California Court of Appeal Jul 25, 2023 No. E078100Unpublished
Filed 7/25/23 Marriage of Miller CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
In re the Marriage of RANDALL AND ADRIANA MILLER.
RANDALL S. MILLER, E078100 Respondent, (Super.Ct.No. FAMSS1710551) v. OPINION ADRIANA N. MILLER,
Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Aruna P. Rodrigo,
Judge. Affirmed.
Adriana N. Miller, in pro. per., for Appellant.
Law Office of Torrence L. Howell and Torrence L. Howell for Respondent.
1
Adriana1 Miller appeals from an order respecting child custody and visitation
respecting her child, K. She argues the court erred in declaring the residence of Randall
Miller, the father of the child and respondent in this appeal as the primary residence of
the child. Based on the limited record before us, we affirm.
BACKGROUND2
Adriana and Randall were previously married and have one child between them,
K., who was 10 years old at the time of the hearing giving rise to this appeal. The parties
separated in November 2017. Until June 2018, Adriana had physical custody of K., at
which point the parties entered into an agreement for the sharing of custody and
Certain orders for custody and visitation respecting K. were made as part of the
judgment of dissolution, and they remained in effect until December 2020. Among the
orders were visitation orders providing “father shall have the child as follows: On
alternate weeks from Thursday after school or in the morning until Monday drop off at
school or in the afternoon commencing June 22nd, 2018.”
It further provided he would have visits, “on alternate weeks from Wednesday
after school or in the morning until Friday drop off at school or in the afternoon
1 We refer to the parties by their first names to avoid confusion, and not out of disrespect.
2 We refer to the testimonial references to certain historical facts because the record on appeal lacks pertinent documents or information respecting the original orders for child custody and visitation, the “family care plan” apparently executed in November 2020, the request for order filed by Adriana, any response filed by Randall, or the recommendation by the child custody recommendation counselor.
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commencing June 27, 2018.” The parties thus had agreed upon a shared custody
arrangement between June 2018 and December 2020. The time frames are uncertain as
to other key events, but it appears Adriana applied for enlistment in the Air Force in
December of 2020, and informed Randall when she went in, in January 2020.3 At some
point, probably in November 20204, the parties signed a family care plan, the terms of
which are not in the record, but under which K. was placed with Randall on a full time
basis between December 2020 and June 2021, while Adriana was in basic training. In
March 2021, Adriana learned she was being assigned to South Carolina and, because the
current custody orders would sunset soon, she asked Randall to participate in a
formalized plan because the current orders did not take this situation into account, but
Randall refused.
During the time that K. has lived in Randall’s home, there were some attempts to
undermine Adriana’s ability to spend quality time with K. when she came to California.
In December 2020, Adriana was able to come for a two-day visit, but Randall’s family
had a boat outing scheduled at a lake, so Randall told her that K. was unavailable for one
3 There is inconsistency in the testimony about the operative dates. On the one hand, Adriana testified she applied to join the Air Force in December 2019 and “went in” in January 2020, while, on the other hand, her counsel referred to her entering the military in December 2020. Adriana’s brief refers to her enlistment as occurring in December 2020.
4 Randall testified the family care plan was signed in November of that same year, but the hearing occurred in August 2021. By the process of extrapolation, we determine that the family care plan must have been prepared and adopted in November 2020.
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of the days. Randall did not dispute this incident but explained Adriana gave him only a
few days’ notice and the boat had already been packed and prepped for a one day outing.
That same weekend, Adriana contacted Randall and his mother (paternal
grandmother) separately to let them know she was coming out and wanted to surprise K.
at his baseball game. She asked the paternal grandmother to record it, but the paternal
grandmother did not think it was a good idea because it would throw K. off his game.
The paternal grandmother denied the incident, but Randall acknowledged that it had
occurred, referring to Adriana’s plan as “a performance.” Randall conceded K. would
have loved the surprise, but that it would interfere with his baseball playing. Randall also
agreed that while Adriana was in basic training, the maternal grandmother requested a
two week visit with K. but that he refused to permit the visit because of school.
Randall also proposed that K. visit Adriana the weekend before Thanksgiving
because his family had a longstanding tradition of driving out to the desert to ride dirt
bikes, beginning the Friday after Thanksgiving Day. He explained his extended family
had made this trek for 50 years, but then conceded that K. was six years old the first time
he went, and the family did not make the trek during the pandemic.
Adriana’s current assignment is at Shaw Air Force Base in South Carolina.
Between June and July 2021, K. spent a month with her in South Carolina during the
summer preceding the hearing and participated in many activities. After that visit, K.
was returned to his father’s home, where he has remained until the date of the hearing.
Adriana had researched educational and extracurricular programs for K., and
Adriana’s mother intended to move to South Carolina to assist with childcare while
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Adriana was at work. Adriana had no intention of removing Randall from the picture and
had discussed the possibility of a 50/50 shared custody arrangement with him, which
would ensure K. was able to play baseball (Randall is one of the team’s coaches), but
Randall was not interested.
Adriana also asked Randall if K. could stay in virtual learning (available through
his current school) so that he could stay five months with each parent while staying in the
same school. Although K. did well with virtual learning during the pandemic, Randall
did not want K. to do another year of virtual education.
At some point, possibly in June 2021 (according to the register of actions),
Adriana filed a request for order. This request, which, like other important documents
that are not to be found in the record on appeal, was summarized by the court as a request
for an order allowing Adriana to move with the child to South Carolina, according to the
trial court’s description.
At the evidentiary hearing, the court’s child custody recommending counselor,
testified that K. should remain with father for the school year, although her report is not a
part of the record. Thereafter, the two grandmothers described their respective significant
relationships with K. Adriana described Randall’s temper and anger issues, which had
been displayed in front of K., including an incident in which she overheard Randall
angrily speak in derogatory language to K. while Randall was on the phone with her.
After this incident, K. went to his paternal grandmother’s house and told his paternal
step-grandfather he was afraid of Randall. Adriana also recalled Randall yelling at K.
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during baseball games if K. did not perform “amazing[ly]” in the presence of others. The
maternal grandmother also observed Randall’s temper and inappropriate discipline of K.
After hearing the testimony of the parties and arguments of counsel, the court
found the parties had a shared custody arrangement, involving significant time spent by
the child with both parents. The court also concluded that Family Code section 3047
applied to the period of time covered by the family care plan (during Adriana’s basic
training), but that Adriana was currently assigned to the post in South Carolina and was
not on a deployment. This finding gave rise to the court’s determination of the parties’
burdens and the standard of proof to be applied to the move away request, which the
court deemed a de novo standard.
After hearing the testimony of the parties and the grandmothers, the court made
the following orders: the parents would share joint legal custody, and K. would attend
school in father’s school district, although the court did not find it appropriate to order
sole physical custody.5 At Adriana’s election, she would have all three-day weekends
with K., and will have every summer beginning the week after the close of school and
three weeks prior to the start of the fall semester, along with winter breaks every odd year
and Thanksgiving holiday every even year, and every spring break. All other times
would be spent with father. The formal written orders were filed on October 4, 2021.
On November 22, 2021, Adriana appealed.
5 The written order indicates the court ordered joint legal and physical custody.
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DISCUSSION
Neither party’s brief has been particularly helpful, partly because the record is
inadequate and partly because neither party has fully followed the Rules of Court
governing citations to the record. (Cal. Rules of Ct., rule 8.204(a)(1)(C).) Adriana
argues the trial court erred in allowing K. to be “ripped away from the mother-son bond
they cherished since being in the womb.” We appreciate the pain a parent may feel, but
disappointment is not a legal issue we can resolve. Our limited function is to review the
record and identify any legal error committed by the trial court that prejudiced the
appellant.
A. Standard of Review and General Principles Governing Appellate Review
“‘The standard of appellate review of custody and visitation orders is the
deferential abuse of discretion test.’” (Montenegro v. Diaz (2001) 26 Cal.4th 249, 255,
quoting In re Marriage of Burgess (1996) 13 Cal.4th 25, 32 (Burgess).) Under this test,
we must uphold the trial court ruling if it is correct on any basis, regardless of whether
such basis was actually invoked. (Burgess, supra, at p. 32.) To warrant reversal,
therefore, the burden is on the appellant to show error and resulting prejudice. (People v.
Coley (1997) 52 Cal.App.4th 964, 972.)
California Constitution, article VI, section 13, provides, “No judgment shall be set
aside, or new trial granted, in any cause, on the ground of misdirection of the jury, or of
the improper admission or rejection of evidence, or for any error as to any matter of
pleading, or for any error as to any matter of procedure, unless, after an examination of
the entire cause, including the evidence, the court shall be of the opinion that the error
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complained of has resulted in a miscarriage of justice.” Thus, “[a] judgment or order of a
lower court is presumed to be correct on appeal, and all intendments and presumptions
are indulged in favor of its correctness.” (In re Marriage of Arceneaux (1990) 51 Cal.3d
1130, 1133.) It is an appellant’s burden to persuade us that the court erred in ways that
result in a miscarriage of justice. (Cal. Const., art. VI, § 13; In re Marriage of Dellaria &
B. Principles Governing Child Custody and Move-Away Orders
Adriana sought a move-away order, permitting her to remove K. to South
Carolina, where she was currently stationed. In connection with this request, an
evaluation was conducted by the child custody recommending counselor who made a
recommendation to the court and testified at the hearing. However, her report was not
included in the record on appeal. She argues that the court’s custody orders were wrong
because they “ripped” K. from her custody. We disagree. Adriana had not previously
been awarded sole physical custody so there was no custody to “rip away.” Further, the
court’s final judgment of custody awarded joint legal and physical custody, so she was
not deprived of custody.
First, we recognize the policy of assuring frequent and continuing contact must be
viewed in light of other policies, such as the policy to allow the custodial parent the
freedom to move. (In re Marriage of Bryant (2001) 91 Cal.App.4th 789, 7946; Fam.
6 See In re Marriage of LaMusga (2004) 32 Cal.4th 1072, 1099, where the Supreme Court discussed how the appellate court overstated the importance of the [footnote continued on next page]
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Code, § 7501.) That the move of a custodial parent may have an adverse effect on the
frequency of contact by the noncustodial parent is not by itself determinative. What is
determinative is the best interest of the children, given that one parent is moving and the
other is not. (See Burgess, supra, 13 Cal.4th at p. 32.)
However, in this case, as we have explained, Adriana was not the custodial parent
because (a) there was no final judgment awarding her sole physical custody in operation
at the time Adriana made her request for an order, and (b) the prior stipulated orders
awarded joint legal and physical custody to both parents. As such, Family Code section
7501 did not come into play, and the court was tasked with making a final custody
judgment that would determine the custodial rights of the parties.
1. The Report of the Child Custody Recommending Counselor
The court found that maintaining K. in his current school and extracurricular
activities was in his best interests. In reaching its conclusion, the court considered all the
evidence presented in making the determination, including the report of the child custody
recommending counselor, which Adriana challenges on appeal. Unfortunately, Adriana’s
challenges to the recommendations made by the child custody recommending counselor
are not properly before us because the parties—Adriana included—stipulated the report
superior court’s finding that the mother was not acting in bad faith, although it agreed it may be relevant that a parent seeks permission to move away with a child in bad faith.
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could be admitted into evidence and that it could be considered by the court, forfeiting
any challenge to the report and its recommendations.7
“‘[A] reviewing court ordinarily will not consider a challenge to a ruling if an
objection could have been but was not made in the trial court. [Citation.] The purpose of
this rule is to encourage parties to bring errors to the attention of the trial court, so that
they may be corrected. [Citation.]’” (In re Marriage of Elali & Marchoud (2022) 79
Cal.App.5th 668, 682, quoting In re S.B. (2004) 32 Cal.4th 1287, 1293, fn. omitted.)
Adriana has forfeited any claim of error by the trial court in considering the
recommendation of the child custody recommending counselor.
2. Orders for Custody and Visitation
As for any error in the orders respecting parenting and visitation, again Adriana
has not shown error or prejudice. When making an initial custody determination,
including one that involves a move-away request, the trial court has “the widest
discretion to choose a parenting plan that is in the best interest of the child.” (Fam. Code,
§ 3040, subd. (b).) “It must look to all the circumstances bearing on the best interest of
the minor child.” (Burgess, supra, 13 Cal.4th at pp. 31-32.) It must consider the health,
safety, and welfare of the child; any history of abuse by one parent against the child or
the other parent; and the nature and amount of the child’s contact with the parents. (Id. at
7 We point out that Adriana could not establish prejudice from the court’s consideration of the report anyway, where the court did not follow the recommendations of the counselor. Indeed, the counselor recommended sole physical custody be awarded to father, whereas the court awarded joint legal and physical custody.
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p. 32.) These factors are not exclusive, and the court may consider any other factors it
finds relevant. (Fam. Code, § 3011, subd. (a).)
The rule giving a custodial parent the right to change the residence of the child,
subject to the power of the court to restrain a removal that would prejudice the rights or
welfare of the child (Fam. Code, § 7501, subd. (a)), is a codification of the holding of the
California Supreme Court in Burgess, supra, 13 Cal.4th 25. (Fam. Code, § 7501, subd.
(b).) But this presumptive right only applies to final custody judgments, that is,
“whenever [final] custody has been established by judicial decree.” (Burchard v. Garay
(1986) 42 Cal.3d 531, 535; Montenegro v. Diaz, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 256.)
Here, the operative custody and visitation orders existing at the time of the hearing
were stipulated orders and not a final judgment. A stipulated custody order may be a
final judicial custody determination for purposes of the changed circumstance rule only if
there is a clear, affirmative indication the parties intended such a result. (Montenegro v.
Diaz, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 258.) Under the stipulated orders in effect at the time
Adriana made her move-away request, neither parent had sole physical or legal custody
of K., so Family Code section 7501 did not come into play.
Instead, the instant proceeding was the first proceeding at which an initial child
custody judgment was rendered by the court. In arriving at a judgment as to what
custodial arrangement is in the best interest of the child, “‘the paramount need for
continuity and stability in custody arrangements—and the harm that may result from
disruption of established patterns of care and emotional bonds with the primary
caretaker—weigh heavily in favor of maintaining’” that custody arrangement. (In re
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Marriage of Brown & Yana (2006) 37 Cal.4th 947, 956, citing Burgess, supra, 13 Cal.4th
at pp. 32–33.)
Because no prior final judgment as to child custody had been previously rendered,
the changed circumstance rule does not apply to a modification request seeking a change
in the parenting or visitation schedule. (In re Marriage of Lucio (2008) 161 Cal.App.4th
1068, 1077, citing Enrique M. v. Angelina V. (2004) 121 Cal.App.4th 1371, 1379–1380;
In re Marriage of Birnbaum (1989) 211 Cal.App.3d 1508, 1513.) The court is guided by
the “best interests” of the child in making such orders.
“‘In an initial custody determination, the trial court has “the widest discretion to
choose a parenting plan that is in the best interest of the child.” [Citation.] It must look
to all the circumstances bearing on the best interest of the minor child. [Citation.]’” (In
re Marriage of LaMusga (2004) 32 Cal.4th 1072, 1087, quoting Burgess, supra, 13
Cal.4th at pp. 31–32.)
In the present case, the court determined that there was no final child custody
judgment that had been awarded following a contested hearing, because the stipulated
parenting agreements between the parties did not contain the language necessary to
constitute a clear, affirmative indication that they were intended to be a final judgment on
custody. As such, neither parent could be described as the parent entitled to physical
custody of K., despite the fact he had lived with each parent for significant periods of
time under their shared parenting agreement. Thus, the court was required to determine
custody based on the child’s best interests.
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The trial court in this case made the determination as to K.’s best interests in
entering a final judgment of child custody that awarded both parents legal and physical
custody. Adriana was not prejudiced by this order, insofar as the judgment rendered by
the court on the issue of child custody reflected the same award of custody previously
ordered by stipulation of the parties: joint legal and physical custody. In other words,
before the hearing, as well as after the judgment, both parents shared joint legal and
physical custody. Thus, the court did not modify a final judgment awarding legal or
physical custody. Because Adriana did not lose any custodial rights, she was not
prejudiced by the joint custody award.
As for the court’s determination that K. would attend school in Randall’s school
district, the court intended only to modify the parenting and visitation schedule, based on
K.’s best interests in continuity and stability. In this respect, as indicated, a child’s best
interests determination focuses on “the paramount need for continuity and stability in
custody arrangements—and the harm that may result from disruption of established
patterns of care and emotional bonds with the primary caretaker—weigh heavily in favor
of maintaining” that custody arrangement. (Burgess, supra, 13 Cal.4th at pp. 32–33.)
For K., who had continuously attended a particular school—a school actually
selected by Adriana prior to her enlistment—for more than one year (as near as we can
tell from the limited record before us) in Orange County, maintaining that arrangement
was a valid consideration by the court in arriving at its decision. Whether that continuity
will continue to be in the child’s best interests is a matter that can be re-evaluated as K.’s
circumstances require.
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In the meantime, despite the evidence of Randall’s anger management issues,
which he acknowledged, there was no evidence in the record that maintaining K. in the
current parenting schedule would be detrimental to his welfare or that moving to South
Carolina was in his best interests. The court’s shared parenting and visitation orders take
this need for continuity into account, along with K.’s expressed desire to spend equal
time with both parents. Moving K. to South Carolina would have been disruptive.
After reviewing the limited record, we find the trial court properly exercised its
discretion in making its child custody determination.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. Costs are not awarded in this proceeding.