is, in effect, an appeal to the Board”].) Over a dissent, a Board majority found that
CDCR “failed to act on a credible threat of inmate violence that was specifically reported
to be planned for the day of the attack and took the facility off lockdown despite this
threat even though it possessed additional information . . . that this had long been
planned.”
The Board’s determination established Ayala’s entitlement to an additional 50
percent of “compensation otherwise recoverable” per section 4553. Ayala and CDCR
disagreed, however, about what constituted the “amount of compensation otherwise
recoverable” under that section. We will sometimes refer to this amount as the “base
compensation.”
Ayala contended that, for the period before his permanent disability, his base
compensation was his full salary. He was paid his full salary because he was on
industrial disability leave and enhanced industrial disability leave, which, as we describe
below, are alternatives to temporary disability. CDCR, on the other hand, contended that
industrial disability leave benefits, enhanced or not, are not “compensation” as the term is
statutorily defined. Thus, in CDCR’s view, the base compensation was only what Ayala
would have been entitled to on temporary disability. Assuming that Ayala would have
been entitled to temporary total disability, the base compensation would have been two-
thirds of his salary, subject to statutory limits. (See §§ 4453, 4653.)
3
The workers’ compensation judge agreed with CDCR and found that the base
compensation was what Ayala would have been paid in temporary disability. But on
reconsideration, the Board again rescinded and reversed the workers’ compensation
judge’s decision, this time finding that the base compensation was what Ayala was paid
on industrial disability leave and enhanced industrial disability leave.
We granted CDCR’s petition for a writ of review pursuant to section 5950. We
now hold that industrial disability leave and enhanced industrial disability leave are not
“compensation” as that term is used in section 4553 and annul the Board’s contrary
decision.
DISCUSSION
We start with section 4553 itself. In full, it states that “[t]he amount of
compensation otherwise recoverable shall be increased one-half, together with costs and
expenses not to exceed two hundred fifty dollars ($250), where the employee is injured
by reason of the serious and willful misconduct of any of the following: [¶] (a) The
employer, or his managing representative. [¶] (b) If the employer is a partnership, on the
part of one of the partners or a managing representative or general superintendent thereof.
[¶] (c) If the employer is a corporation, on the part of an executive, managing officer, or
general superintendent thereof.” As this litigation established that CDCR committed
serious and willful misconduct, our focus is on what the phrase “compensation otherwise
recoverable” includes.
4
Section 4553 is part of Division 4 of the Labor Code, which begins at section 3200
and ends at section 6002. Section 3207, entitled “Compensation,” states that
“‘[c]ompensation’ means compensation under this division and includes every benefit or
payment conferred by this division upon an injured employee, or in the event of his or her
death, upon his or her dependents, without regard to negligence.”
The definition is as capacious as it is circular. It defines “compensation” as
“compensation” and makes clear that the term includes every type of payment to the
employee. 2 But the definition contains an express limitation. “Compensation” under
section 3207 must be provided pursuant to Division 4 of the Labor Code. In its one
sentence, the definition says this twice: compensation is “compensation under this
division,” and it “includes every benefit or payment conferred by this division.” Thus,
temporary disability payments are unambiguously “compensation.” They are provided
by Division 4 of the Labor Code. (§§ 4653-4654.)
2 The definition dates to California’s first compulsory worker’s compensation law, the 1913 Boynton Act. (Stats. 1913, ch. 176, § 2(3) [“The term ‘compensation’ means compensation under this act and includes every benefit or payment conferred by sections twelve to thirty-six, inclusive, of this act upon an injured employee, or in the event of his death, upon his dependents, without regard to negligence”]; see Mathews v. Workmen’s Compensation Appeals Board (1972) 6 Cal.3d 719, 729-730 [describing early history of California’s compensation law].) The definition’s origin appears to be to have ensured that workers’ compensation was limited to the compensation defined under the workers’ compensation laws, rather than by some other source. (See Stats. 1913, ch. 176, § 12, subd. (a) [“Liability for the compensation provided by this act, in lieu of any other liability whatsoever, shall, without regard to negligence, exist against an employer for any personal injury sustained by his employees by accident arising out of and in the course of the employment”].) That is, the definition appears to expressly acknowledge that it is to be understood as a term of art, a phrase “‘having specific, precise meaning in a given specialty’” (People v. Gonzales (2017) 2 Cal.5th 858, 871, fn. 12).
5
Equally unambiguous, though, is that industrial disability leave benefits are not
“compensation,” as such benefits are not provided by Division 4 of the Labor Code.
They in fact are provided outside of the Labor Code altogether. Supplied by section
19871 of the Government Code, industrial disability leave is an alternative to temporary
disability and is available to certain state officers and employees, such as those who are 3 members of the Public Employees’ Retirement System (Gov. Code, § 19869).
Industrial disability leave provides an employee his or her full salary (net of
certain taxes), but only for 22 days; after 22 days, the pay becomes two-thirds of full pay.
(Gov. Code, § 19871, subd. (a).) However, a subset of eligible workers, defined in the
Government Code as “excluded employees,” are entitled to receive enhanced industrial
§ 599.769.) Enhanced industrial disability leave extends the period of full pay from 22
days to one year. (Gov. Code, § 19871.2.) If a worker continues to be temporarily
disabled after industrial disability leave and enhanced industrial disability leave benefits 4 terminate, then temporary disability payments begin. (Gov. Code, § 19874, subd. (a).)
3 A substantially similar industrial disability leave program is available to certain California State University employees. (Ed. Code, §§ 89529-89529.11.) 4 Although industrial disability leave benefits “may be superseded by a negotiated labor agreement as set forth in a legislatively adopted memorandum of understanding” (Brooks v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 1522, 1528, fn. 2; see, e.g., Gov. Code, § 19871, subd. (b)), the record shows no such memorandum of understanding applicable here. The parties do not dispute that Ayala was an employee entitled to both industrial disability leave and enhanced industrial disability leave. [footnote continued on next page]
6
“Our fundamental task in construing a statute is to ascertain the intent of the
lawmakers so as to effectuate the purpose of the statute.” (Day v. City of Fontana (2001)
25 Cal.4th 268, 272.) “As in all problems of statutory interpretation, it is appropriate to
begin with the words of the provision to be construed, as these words are generally ‘the
best indicator of legislative intent.’” (Rhiner v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (1993) 4
Cal.4th 1213, 1217.) “If there is no ambiguity, then we presume the lawmakers meant
what they said, and the plain meaning of the language governs.” (Day v. City of Fontana,
supra, at p. 272.)
There is no ambiguity here. “Compensation,” as the term is used in section 4553,
includes only items provided by Division 4 of the Labor Code, but industrial disability 5 leave is provided by the Government Code. Accordingly, the “amount of compensation
otherwise recoverable” under section 4553 does not include industrial disability leave.
If the legal slate were blank, we would end our discussion here. However, the
Board concluded that section 4553 base compensation includes industrial disability leave,
mainly relying on Brooks v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 1522
We note that several types of law enforcement personnel have alternative disability leave benefits that are provided by Division 4 of the Labor Code and that appear similar to what enhanced industrial disability leave provides. (E.g., §§ 4800, 4800.5, 4806, 4850, subd. (b); see also Gov. Code, § 19869 [industrial disability leave rules do “not apply to state officers and employees who are included in the provisions of Article 6 (commencing with Section 4800) of Chapter 2 of Part 2 of Division 4 of the Labor Code”].) This case does not address the benefits provided under those provisions. 5 For clarity, we hereinafter use the term “industrial disability leave” to refer to both industrial disability leave and enhanced industrial disability leave, as the distinctions between the two do not affect our analysis.
7
(Brooks). As we will discuss, although Brooks construed a different statute, its reasoning
could support a conclusion that base compensation includes industrial disability leave.
Brooks addressed section 4656, subdivision (c)(1), which states that “[a]ggregate
disability payments for a single injury occurring on or after April 19, 2004, causing
temporary disability shall not extend for more than 104 compensable weeks within a
period of two years from the date of commencement of temporary disability payment.”
At issue was whether the year of industrial disability leave payments the worker received
counted toward the statute’s two-year limitation or whether the limitation period started
only when industrial disability leave stopped and temporary disability payments began.
Brooks held that the two-year limitation period began when industrial disability leave
started. (Brooks, supra, 161 Cal.App.4th at p. 1526.)
Brooks largely relied on two rationales. First, it took the view that industrial
disability leave equated to leave provided by the Labor Code. It observed that
Government Code section 19870, subdivision (a) provides: “‘Industrial disability leave’
means temporary disability as defined in Divisions 4 . . . and 4.5 . . . of the Labor Code.”
(Brooks, supra, 161 Cal.App.4th at p. 1532.) It then stated: “Because [industrial
disability leave] is statutorily defined as the equivalent of [temporary disability], then the
two-year limitation under section 4656, subdivision (c)(1), necessarily must apply to both
[industrial disability leave] and [temporary disability].” (Brooks, supra, at p. 1532.)
Second, it noted that “the two-year limitation does not restrict itself only to [temporary
8
disability] benefits payable under the Workers’ Compensation Act or the Labor Code, as
it more broadly applies to ‘Aggregate disability payments for a single injury.’” (Ibid.)
Here, the Board applied the first Brooks rationale to find that Ayala’s base
compensation included industrial disability leave. As the Board stated in its decision:
“The inclusion of [industrial disability leave] to calculate aggregate disability payments
in Brooks indicates that applicant’s [industrial disability leave] payments must also be
considered compensation for purposes of the serious and willful award because
[industrial disability leave] is statutorily defined and treated as identical to temporary
disability, a benefit provided as part of compensation.”
Our case does not implicate the two-year limitation at issue in Brooks, so we
express no view about its holding. However, to the extent that Brooks could be read as
support for the proposition that any features of or limitations on temporary disability
necessarily must apply to industrial disability leave because of the way industrial
disability leave is defined (see Brooks, supra, 161 Cal.App.4th at p. 1532), we
respectfully disagree.
As a logical matter, incorporating a definition from one statutory scheme into a
second one does not alone expand the scope of the first statutory scheme. For example,
in defining “gross income” for purposes of the state income tax, the Revenue and
Taxation Code incorporates the federal definition from the Internal Revenue Code.
Entitled “Gross income,” section 17071 of the Revenue and Taxation Code provides:
“Section 61 of the Internal Revenue Code, relating to gross income defined, shall apply,
9
except as otherwise provided.” No one would take this to conclude, however, that the
federal definition has now been expanded to include items it did not already include
before. From the federal government’s point of view, nothing has changed: if something
counted as gross income for federal tax purposes before, it still does, and if something
was excluded, it still is. That a state has chosen to incorporate a federal definition as part
of a state’s defined term does not alter the federal definition. Similarly, although our
Legislature has the power to amend both the Government Code and the Labor Code, the
fact that part of the Government Code incorporates the Labor Code’s definition of
“temporary disability” does not, by itself, mean that the definition of “compensation”
under the Labor Code has expanded in any way. “Compensation” under section 3207
still requires that it be provided by Division 4 of the Labor Code, just as it always has.
That is, even though the definition of industrial disability leave incorporates the
definition of temporary disability, the “compensation otherwise recoverable” under
section 4553 for serious and willful misconduct still does not include industrial disability 6 leave.
6 Notably, although Government Code section 19870, subdivision (a) defines industrial disability leave to “mean[] temporary disability as defined in Divisions 4 (commencing with Section 3201) and 4.5 (commencing with Section 6100) of the Labor Code,” nothing in those referenced provisions define “temporary disability.” (See Hanna, Cal. Law of Employee Injuries and Workers’ Comp., (2023) § 7.01 [“There is no statutory definition of temporary disability, and thus case law, over time, has defined the condition”]; Brooks, supra, 161 Cal.App.4th at p. 1537 [noting “a lack of statutory definition of temporary disability in the Labor Code”].) Whatever the manner in which the term “temporary disability” is defined in the Labor Code, the Government Code’s incorporation of that definition does not itself alter the definition’s scope.
10
To support its rationale, Brooks cited a Court of Appeal case and a Board opinion
that recognized some level of equivalency between industrial disability leave benefits and
temporary disability leave benefits in two different contexts. First, in State of California
v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (1996) 44 Cal.App.4th 128, 144 (Ellison), the court
affirmed a Board order awarding a 10 percent unreasonable delay penalty that was
calculated based on what the worker would have received in temporary disability, even
though the worker received industrial disability leave. (Id. at p. 130; see Brooks, supra,
161 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1532-1533.) However, Ellison, like Brooks, does not involve the
scope of the statutory term “compensation,” as the unreasonable delay penalty at issue in
Ellison required a 10 percent increase in “the full amount of the order, decision or award”
when it applied. (See former § 5814, cited in Ellison, supra, at p. 138.) And although
Ellison’s rationale partly relied on its view that the definition of industrial disability leave
as temporary disability “evidence[d] an intent to grant state workers the benefits of” the
temporary disability provisions (Ellison, supra, at p. 146), we discern no similar intent to
expand the scope of a statutory term such as “compensation” where the Legislature does
not expressly so provide. We therefore do not view Ellison as dispositive here, although
we note that its holding—that the Board can award a percentage penalty based on what a
worker would have received on temporary disability (instead of what the worker actually
received in industrial disability leave)—is broadly consistent with our own. (Ellison,
supra, 44 Cal.App.4th at p. 130.)
11
Second, in Salmon v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (2007) 72 Cal.Comp.Cases
1042 (writ den.) (Salmon), the Board (in Brooks’ words) “effectively agreed . . . that
[industrial disability leave] benefits are the same as [temporary disability] for purposes of
applying the two-year limitation set forth in section 4656, subdivision (c)(1).” (Brooks,
supra, 161 Cal.App.4th at p. 1534.) At first glance, this might show that, before Brooks,
the Board believed that the two programs should be seen as synonymous, at least for
purposes of section 4656’s time limitations. This is more significant given that the
Board’s “interpretation of statutes in the area of workers’ compensation” must be
“accord[ed] ‘“significant respect,”’” even though our review is de novo. (Department of
Rehabilitation v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (2003) 30 Cal.4th 1281, 1290.) However,
in Salmon, the worker and the employer had stipulated that “[t]emporary disability
payments commenced 4/26/04” and that the employer “paid benefits at the [industrial
disability leave] rate for a total of 365 days [starting] 4/26/04.” (Salmon v. State, 2006
2006, cited in Salmon, supra, 72 Cal.Comp.Cases at p. 1043.) Salmon thus reflects the
parties’ stipulations, not the Board’s considered interpretation of the relevant statutes. 7 Accordingly, we do not view Salmon as persuasive authority here.
7 Although Brooks also discussed another Board opinion, that opinion appears to rely on the same definition-based rationale as Brooks itself does. (See Brooks, supra, 161 Cal.App.4th at p. 1537 [noting Board’s opinion, which stated that “‘the Government Code expressly defines [industrial disability leave] as temporary disability’”].)
12
All these authorities at most can be used to indicate that because the Government