California Court of Appeal May 5, 2023 No. E078791Unpublished
Filed 5/5/23 P. v. Macias CA4/2 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E078791
v. (Super.Ct.No. ICR24587)
RAYMUNDO CARDENAS MACIAS, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. James S. Hawkins, Judge.
(Retired Judge of the Riverside Super. Ct. assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
art. VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.) Affirmed.
Law Offices of Michael Poole and Michael L. Poole for Defendant and Appellant.
Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Charles C. Ragland, Assistant Attorney General, and Melissa Mandel and Seth
M. Friedman, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
In 1996, defendant and appellant Raymundo Cardenas Macias pled guilty to
unlawful sexual intercourse with a minor. After his plea, Congress passed the Illegal
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Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA) (Pub. L. 104-
208, 110 Stat. 3009 (Sept. 30, 1996).), which Macias argues rendered his conviction a
deportable offense. In 2021, Macias filed a motion under Penal Code1 section 1473.7
seeking to have this conviction vacated on the basis that he did not “meaningfully
understand, defend against, or knowingly accept” (§ 1473.7, subd. (a)(1)) the adverse
immigration consequences of his plea and would not have taken the plea if he had. The
trial court denied the motion.
On appeal, Macias argues the post-plea changes in the law meant he did not
meaningfully understand the potential adverse immigration consequences of his plea.
The People argue Macias understood the immigration consequences of his plea when he
made it. We agree with the People that what is relevant for section 1473.7 is whether
Macias understood the immigration consequences at the time of his plea, not whether a
later change in the law altered the consequences of the plea. We therefore affirm.
BACKGROUND
For about two years prior to 1996, Macias had an on again, off again sexual
relationship with the victim, who was then a minor. On March 19, 1996, when Macias
was 23 and the victim was 18, Macias picked her up in his car and they had sex. The
victim reported to the police that the sex was non-consensual, which Macias denied.
The Riverside County District Attorney charged Macias with kidnapping (§ 207,
subd. (a)) and two counts of forcible rape (§ 261, subd. (a)(2)). In June 1996, Macias
1 Unlabeled statutory citations refer to the Penal Code.
2
pled guilty to false imprisonment in violation of section 236 and unlawful sexual
intercourse with a minor in violation of section 261.5.2 The court dismissed the original
three counts and, per his plea agreement, sentenced Macias to five years’ probation. At
the time, the offenses to which he pleaded guilty were not deportable offenses. (See
United States v. Hernandez-Hernandez (2005) 431 F.3d 1212, 1217-1218 [“The
California false imprisonment statute reaches both conduct that constitutes a crime of
violence and conduct that does not.”]; Turijan v. Holder (2014) 744 F.3d 617, 621
[“Upon review, we conclude that felony false imprisonment under California law does
not qualify as a categorical [crime involving moral turpitude].”].)
On June 11, 1996, six days after Macias’s plea, members of Congress introduced
H.R. No. 3610 to the United States House of Representatives. (H.R. No. 3610 104th
Congress, 2nd Sess. (1996); H.R. Rep. No. 104-617, 2nd Sess. (1996).) This bill would
pass on September 30, 1996, and would become effective the next year as part of the
Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Act of 1997. Among other things, the IIRIRA
added domestic violence, stalking, and child abuse as deportable offenses. (IIRIRA
§ 350; 8 U.S.C.S. § 1227(a)(2)(E).)
In 2004, Macias was deported to Mexico. Our record does not establish whether
his deportation was because of the 1996 conviction or for some other reason.
2 Insofar as our record shows, Macias’s plea did not identify a specific subdivision of section 261.5, though the conviction was a felony, and therefore could not have been a conviction under section 261.5, subdivision (b).
3
In 2021, Macias filed a section 1473.7 motion seeking to withdraw his guilty plea.
In support of the motion, Macias submitted a declaration stating that he did not
“understand[] that my conviction will cause immigration consequences many years after
my plea,” that he did not otherwise meaningfully understand the potential adverse
immigration consequences of his plea, and that he would not have pled had he known of
those consequences.
The trial court denied Macias’s motion. Macias timely appealed.
ANALYSIS
Macias argues his motion should have been granted because he did
not meaningfully understand or accept the potential immigration consequences of
his plea—specifically, he could not have anticipated that the law would change such that
his plea would render him deportable. The People argue Macias meaningfully
understood the immigration consequences of his plea when he made it, regardless of later
changes in the law, and therefore he is not entitled to relief under section 1473.7. We
agree with the People.
Section 1473.7, subdivision (a)(1), allows anyone not in criminal custody to file a
motion to vacate a conviction or sentence if “ ‘[t]he conviction or sentence is legally
invalid due to prejudicial error damaging the moving party’s ability to meaningfully
understand, defend against, or knowingly accept the actual or potential adverse
immigration consequences of a plea of guilty.’ ” (People v. Rodriguez (2021) 60
Cal.App.5th 995, 1002.) A party who moves to vacate their conviction or sentence under
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section 1473.7 must show “that one or more of the established errors were prejudicial and
damaged his ‘ability to meaningfully understand, defend against, or knowingly accept the
actual or potential adverse immigration consequences of [his] plea.’ ” (People v.
Camacho (2019) 32 Cal.App.5th 998, 1008-1009; see People v. Mejia (2019) 36
Cal.App.5th 859.)
In order to prevail under section 1473.7, “[t]he defendant must first show that he
did not meaningfully understand the immigration consequences of his plea. Next, the
defendant must show that his misunderstanding constituted prejudicial error.” (People v.
Espinoza (2023) 14 Cal.5th 311, 319.) “ ‘[P]rejudical error . . . means demonstrating a
reasonable probability that the defendant would have rejected the plea if the defendant
had correctly understood its actual or potential immigration consequences.’ ” (Ibid.,
quoting People v. Vivar (2021) 11 Cal.5th 510, 529 (Vivar).) “[T]he test for prejudice
considers what the defendant would have done, not what the effect of that decision would
have been.” (People v. Martinez (2013) 57 Cal.4th 555, 564.) “ ‘Courts should not upset
a plea solely because of post hoc assertions from a defendant about how he would have
pleaded but for his attorney’s deficiencies. [Rather, they] should instead look to
contemporaneous evidence to substantiate a defendant’s expressed preferences.’ ”
(People v. DeJesus (2019) 37 Cal.App.5th 1124, 1134, italics omitted, quoting Lee v.
U.S. (2017) 582 U.S. __ [137 S.Ct. 1958, 1967].) Thus, “the ‘key’ to section 1473.7 is
not what the defense attorney said or did not say about the immigration consequences of
the plea, but is ‘ “the mindset of the defendant and what he or she understood —or didn’t
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understand—at the time the plea was taken.” ’ ” (People v. Jung (2020) 59 Cal.App.5th
842, 857, italics added, disapproved on other grounds by Vivar, at p. 526, fn. 4.)
In addition to demonstrating prejudicial error, the moving party must also
“establish that the conviction or sentence being challenged is currently causing or has the
potential to cause removal or the denial of an application for an immigration benefit,
lawful status, or naturalization.” (§ 1473.7, subd. (e)(1).) It is the moving party’s burden
to show an adverse immigration consequence from their plea. (See People v. Gregor
(2022) 82 Cal.App.5th 147, 164 [concluding defendant failed to show an adverse
immigration consequence because his plea did not expose him to removal or deportation,
exclusion, or the denial of naturalization or lawful status].)
Macias argues, and the People do not dispute, that the IIRIRA rendered his
conviction under section 261.5 a deportable offense. Specifically, Macias argues the
passage of the IIRIRA in September 1996—combined with later case law interpreting
“child abuse” under the IIRIRA to include some sexual offenses against minors—made
Macias’s conviction for unlawful sexual intercourse with a minor a deportable offense.
We note that neither party cites decisional or statutory law establishing that a
conviction under section 261.5 constitutes child abuse under federal immigration law,
and there does not appear to be any such authority. We also note that the Supreme Court
of the United States has expressly held that a conviction under section 261.5,
subdivision (c), is not an aggravated felony, and is not deportable on that basis, because
“in the context of statutory rape offenses focused solely on the age of the participants, the
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generic federal definition of ‘sexual abuse of a minor’ . . . requires the age of the victim
to be less than 16.” (Esquivel-Quintana v. Sessions (2017) 137 S.Ct. 1562, 1572-1573.)
In short, while it appears to be an open question whether a conviction under section 261.5
constitutes “child abuse” under the IIRIRA, a conviction under section 261.5,
subdivision (c), is not “sexual abuse of a minor” for purposes of immigration.
Nevertheless, we need not decide whether a conviction under section 261.5
constitutes a deportable offense today. Even assuming it does, Macias cannot prevail.
Under section 1473.7, we look to the moving party’s state of mind at the time of
the plea to determine whether they meaningfully understood the immigration
consequences of their plea, and whether there is a reasonable probability they would have
rejected the plea if they had understood those consequences. Changes to the law that
happen after a defendant pleads cannot inform their decision whether to plead. Here, not
only did the law change after Macias pled, but the relevant bill was not even introduced
until almost a week after Macias’s plea. In other words, at the time Macias pled there
were no immigration consequences to his plea, and the change in the law he alleges
created those consequences was not imminent. Therefore, there is no evidence of any
prejudicial error because any immigration consequences came into existence only after
Macias’s plea, and therefore could not have affected his ability to understand and accept
the consequences of that plea. Nor could any amount of immigration advisement, short
of predicting the future, have provided Macias the foresight to know the immigration
consequences of his plea would change. Thus, we agree with the trial court that Macias
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failed to demonstrate any prejudicial error which damaged his ability to meaningfully
understand, defend against, or knowingly accept his plea.
We do not hold that post-plea changes in the law can never be the basis for a
successful motion under section 1473.7. It is conceivable that a motion could be
successful where, for instance, the post-plea change in the law is imminent or predictable
at the time of the plea, and the defendant can show that competent advice would have
taken those expected changes into account. But that is not the case here, and Macias did
not introduce evidence nor argue otherwise. Though the IIRIRA passed only three
months after Macias’s plea, it was not introduced to Congress until almost a week after
his plea. Therefore, absent evidence or argument to the contrary, we cannot conclude
that competent advice should have anticipated this change in the law, nor that failure to
advise Macias about this future change was prejudicial error.
Macias makes several arguments in favor of interpreting section 1473.7 to allow
us to vacate a conviction on the basis of post-plea changes to the law. For the most part
these arguments fail to grapple with the fact that the inquiry under section 1473.7 is only
focused on what a moving party knew when they took their plea, and that it is impossible
for unknown future changes to the law to affect present decision-making.
However, Macias makes two additional arguments which we will address more
closely. First, he argues that section 1473.7 provides relief where error damages a
defendant’s ability to “meaningfully understand, defend against, or knowingly accept the
actual or potential adverse immigration consequences,” of a plea. (§ 1473.7, italics
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added.) Macias argues that the Legislature included the word “potential” to encompass
the circumstances we have here, where the adverse immigration consequences of a plea
did not come into existence until after the plea.
To begin with, Macias cites no legislative history or any other materials
suggesting that this is an appropriate interpretation of the word “potential.” A more
straightforward interpretation, consistent both with a plain reading of the statute and the
authority we have discussed, is that the “potential” adverse immigration consequences
contemplated by section 1473.7 include consequences which existed at the time of the
plea but which immigration authorities may or may not act on until much later if at all,
exposure to discretionary immigration decisions which might or might not result in
adverse immigration consequences, or legal uncertainty about whether a given plea
carries adverse immigration consequences. (See Assem. Com. on Public Safety,
Rep. on Assem. Bill No. 813 (2015-2016 Reg. Sess.) as amended Mar. 26, 2015, p. 8
[“ ‘While the criminal penalty for a conviction is obvious and immediate, the
immigration penalty can remain “invisible” until an encounter with the immigration
system raises the issue. . . . Immigrants may find out that their conviction makes them
deportable only when, years later, Immigration and Customs Enforcement initiates
removal proceedings. By then, however, it is too late.’ ”].) In each of these
circumstances, immigration advisements are crucial to allow a defendant to fully
understand and navigate the potential immigration consequences of a plea. For this
reason, error in those advisements or in a defendant’s understanding of the immigration
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consequences could have significant negative outcomes such that vacating a conviction is
an appropriate remedy. Macias’s reading, on the other hand, would not only require that
all immigration advisements accurately predict the future of immigration law, but also
that each individual defendant have perfect foreknowledge of the future of immigration
law. We find no support for that position in either the text of the statute or in case
authority.
Second Macias raises, for the first time in reply, that section 1016.8,
subdivision (a)(4), states, “[a] plea bargain that requires a defendant to generally waive
unknown future benefits of legislative enactments, initiatives, appellate decisions, or
other changes in the law that may occur after the date of the plea is not knowing and
intelligent,” and under subdivision (b) “is void as against public policy.” Macias argues
this means “what matters is the wording of the parties’ agreement and not a defendant’s
actual knowledge of potential, anticipated, or pending changes in the law,” and therefore
section 1473.7 should apply retroactively.
To begin with, we note Macias has not waived the ability to seek the ameliorative
benefits of section 1473.7. But that does not mean he is entitled to receive the relief he
requests. Thus, to the extent Macias argues section 1016.8 means he cannot be forbidden
from seeking relief from his plea under section 1473.7, we agree. We merely disagree
that this necessarily means he must be granted relief under section 1473.7. (See Vivar,
supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 533-534 [“Section 1473.7 offers a remedy in the form of
permission to withdraw a plea. But it’s a remedy available only to some: those who have
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completed their sentences and who suffered a prejudicial error that damaged their ability
to meaningfully understand, defend against, or knowingly accept the plea’s actual or
potential immigration consequences.”].)
Moreover, Macias’s argument misconstrues section 1016.8, which relates to post-
plea changes in the law that work to a defendant’s benefit, and which are intended to
apply retroactively. Under section 1016.8, a plea agreement may not waive a defendant’s
entitlement to seek such a benefit. Nothing in section 1016.8 suggests that unanticipated
post-plea changes in the law to the defendant’s detriment regarding a plea’s collateral
effects, including actual or potential immigration consequences, could retroactively
render a plea void.
Accordingly, we conclude Macias failed to show any prejudicial error under
section 1473.7 and affirm.
DISPOSITION
We affirm the order denying Macias’s section 1473.7 motion.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
RAPHAEL J. We concur:
RAMIREZ P. J.
SLOUGH J.
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AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that a motion to vacate a conviction under Penal Code section 1473.7 requires a showing of prejudicial error regarding the defendant's understanding of immigration consequences at the time of the plea, and that post-plea changes in the law do not constitute such error unless they were predictable or imminent at the time of the plea.
Issues
Whether a defendant can establish prejudicial error under Penal Code section 1473.7 based on immigration consequences created by changes in the law that occurred after the entry of a guilty plea.
Whether the term 'potential' adverse immigration consequences in section 1473.7 encompasses future, unforeseeable changes in immigration law.
Disposition. Affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“what is relevant for section 1473.7 is whether Macias understood the immigration consequences at the time of his plea, not whether a later change in the law altered the consequences of the plea.”
“Changes to the law that happen after a defendant pleads cannot inform their decision whether to plead.”