction unless
the jury found he intended to kill James. Therefore, any error in the wording of the kill
zone instruction was patently harmless. There is no basis to disturb appellant’s
conviction for attempting to murder James.” (Ibid.)
30
Here, the jury was instructed the same as in Tran in that Daffron was named both
the primary and secondary target. The jury necessarily had to conclude that defendant
had the intent to kill Daffron.
Moreover, the jury necessarily did not rely on the kill zone theory in convicting
defendant of the murder of Daffron. As noted, the jury found defendant was guilty of the
attempted murder of Richards based on the use of the knife only. As such, it necessarily
found defendant guilty of the attempted murder of Daffron based on the firing of the gun
and must have concluded that defendant had the intent to kill Daffron when he fired the
gun. As such, any conceivable error in instructing the jury with the kill zone instruction
was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
2. CALCRIM NO. 601
The jury was instructed with premeditation and deliberation for counts 3 and 5 in
CALCRIM No. 601. It was instructed, “Defendant acted willfully if he intended to kill
when he acted. Defendant deliberated if he carefully weighed the considerations for and
against his choice and, knowing the consequences, decided to kill. Defendant acted with
premeditation if he decided to kill before completing the acts of attempted murder. [¶]
The length of time a person spends considering whether to kill does not alone determine
whether the attempted killing is deliberate and premeditated. The amount of time
required for deliberation and premeditation may vary from person to person and
according to the circumstances. A decision to kill made rashly, impulsively, or without
careful consideration of the choice and its consequences is not deliberate and
premeditated. On the other hand, a cold calculated decision to kill could be reached
31
quickly. The test is the extent of the reflection, not the length of time.” (Italics added.)
Defendant contends the italicized portion of the instruction inaccurately defines
premeditation.
Defendant did not object to the standard instruction given by the trial court.
“Defendant . . . may not now ‘complain on appeal that an instruction correct in law and
responsive to the evidence was too general or incomplete.’ [Citations.] Defendant’s
failure to . . . object to the proposed instruction . . . forfeits his claim on appeal.” (People
v. Valdez (2004) 32 Cal.4th 73, 113.) We need not consider this claim on appeal.
E. OFFICER TESTIMONY
Defendant contends the trial court committed reversible error when it allowed
Officers Karotz and Valenzuela to narrate the surveillance video and cellular telephone
video as their testimony went beyond drawing reasonable inferences and, in fact,
interpreted the facts for the jury. The admission of the evidence violated both his state
and federal constitutional rights.
1. ADDITIONAL FACTUAL BACKGROUND
During Officer Karotz’s testimony, the prosecutor played the video of the
confrontation between Daniels and defendant. He was asked about the contact between
defendant and Daniels. Officer Karotz explained that he believed Dukes had a policy of
no smoking inside their premises. Officer Karotz began to evaluate defendant’s body
language but defendant’s counsel objected as speculation, which was sustained. Officer
Karotz indicated that based on defendant having his hand in his pocket, he would think
that defendant had a weapon in his pocket and was preparing to arm himself.
32
Defendant’s relevance objection was overruled. Officer Karotz would have demanded
that defendant remove his hand from his pocket.
Officer Karotz was then asked whether he could observe defendant still with his
hand in his pocket in the video. Defendant’s counsel objected that the video could speak
for itself. The trial court overruled the objection. Officer Karotz then testified that it
appeared he was grasping something. Officer Karotz was then asked to view the
photographs taken from the video. He reviewed exhibit 71 and noted that it showed
defendant with his hand around a black object. Exhibit 72 exhibited the blade of the
knife extending out from his fist. Officer Karotz was also shown exhibit 74 and asked
about defendant’s body language. A relevance objection was overruled. Officer Karotz
indicated that based on the photograph and video, defendant could be seen stabbing the
security guard. Officer Karotz also stated that there was a flash of the knife blade that
could be seen in the video.
Officer Karotz was also shown exhibit 5, which was the video depicting the
outside walkway leading to the front door of Dukes. The video showed defendant
walking into Dukes behind a security guard. Once again, defendant could be seen
swinging the knife.
Officer Valenzuela described the cellular telephone video to the jury. She stated
the video showed the security guards attempting to get defendant to the ground. It did
not appear that defendant was cooperating with the security guards. She observed
defendant swinging his hand towards the security guards. The object in his hand
appeared to be a knife. Officer Valenzuela was asked, “In this instance, the security
33
guard closest to the individual on the ground, does it appear they are striking the
individual?” Defense counsel objected on the grounds the video stands for itself,
speculation and irrelevant. The trial court responded, “I think this witness could opine.”
She went on to describe that the security guard was directly above defendant with his
hands on defendant. He had an open palm. She also was shown exhibit 78, which was a
still photograph from the video. The knife could clearly be seen in defendant’s hand. It
appeared in the video that defendant was swinging his hand toward the security guard and
made contact. It appeared the security guards were trying to defend themselves and one
of them was trying to hold down defendant.
Officer Valenzuela was asked if it appeared that the security guards were trying to
stop the altercation. An objection on speculation and irrelevance grounds was sustained.
Officer Valenzuela then testified she saw one of the security guards pick up a handgun
from the ground. This was prior to a gunshot being heard in the cellular telephone video.
During the video, defendant never put his hands up to signal the officers that they should
stop.
2. ANALYSIS
The People have argued that defendant waived this issue on appeal by failing to
object on the same grounds in the lower court as raised on appeal. The People also
contend that testimony by the officers was proper lay witness opinion testimony that was
helpful to the jury. We need not consider these claims as we find that the admission of
the evidence was not prejudicial to defendant as there is no reasonable probability of a
34
more favorable outcome had the testimony been excluded. (People v. De Hoyos (2013)
57 Cal.4th 79, 131; People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836.)
Here, the jury was shown the videos in exhibits 3, 4 and 5 several times. They
also viewed the still photographs from the videos. They were presented with testimony
from percipient witnesses including the security guards and Dubski, who was a patron at
Dukes, detailing the events that appeared in the videos. Dubski repeatedly testified that
defendant never backed away from the security guards nor tried to stop the altercation.
Defendant admits that the jury was more than capable of viewing the videos themselves
and did not need additional testimony from the officers. Defendant merely speculates
that the jury was “likely to defer” to the officers’ opinions about what was shown in the
videos rather than their own assessment. There is nothing to support this speculation.
Moreover, the testimony of the officers properly described what occurred in the videos
and provided nothing more than what the jury already knew based on their independent
view of the videos.
Defendant also claims exhibit 3 was grainy and hard to see. However, there were
still photographs taken that showed the video more clearly. The jury could reasonably
view the videos and reach its own conclusions as to what was depicted in the videos.
Defendant also contends that the testimony infringed on his defense of self-defense, but
the jury on its own could see that defendant had opportunities to end the altercation but
chose to continue to fight with the security guards. Further, they could rely on the
testimony of Dubski that defendant never retreated. Any conceivable error in the
admission of the officers’ testimony was harmless.
35
F. PITCHESS
Finally, defendant contends this court should conduct an independent Pitchess
review of the records the trial court reviewed for Riverside Police Officers Glover,
McMillan and Karotz. The People do not object.
On June 29, 2021, defendant brought a motion for discovery of information
pursuant to Pitchess. Defendant sought information pertaining to Officers McMillan,
Glover and Karotz. Defendant sought any information of prior violence, dishonesty,
improper arrests and any other types of wrongful conduct by the officers. Defendant
insisted the evidence was relevant as the officers fabricated police reports, engaged in
dishonesty and planted evidence in the instant case. Attorneys on behalf of the City of
Riverside, and who represented the officers, filed opposition.
The trial court addressed the Pitchess motion on August 10, 2021. The trial court
found that there was good cause for an in camera review of records from the prior five
years for evidence of fabrication of false police reports, false reports, planting evidence,
conduct involving dishonesty, conviction involving moral turpitude, conduct involving
moral turpitude, complaints by residents of fabrication of false reports and planting of
false evidence. No other records, such as use of excessive force, were relevant. The trial
court conducted an in camera review of the records provided by the City of Riverside.
After its review, the trial court found there was no discoverable information to turn over
to the defense. It sealed the records that it had reviewed.
Under Pitchess, “a criminal defendant has a limited right to discovery of peace
officer personnel records in order to ensure ‘a fair trial and an intelligent defense in light
36
of all relevant and reasonably accessible information.’ ” (Alford v. Superior Court (2003)
29 Cal.4th 1033, 1037, fn. 3, overruled on other grounds in Facebook Inc. v. Superior
Court (Touchstone) (2020) 10 Cal.5th 329.) “A trial court’s ruling on a motion for access
to law enforcement personnel records is subject to review for abuse of discretion.”
(People v. Hughes (2002) 27 Cal.4th 287, 330.)
We have independently reviewed the sealed transcript of the hearing and the
records that the trial court reviewed in camera. We find that the trial court properly
concluded that there was no discoverable information.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed in full.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
MILLER Acting P. J.
We concur:
CODRINGTON J.
RAPHAEL J.
37
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court affirmed the defendant's convictions for attempted premeditated murder and assault, finding sufficient evidence of intent to kill and premeditation based on the defendant's actions of stabbing security guards and firing a handgun at close range.
Issues
Whether substantial evidence supports the convictions for attempted premeditated murder of Daffron and Richards.
Whether the jury's true finding regarding the intentional discharge of a firearm is supported by substantial evidence.
Whether the trial court erred in instructing the jury on the kill zone theory and premeditation.
Whether the trial court erred in allowing officers to narrate surveillance and cellular telephone videos.