Cham-Cal Engineering v. Cal. Regional Water Quality Control Bd. CA4/2 (2024) · DecisionDepot
Cham-Cal Engineering v. Cal. Regional Water Quality Control Bd. CA4/2
California Court of Appeal Jan 17, 2024 No. E079966Unpublished
Filed 1/17/24 Cham-Cal Engineering v. Cal. Regional Water Quality Control Bd. CA4/2 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
CHAM-CAL ENGINEERING, INC. et al.,
Plaintiffs and Appellants, E079966
v. (Super. Ct. No. CVRI2101353)
CALIFORNIA REGIONAL WATER OPINION QUALITY CONTROL BOARD,
Defendant and Respondent.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Daniel A. Ottolia, Judge.
Affirmed.
Isola Law Group, and David R. Isola, for Plaintiffs and Appellants.
Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Robert W. Byrne, Assistant Attorney General,
Michael P. Cayaban, and Theodore A. McCombs, Deputy Attorneys General, for
Defendant and Respondent.
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I.
INTRODUCTION
Defendant and respondent, the California Regional Water Quality Control Board,
Santa Ana Region (the Board), issued a cleanup and abatement order (the CAO) to
plaintiffs and appellants Cham-Cal Engineering, Inc., and Western Avenue Association,
L.P. (Cham-Cal). Among other things, the CAO directed Cham-Cal to mitigate
dangerous vapors at its Garden Grove facility. Because Cham-Cal did not timely comply
with that directive to the Board’s satisfaction, the Board imposed a $620,000 fine on
Cham-Cal.
Cham-Cal filed a petition for a writ of administrative mandate in the trial court,
seeking to vacate the fine. The trial court denied the petition, and Cham-Cal appealed.
We affirm.
II.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Cham-Cal’s Garden Grove facility consists of an Eastern Building, which Cham-
Cal Engineering, Inc. occupies, and a Western Building, which its tenant, Western
Avenue Association, L.P., occupies. Both companies’ employees work at both buildings.
The ground underneath both buildings contains various dangerous compounds, which
pose serious health risks. These toxic chemicals were found in the soil, soil vapor, and
groundwater at the Garden Grove facility. One of the chemicals was tetrachloroethylene
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(PCE), which was detected in both the Eastern and Western buildings at concentrations
above a safe level.
On July 18, 2016, the Board issued the CAO to Cham-Cal under Water Code
sections 13304 and 13267. The CAO ordered Cham-Cal to, among other things, design
and submit a vapor mitigation plan to protect workers at the Garden Grove facility from
inhaling harmful vapors, including PCE vapor, emitted from the contaminated soil into 1 the Eastern and Western buildings. The plan was due by July 3, 2017.
Cham-Cal submitted a vapor mitigation plan in April 2017. The Board
conditionally accepted the plan, subject to Cham-Cal addressing deficiencies in the plan
that did not, in the Board’s view, adequately address the toxic vapor problems at Cham-
Cal’s facility. The Board thus “concur[red] with [Cham-Cal’s] proposed scope of work,”
provided that Cham-Cal addressed the issues that the Board identified.
Cham-Cal’s vapor mitigation plan, as conditionally approved by the Board,
required two main measures: (1) increasing ventilation in both the Eastern and Western
Buildings and (2) blocking “intrusion pathways” into the building that allowed vapors to
enter the building from the soil, such as cracks and joints in the concrete floors.
In June 2017, a sales manager at Cham-Cal attempted to block intrusion pathways
in the Eastern Building, but not the Western Building, by applying floor sealant.
However, the sealant was not rated for blocking certain toxic vapors at the facility and,
1 Cham-Cal does not challenge other aspects of the CAO. Its appeal concerns only the vapor mitigation plan and the $620,000 in associated penalties.
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regardless, Cham-Cal “improperly and incompletely” applied it on only the Eastern
Building’s floors, while performing no sealing work on the Western Building’s floors.
The Board thus rejected Cham-Cal’s intrusion pathway vapor mitigation work as
inadequate on July 27, 2017.
Cham-Cal failed to perform vapor mitigation work to the Board’s satisfaction for
over a year. Indoor air samples taken from the facility in February 2018 showed that
PCE levels in the Western Building were at a safe level, but were far above a safe level in 2 Eastern Building. In the Board’s view, it appeared that “[l]ittle to no progress ha[d]
been made on correcting and mitigating vapor intrusion within the Eastern Building.”
Air samples taken from both buildings in September 2018 later revealed that PCE
generally remained present in both buildings at unsafe levels. In the Western Building,
the PCE concentrations in the samples ranged from well below an unsafe concentration to
over twice a safe concentration (0.22 to 1.07 μg/m3) while samples from the Eastern
Building ranged from just below an unsafe concentration to dramatically over an unsafe
concentration (0.47 to 10.4 μg/m3). Although the Board found that the PCE
concentrations in the Western Building were “relatively low,” the soil beneath both
buildings contained exceedingly high levels of PCE, which posed an ongoing risk unless
the vapor pathways were adequately sealed.
2 The environmental screening levels for PCE in indoor air are 0.48 micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m3) for residential buildings and and 2.1 μg/m3 for commercial. The Board consistently used the more conservative residential standard, which Cham-Cal does not challenge on appeal.
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In response, the Board sent Cham-Cal a letter in December 2018 outlining the
steps that needed to be done to sufficiently block the vapor intrusion pathways at the
facility. The Board explained that the September 2018 air samples confirmed that “vapor
intrusion is occurring within both buildings and that the vapor intrusion pathway is
complete,” meaning that the vapors would “continue to enter into the buildings . . . and
impact the indoor air quality for the foreseeable future.” In other words, Cham-Cal’s
vapor mitigation efforts were inadequate in the long term.
The Board thus “directed [Cham-Cal] to the seal the floors in the Western
Building within 60 days, using a vapor barrier compound such as an epoxy floor seal.”
As for the Eastern Building, the Board concurred with Cham-Cal’s proposal to “postpone
vapor mitigation measures” until the excavation of soil underneath the building was
completed, but directed Cham-Cal to implement “appropriate vapor mitigation measures”
within 60 days after the completion of the soil excavation.
In late June or early July 2019, Cham-Cal sufficiently sealed some, but not all of
the intrusion pathways in the buildings. The Board thus found that the seals were
inadequate to comply fully with the CAO’s vapor mitigation requirements.
The Board responded by filing an administrative civil liability complaint against
Cham-Cal on November 15, 2019, for Cham-Cal’s failure to, among other things,
“implement the required vapor mitigation measures as required by [the CAO] and Water
Code § 13304.” After an evidentiary hearing on the complaint in October 2020, the
Board fined Cham-Cal $1,140,000.
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About half of the fine ($620,000) was related to the vapor mitigation issues. The
Board explained that Cham-Cal could be fined $5,000 per day for not complying with the
CAO after the July 3, 2017 deadline, up to November 15, 2019, the date the complaint
was filed, for a total of 865 days (July 4, 2017, to November 15, 2019). (See Water
Code, § 13350, subd. (e)(1).) The Board, however, “elected to collapse the days of
violation to 124 days” (July 3, 2017 to November 5, 2017), resulting in a total fine of
$620,000 ($5,000 x 124) for Cham-Cal’s “failure to implement the required vapor
mitigation measures.”
Cham-Cal appealed the Board’s decision to the California State Water Resources
Control Board, which denied review. Cham-Cal then filed a petition for writ of
administrative mandate in the trial court. Cham-Cal asserted the Board’s conduct
violated Water Code section 13360 and delayed Cham-Cal’s vapor mitigation efforts,
thereby increasing Cham-Cal’s liability, and the fine was unconstitutionally excessive.
The trial court denied the petition, and Cham-Cal timely appealed.
III.
DISCUSSION
Cham-Cal raises two arguments on appeal. First, Cham-Cal argues no substantial
evidence supports the Board’s conclusion that Cham-Cal’s vapor mitigation work was
inadequate and did not satisfy the CAO’s requirements. Second, Cham-Cal argues the
Board violated Water Code section 13360, subdivision (a) by dictating the manner in
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which Cham-Cal had to perform the vapor mitigation work in order to comply with the
CAO. We reject both arguments.
A. Inadequate Vapor Mitigation Work
“‘In substantial evidence review, the reviewing court defers to the factual findings
made below. It does not weigh the evidence presented by both parties to determine
whose position is favored by a preponderance. Instead, it determines whether the
evidence the prevailing party presented was substantial—or, as it is often put, whether
any rational finder of fact could have made the finding that was made below. If so, the
decision must stand.’ [Citation.]” (Sweeney v. California Regional Water Quality
Control Board (2021) 61 Cal.App.5th 1093, 1112.)
Substantial evidence supports the Board’s finding that Cham-Cal’s vapor
mitigation work was insufficient. We first note that since the Board fined Cham-Cal for
only 124 days of non-compliance with the CAO’s July 3, 2017 deadline, the relevant
timeframe is 124 days after July 4, 2017, which is November 5, 2017. There is
substantial evidence that, as of that date, PCE levels remained at an unsafe level in at
least the Eastern Building. Seven of Cham-Cal’s eight January 2018 air samples revealed
PCE concentration at well above a safe level. Samples from the Eastern Building, taken
six months later, in September 2018, confirmed that PCE levels in the building’s air
remained dangerously high. Some of the September 2018 samples from the Western
building revealed unsafe PCE levels as well. Based on this evidence alone, the Board
could properly find that Cham-Cal had failed to sufficiently mitigate the vapor pathways
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in both buildings, thus violating the CAO. As a result, substantial evidence supports the
Board’s decision to fine Cham-Cal for violating the CAO for 124 days at $5,000 per day.
(Water Code, § 13350, subd. (e)(1).)
Cham-Cal argues otherwise, relying exclusively on a portion of testimony from its
president, Edward Chambers, at the evidentiary hearing. In doing so, Cham-Cal
misrepresents Mr. Chambers’s testimony.
The relevant testimony is between Mr. Chambers and Cham-Cal’s attorney, David
Isola, who represented Cham-Cal throughout these proceedings. The colloquy concerns
one of Cham-Cal’s consultants, The Resource Group (TRG), who advised Cham-Cal
(with the Board’s approval) on how to seal the vapor intrusion pathways in its facility in
June 2017. In its opening brief and reply brief, Cham-Cal quotes the discussion as
follows:
“Q: Did TRG [Cham-Cal’s consultant] specify the type of sealant that should be
put into the cracks?
A: MR. CHAMBERS: Yes.
Q: Did you follow TRG’s recommendations?
A: Yes.
Q: Did you also follow TRG’s recommendations regarding how to seal the cracks,
the manner in which the sealant would be applied into the cracks?
A: Yes, except that instead of sealing in the degreaser’s general area that [the
consultant] recommended, we went ahead and sealed 95 percent of the factory,
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which was four or five times greater amount that 5 was certified as okay to do, so I
felt we were doing more than what was necessary. And our air quality improved
to less than the industrial standard. In the front building, most of all of the – all
but one of the tests in the front building were non detect, except for one that was
under the residential standard, so it was a great improvement.”
This last paragraph, as quoted in Cham-Cal’s briefs, omits significant testimony
from Mr. Chambers before and after the last two lines sentences italicized above. Mr.
Chambers’s full testimony reads as follows:
“MR. CHAMBERS: Yes, except that instead of sealing in the degreaser’s general
area that [TRG] recommended, we went ahead and sealed 95 percent of the factory,
which was four or five times greater amount that was certified as okay to do, so I felt we
were doing more than what was necessary.
MR. ISOLA: Did Cham-Cal receive a Notice of Violation for failing to
implement the air mitigation requirement?
MR. CHAMBERS: Yes.
MR. ISOLA: And what’s your understanding as to why this Notice of Violation
was issued?
MR. CHAMBERS: They didn’t like the way we applied it. They just didn’t.
They didn’t like the glue, they didn’t like the way we applied it, so they threw it
out.
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MR. ISOLA: Did the Regional Board ever advise you that anything you did or
The Reynolds Group did with respect to the indoor air mitigation efforts was
unlawful?
MR. CHAMBERS: No. Nobody said that.
MR. ISOLA: All right. At some point you went ahead and changed consultants.
You released TRG and you hired Mission Geoscience. Why did you make that
move?
MR. CHAMBERS: Well, basically, what we’ve been talking about. Why did he
instruct me to use this glue, this process that the Regional Board rejected, even
though they approved the processes? And he didn’t have an option, so I’m stuck
here. I don’t know what to do. He has no answers to tell me what to do. Our
process is approved by Mr. Kuoch at the Water Board. Turned up they were not
approved. So I had to hire somebody else that could give me some answers to
proceed. [¶] And we did proceed with Mission Geoscience. And our air quality
improved to less than the industrial standard. In the front building, most of all of
the – all but one of the tests in the front building were non detect, except for one
that was under the residential standard, so it was a great improvement. That air
has been cleaned up but I’m still concerned about the contamination coming onto
my property. The vapor under the ground, all of that, is still coming every day.”
(Italics added.)
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When read in its full context, Mr. Chambers’s testimony that Cham-Cal
selectively quotes does not support its position that his “uncontradicted testimony”
proved that Cham-Cal reduced vapor concentrations to below the CAO’s requirements.
Instead, it shows that its mitigation work in June 2017, some of which was done by its
own employees, was rejected by the Board as inadequate. Given that air samples from
the facility taken months after showed unsafe levels of PCE concentrations, the Board
reasonably rejected Cham-Cal’s June 2017 efforts as insufficient.
Regardless, even if Mr. Chambers is correct that Mission Geoscience’s
recommendations led to acceptable air quality levels, Cham-Cal did not hire Mission
Geoscience until 2019, long after the 124-day timeframe relevant here, which ended in
November 2019. More to the point, Mr. Chambers testified that, despite the
improvements from Mission Geoscience’s help, he remained concerned about the
ongoing vapor intrusion that remained ongoing “every day” as of the date of the
evidentiary hearing in October 2020.
In short, Cham-Cal fails to show that no substantial evidence supports the Board’s
fining Cham-Cal $620,000 because its vapor mitigation efforts were ineffective.
B. Water Code Section 13360, Subdivision (a)
Cham-Cal next argues that the Board violated Water Code section 13360,
subdivision (a) by rejecting Cham-Cal’s vapor mitigation work. We disagree.
Water Code section 13360, subdivision (a) provides in relevant part: “No waste
discharge requirement or other order of a regional board or the state board or decree of a
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court issued under this division shall specify the design, location, type of construction, or
particular manner in which compliance may be had with that requirement, order, or
decree, and the person so ordered shall be permitted to comply with the order in any
lawful manner.” Simply stated, this provision “preserves the freedom of persons who are
subject to a discharge standard to elect between available strategies to comply with that
standard.” (Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council v. State Water Resources Control Bd.
(1989) 210 Cal.App.3d 1421, 1438.) Thus, under Water Code section 13360, subdivision
(a), the Board “may identify the disease and command that it be cured but not dictate the
cure.” (Ibid.)
Cham-Cal points to the Board’s rejection of its June 2017 mitigation work as
evidence that the Board violated Water code section 13360, subdivision (a). But the
Board only rejected the work because it was, in the Board’s view, substandard and
insufficient to comply with the CAO because Cham-Cal used an inappropriate sealant
and its employee, not a professional, improperly applied the sealant. In doing so, the
Board did not specify or dictate how Cham-Cal had to perform vapor mitigation work.
Although Water Code section 13360, subdivision (a) permitted Cham-Cal “to elect
between available strategies to comply with” the CAO, the Board remained free to reject
Cham-Cal’s work as substandard and non-compliant. (See Tahoe-Sierra Preservation
Council v. State Water Resources Control Bd., supra, 210 Cal.App.3d at p. 1438 [Board
did not violate Water Code section 13360, subdivision (a) by requiring compliance with
order where only one method of compliance is possible]; Conway v. State Water
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Resources Control Board (2015) 235 Cal.App.4th 671, 679 [same].) The Board’s
rejection of Cham-Cal’s June 2017 mitigation work therefore did not violate Water Code
section 13360, subdivision (a).
IV.
DISPOSITION
The trial court’s order denying Cham-Cal’s petition for a writ of mandate is
affirmed. The Board may recover its costs on appeal.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
CODRINGTON J.
We concur:
McKINSTER Acting P. J.
MILLER J.
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AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court affirmed the denial of a petition for writ of administrative mandate, holding that substantial evidence supported the Board's finding that the appellant failed to comply with a cleanup and abatement order and that the Board did not violate Water Code section 13360 by rejecting inadequate mitigation efforts.
Issues
Whether substantial evidence supports the Board's finding that the appellant's vapor mitigation work was inadequate.
Whether the Board violated Water Code section 13360, subdivision (a) by dictating the manner of compliance with the cleanup and abatement order.
Disposition. Affirmed.
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“Substantial evidence supports the Board’s finding that Cham-Cal’s vapor mitigation work was insufficient.”
“The Board’s rejection of Cham-Cal’s June 2017 mitigation work therefore did not violate Water Code section 13360, subdivision (a).”