EA owns and produces Apex Legends, a video game. Apex Legends can be
downloaded for free on various gaming consoles, including Xbox.
On February 14, 2022, J.R. II filed a putative class action against EA, alleging
causes of action for unlawful and unfair business practices in violation of the Unfair
Competition Law (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17200 et seq.), violation of the Consumer Legal
Remedies Act (Civ. Code, § 1750 et seq.), and unjust enrichment.1 J.R. II alleged that
EA deceptively induced players of Apex Legends, “especially impressionable minors,” to
purchase digital game-specific currency in order “to purchase cosmetic items, characters,
lootboxes, and other items within the Apex Legends virtual world.”
EA moved to stay the action and to compel arbitration under Code of Civil
Procedure sections 1281.2 and 1281.4, arguing that J.R. II’s claims are covered by an
arbitration agreement contained within EA’s user agreement, which J.R. II agreed to in
order to play Apex Legends. EA also argued that to the extent that J.R. II “challenge[d]
the validity, enforceability, or scope of the arbitration provision,” the delegation
provision within the arbitration agreement “‘clearly’ and ‘unmistakably’ provide[d] that
those issues must be decided by an arbitrator, not the Court.”
1 Two other minors, including J.R. II’s brother, were also named plaintiffs in the complaint. J.R. II’s brother voluntarily dismissed his claims, and the court granted EA’s motion to compel arbitration of the other minor’s claims. Those minors are not parties to this appeal.
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In a declaration in support of the motion, Anand Nair, EA’s director of product
management, explained that when a user creates an EA account online, the user must
affirmatively agree to the EA user agreement. Users also must affirmatively assent to the
latest terms of the user agreement when playing Apex Legends online or when accessing
certain online features of the game. “Each time a user is presented with and asked to
assent to the latest terms of the User Agreement, the user is able to access and scroll
through the entire User Agreement, including its arbitration provision and class action
waiver, and is required to check a box or click a button to affirmatively indicate their
assent to the terms.”
EA’s business records confirmed that J.R. II owns Apex Legends and that he last
logged into his account to play Apex Legends on February 27, 2022. According to EA,
J.R. II affirmatively accepted the user agreement once in August 2020 and again in
August 2021. J.R. II last assented to the August 25, 2021, version of the user agreement.
That version of the user agreement provides: “This agreement governs your
access and use of products, content and services offered by EA and its subsidiaries
(‘EA’), such as game software and related updates, upgrades and features, and all online
and mobile services, platforms, websites, and live events hosted by or associated with EA
(collectively ‘EA Services’).”
Section 15 of the user agreement is entitled “Dispute Resolutions by Binding
Arbitration” and specifies that the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) (9 U.S.C. § 1 et seq.)
“governs the interpretation and enforcement of this Section 15 and any arbitration carried
out under this Section.” The agreement provides that “[a]ll disputes, claims or
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controversies arising out of or relating to this Agreement, any EA Service and its
marketing, or the relationship between you and EA, including the validity, enforceability,
and scope of this Section 15 (‘Disputes’), shall be determined exclusively by binding
arbitration.” The agreement further specifies that the parties may bring claims only in
their individual capacity “and not as a plaintiff or class member in any purported class or
representative proceeding as to all disputes.” (Capitalization and boldfacing omitted.)
The agreement further provides that any party’s election to arbitrate “shall be final and
binding on the other” and that the arbitration shall be administered by the American
Arbitration Association under its rules for consumer arbitration.
EA argued in its motion to compel that because J.R. II had assented to the user
agreement, the FAA required the court to compel J.R. II to arbitrate his dispute with EA
on an individual basis. EA further argued that to the extent that J.R. II challenged the
validity of the arbitration agreement, that issue would need to be decided by an arbitrator
because of the delegation provision contained within the arbitration agreement. (A
delegation provision is an agreement to arbitrate “‘gateway’ questions of ‘arbitrability.’”
(Rent-A-Center, West, Inc. v. Jackson (2010) 561 U.S. 63, 68-69 (Rent-A-Center).))
J.R. II opposed the motion, arguing that he was not bound by the user agreement
because he, as a minor, disaffirmed the entire user agreement under Family Code section
6710. He concluded that the disaffirmance “render[ed] any alleged contract between
[EA] and [him] invalid.”
In a declaration filed in support of the opposition and signed on August 17, 2022,
J.R. II stated that he had not played Apex Legends since the commencement of the
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lawsuit. He downloaded and installed Apex Legends on his Xbox in July 2020. He used
his email address to register for an account with EA. J.R. II clicked through the user
agreement when he installed Apex Legends. He could not recall clicking through any
subsequent user agreement, but he was the only person who accessed that account. J.R.
II also stated: “I do not consent to arbitrate any of the claims in this action and disaffirm
the entirety of any [user agreement], contract or agreement that was accepted through my
EA account.”
EA argued in its reply that J.R. II had not successfully disaffirmed the user
agreement. E.A. also argued that because of the delegation provision, the determination
of whether the contract had been rendered void by disaffirmance must be made by an
arbitrator, not by the court. Nair submitted a declaration in support of the reply and
stated that, according to EA’s records, J.R. II had logged in to his online EA account after
February 14, 2022, and had last logged in to play Apex Legends on February 27, 2022.
The trial court allowed J.R. II to file a surreply. J.R. II argued in the surreply that
the evidence EA had submitted about J.R. II’s last login did not undermine his
disaffirmance of the user agreement, because the last login occurred before he
disaffirmed the agreement.
At the hearing on the motion, EA argued that enforceability of the delegation
provision was not properly before the court because J.R. II did not make “a contractual
challenge that is specific to that delegation clause.” J.R. II’s counsel countered that J.R.
II had specifically argued that he disaffirmed the entire user agreement “and specifically
the delegation clause, therein, has been disaffirmed.” In response to questions by the
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court, EA’s counsel contended that if J.R. II said “‘the contract as a whole, including the
delegation clause, has been disaffirmed,’” “then the Court decides the issue,” but if J.R. II
said “‘the contract in its entirety has been disaffirmed and is, therefore, unenforceable,’”
then “the arbitrator decides the issue.” The court disagreed, reasoning that EA’s position
elevated “form over substance” and that it made “no sense” to claim that if J.R. II added
the four words “‘and the delegation provision,’” then “it changes who it is that decides
whether this contract and all of its subparts have been disaffirmed.”
The trial court found that the language of the delegation provision “is clear and
unmistakable,” but the court nevertheless found the provision to be ineffective because
the contract was revocable pursuant to Family Code section 6710. The court further
found that J.R. II “unequivocally disaffirmed his agreement, both by discontinuing his
use of [EA’s] service shortly after the complaint was filed, and by expressly disaffirming
the contract in his declaration filed [August 17, 2022]. Therefore, there is no arbitration
agreement to enforce.” The court accordingly denied EA’s motion to compel as to J.R.
II.
DISCUSSION
EA argues that the trial court was not authorized to resolve the dispute concerning
whether J.R. II had disaffirmed the arbitration agreement, because J.R. II did not
specifically challenge the validity of the delegation provision. We disagree.
A. The FAA
The user agreement is governed by the FAA, which embodies a “‘liberal policy
favoring arbitration.’” (AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion (2011) 563 U.S. 333, 346.)
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The FAA provides that a written agreement to arbitrate disputes arising out of a
transaction involving interstate commerce “shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable,
save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.” (9
U.S.C. § 2.) The federal statute “places arbitration agreements on an equal footing with
other contracts, [citation], and requires courts to enforce them according to their terms,
[citation].” (Rent-A-Center, supra, 561 U.S. at pp. 67-68.)
“There are two types of validity challenges under [9 U.S.C.] § 2: ‘One type
challenges specifically the validity of the agreement to arbitrate,’ and ‘[t]he other
challenges the contract as a whole, either on a ground that directly affects the entire
agreement (e.g., the agreement was fraudulently induced), or on the ground that the
illegality of one of the contract’s provisions renders the whole contract invalid.’” (Rent-
A-Center, supra, 561 U.S. at p. 70.) The United States Supreme Court has “held that
only the first type of challenge is relevant to a court’s determination whether the
arbitration agreement at issue is enforceable.” (Ibid.; Prima Paint Corp. v. Flood &
EA argues that the trial court erred by denying the motion to compel because J.R.
II failed to challenge the validity of the delegation provision specifically. J.R. II does not
deny that the arbitration agreement contained a delegation provision. He instead
contends that he did challenge the validity of the delegation provision specifically when
he disaffirmed any agreement that he entered with EA.2 We agree.
In California, the law “shields minors from their lack of judgment and experience
and confers upon them the right to avoid their contracts in order that they may be
protected against their own improvidence and the designs and machinations of other
people, thus discouraging adults from contracting with them.” (Sparks v. Sparks (1950)
101 Cal.App.2d 129, 137.) To this end, Family Code section 6700 provides that “a minor
may make a contract in the same manner as an adult, subject to the power of
disaffirmance” set forth in Family Code section 6710.
2 EA claims that J.R. II forfeited his argument by not making it in the trial court. EA’s forfeiture claim reflects a misunderstanding of the asymmetrical burdens on the parties to an appeal. An appellant bears the burden of demonstrating both error and prejudice in order to obtain reversal of the judgment or order under review. (Jameson v. Desta (2018) 5 Cal.5th 594, 608-609.) But we may affirm on any ground supported by the record (J.B. Aguerre, supra, 59 Cal.App.4th at pp. 15-16), including grounds not raised by the respondent, and even if the respondent does not file a brief (Fleming Distribution Co. v. Younan (2020) 49 Cal.App.5th 73, 84, fn. 8; Smith v. Smith (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 1074, 1077-1078; Kriegler v. Eichler Homes, Inc. (1969) 269 Cal.App.2d 224, 226-227). “Thus, respondent can assert a new theory on appeal in order to establish that the judgment was correct on that theory unless doing so would unfairly prejudice appellant by depriving appellant of the opportunity to litigate an issue of fact.” (Eisenberg et al., Cal. Practice Guide: Civil Appeals and Writs (The Rutter Group 2023) ¶ 8:241.) Our consideration of J.R.II’s argument does not cause any such unfair prejudice, so it does not matter whether the argument was raised in the trial court.
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Family Code section 6710 provides that “[e]xcept as otherwise provided by
statute, a contract of a minor may be disaffirmed by the minor before majority or within a
reasonable time afterwards.” “No specific language is required to communicate an intent
to disaffirm. ‘A contract (or conveyance) of a minor may be avoided by any act or
declaration disclosing an unequivocal intent to repudiate its binding force and effect.’”
(Berg v. Traylor (2007) 148 Cal.App.4th 809, 820 (Berg); Coughenour v. Del Taco, LLC
(2020) 57 Cal.App.5th 740, 748.)
J.R. II stated in the declaration submitted in opposition to EA’s motion to compel
that he “disaffirm[s] the entirety of any [user agreement], contract or agreement that was
accepted through [his] EA account.” J.R. II thereby unequivocally disaffirmed “any . . .
contract or agreement” that he entered into with EA through his EA account. (Italics
added.) His disaffirmance was not limited to the user agreement. Thus, although the user
agreement, the arbitration agreement, and the delegation provision are severable
agreements under federal arbitration law (Rent-A-Center, supra, 561 U.S. at pp. 70-71), it
is equally true that J.R. II disaffirmed all three of those agreements, because all three of
them were accepted through his EA account. The consequence of the disaffirmance in
J.R. II’s declaration is that there are no agreements between J.R. II and EA that J.R. II
accepted through his EA account but has not disaffirmed. Therefore, as the trial court
concluded, “there is no arbitration agreement to enforce.”
EA’s contrary arguments are meritless. EA contends that J.R. II’s disaffirmance
of “any . . . contract or agreement” cannot and does not “refer specifically to the
delegation clause,” because the word “any” “negates specificity as it means ‘one or some
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indiscriminately of whatever kind.’” It is not clear whether EA is making the substantive
argument that J.R. II has not in fact disaffirmed the delegation provision or the formal
argument that J.R. II has violated a technical requirement that he use the words
“delegation provision” when doing so. Either way, the argument fails.
Substantively, another part of the same definition cited by EA shows why the
argument lacks merit: “Any” means “EVERY.” (Merriam-Webster Online Dict.
<https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/any> [as of Jan. 16, 2024].) By
disaffirming “any” contract or agreement accepted through his EA account, J.R. II
disaffirmed every such contract, thereby referring specifically to every single one of them
and revoking them all, including but not limited to the delegation provision. EA does not
deny that the delegation provision is a contract or agreement that J.R. II accepted through
his EA account. Nor does EA offer any interpretation of J.R. II’s declaration according
to which it does not mean that he disaffirmed every contract or agreement that he
accepted through his EA account. It follows that J.R. II disaffirmed the delegation
provision. Thus, interpreted as the substantive claim that J.R. II did not in fact disaffirm
the delegation provision, EA’s argument fails.
Formally, there is no requirement that J.R. II use the words “delegation provision”
when disaffirming it. California law is to the contrary. (Berg, supra, 148 Cal.App.4th at
p. 820 [“No specific language is required to communicate an intent to disaffirm”].) EA
instead relies on federal cases concerning the severability of delegation provisions, such
as Prima Paint and Rent-A-Center, but they too do not impose such a requirement.
Rather, what is required to overcome a delegation provision and thus authorize a court to
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decide a gateway issue is a contract defense that “go[es] to the validity of the delegation
provision.” (Rent-A-Center, supra, 561 U.S. at p. 73.) In Rent-A-Center, for example,
the plaintiff employee attacked the arbitration agreement on the ground that it applied to
“claims an employee was likely to bring—contract, tort, discrimination, and statutory
claims” but not to claims an employer “was likely to bring—intellectual property, unfair
competition, and trade secrets claims.” (Ibid.) “This one-sided-coverage argument” did
not overcome the delegation provision, because it “clearly did not go to the validity of the
delegation provision.” (Ibid.) That is, the issue was not that the plaintiff had failed to
include the magic words “delegation provision” when presenting the argument. What
mattered was that the argument in substance did not relate to the enforceability of the
delegation provision, considered as a severable and separate contract.
In contrast, J.R. II’s disaffirmance of “any . . . contract or agreement” accepted
through his EA account does “go to the validity of the delegation provision” (Rent-A-
Center, supra, 561 U.S. at p. 73), because the delegation provision is a contract or
agreement accepted through his EA account. His disaffirmance of the delegation
provision is unambiguous and unequivocal. Nothing more is required.
EA also argues that if J.R. II’s disaffirmance of “any . . . contract or agreement” is
sufficient, then “the severability rule laid down in Prima Paint and Rent-A-Center means
nothing.” The argument is baseless because our analysis in no way conflicts with or
undermines the severability rule. The arbitration agreement is severable from the user
agreement containing it, and the delegation provision is severable from the arbitration
agreement containing it. (Rent-A-Center, supra, 561 U.S. at pp. 70-72.) Because of their
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severability, the delegation provision might be enforceable even if the arbitration
agreement as a whole is not, and the arbitration agreement might be enforceable even if
the user agreement as a whole is not. As a result, defenses that go to enforceability of
one agreement might not affect enforceability of another. But if a defense does go to all
three severable agreements, then that defense is sufficient to defeat the delegation clause
and authorize the court to decide the defense’s validity. For the reasons already given,
J.R. II’s disaffirmance of “any . . . contract or agreement” accepted through his EA
account is such a defense.
Because J.R. II challenged the validity of the delegation provision specifically by
disaffirming it, the trial court was authorized to assess the validity of J.R. II’s
disaffirmance. We accordingly conclude that the trial court did not err by denying EA’s
motion to compel arbitration as to J.R. II.
DISPOSITION
The November 2, 2022, order denying EA’s motion to compel arbitration as to
J.R. II is affirmed. J.R. II shall recover his costs of appeal.
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
MENETREZ J. We concur:
FIELDS Acting P. J.
RAPHAEL J.
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AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that a minor's unequivocal disaffirmance of all contracts entered into with a company, including the user agreement, arbitration agreement, and delegation provision, effectively voids the delegation provision and allows the court to determine the validity of the disaffirmance.
Issues
Whether a minor's general disaffirmance of all contracts with a company constitutes a specific challenge to the validity of a delegation provision within an arbitration agreement.
Whether a court or an arbitrator must decide the validity of a minor's disaffirmance of a contract containing a delegation provision.
Disposition. Affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“J.R. II thereby unequivocally disaffirmed “any . . . contract or agreement” that he entered into with EA through his EA account.”
“By disaffirming “any” contract or agreement accepted through his EA account, J.R. II disaffirmed every such contract, thereby referring specifically to every single one of them and revoking them all, including but not limited to the delegation provision.”
“Because J.R. II challenged the validity of the delegation provision specifically by disaffirming it, the trial court was authorized to assess the validity of J.R. II’s disaffirmance.”