California Court of Appeal May 1, 2023 No. E080297Unpublished
Filed 5/1/23 In re V.P. CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
In re V.P., a Person Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law.
RIVERSIDE COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SOCIAL E080297 SERVICES, (Super.Ct.No. RIJ2100699) Plaintiff and Respondent, OPINION v.
M.P. et al.,
Defendants and Appellants.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Mona M. Nemat,
Judge. Conditionally reversed and remanded with directions.
Landon Villavaso and Elena S. Min, under appointment by the Court of Appeal,
for Defendant and Appellant, M.P.
Rich Pfeiffer, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant, M.B.
1
Minh C. Tran, County Counsel, Teresa K.B. Beecham and Julie K. Jarvi,
Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
M.P. (father) and M.B. (mother) appeal the order of the Riverside County
Juvenile Court made at a permanent plan selection hearing held pursuant to section
366.26 of the Welfare and Institutions Code terminating their parental rights as to their
child, V.P. (the child).1 We will conditionally reverse the orders for compliance with
section 224.2 and rule 5.481, which are intended to enhance and implement the
provisions of the Indian Child Welfare Act (25 U.S.C. § 1901 et seq. (ICWA)).
BACKGROUND
The child came to the attention of respondent Riverside County Department of
Public Social Services (the Department) when mother tested positive for
methamphetamine shortly after the child was born. The Department’s investigation
revealed the child’s parents had unresolved substance abuse issues, criminal histories,
did not have appropriate provisions for the care and support of the child, and mother
had an unresolved mental health history. It took the child into protective custody and
filed a section 300 juvenile dependency petition.
At the November 2021 detention hearing, the court noted its receipt of Judicial
Council Forms, form ICWA-020, stating the parents were not aware of any Indian
ancestry in their families, and found ICWA did not apply to the proceedings. The
child was detained in foster care.
1 All references to statutes herein are to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless otherwise noted. References to rules are to California Rules of Court.
2
The parents did appear at the setting of the contested hearing on jurisdiction,
but did not attend when the combined hearing for jurisdiction and disposition went
forward a month later. At the conclusion of the hearing, the court again found ICWA
inapplicable and found the child came within subdivision (b)(1) of section 300. It
adjudged her a dependent of the court, removed her from parental custody, and
ordered family reunification services.
The parents failed to participate regularly in reunification services by the time
of the contested six-month review hearing held pursuant to subdivision (e) of section
366.2. They appeared when the review was set for a contest, but were not present
when the contested hearing resulted in the termination of services and the setting of a
section 366.26 hearing to select a permanent plan for the child.
At the section 366.26 hearing, counsel for the parents each stated their client’s
belief that they shared a strong bond with the child and objected to termination of
parental rights, but presented no evidence. The juvenile court found by clear and
convincing evidence that it was likely the child will be adopted and ordered
termination of the parents’ rights. Mother and father appealed.
DISCUSSION
On appeal, the parents argue the court and the Department failed to comply
with the initial inquiry requirements of California’s statutes and rules of court designed
to implement and enhance ICWA. (25 U.S.C. §§ 1901, et seq.; Welf. & Inst. Code,
§§ 224.2, 224.3; rule 5.481.)
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ICWA was enacted by Congress to protect the best interests of Indian children,
and to promote the stability and security of Indian tribes and families in child custody
subd. (c).) Rule 5.481(a)(5) requires the Department to include in its filings on an
ongoing basis a detailed description of all inquiries undertaken, and all information it
received pertaining to the child’s Indian status.
In addition, the juvenile court is required to ask each party when they first
appear in the proceeding whether the child has Indian ancestry and to instruct them to
inform the court if they subsequently receive information that provides a reason to
know the child is an Indian child. (§ 224.2, subd. (c); rule 5.481(a)(2).) This
requirement is in addition to that imposed by federal ICWA regulations, which
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requires the state courts to ask each participant at the commencement in an involuntary
child custody proceeding whether the participant knows or has reason to know the
child is an Indian child. (25 C.F.R. § 23.107(a).)
The juvenile court’s ICWA findings are generally reviewed for substantial
evidence, that is, the reviewing court must determine if the finding is supported by
reasonable, credible evidence of solid value. (In re Josiah T. (2021) 71 Cal.App.5th
388, 401 (Josiah T.).)
Here, at the time of the petition, the Department’s social worker did ask the
parents about the child’s Indian status and reported that their response did not give the
worker reason to believe the child was or may be an Indian child. And, at the
detention hearing, executed parental notification of Indian status forms (Judicial
Council Forms, form ICWA-020) were submitted for each of the parents indicating
they had no known Indian ancestry. But the court did not (i) ask the participants at
that hearing whether any of them knew or had reason to know the child is an Indian
child as required by federal law, or (ii) ask either mother or father about their heritage
or instruct them to inform it if they later received information bearing on the child’s
Indian status as required California law. (25 C.F.R. § 23.107(a); § 224.2, subd. (c);
rule 5.481(a)(2)(A) and (B).) It simply found ICWA did not apply to the proceedings.
Thereafter, the court failed to comply with its ongoing and affirmative duty to
inquire by asking each participant at every hearing after the detention hearing whether
they know or have reason to know the child is an Indian child and to inquiry at each
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subsequent hearing and to instruct the parties to provide any information they receive
that provides reason to know the child is an Indian child. (§224.2, subd. (a); rule
5.481(a)(2)(A), (B).)
Nor is there any indication that the Department complied with its affirmative
and ongoing duty of asking the parents and extended family members about the child’s
Native American status even though maternal and paternal relatives had been
identified as early as the detention hearing. For example, the maternal aunt as well as
the maternal and paternal grandmothers were identified at the hearing, but there is no
evidence that the Department made any effort to ask those relatives about the child’s
ancestry even though it was required to provide the court on an ongoing basis in its
filing a detailed description of those inquiries. (§ 224.2, subds. (a), (b); rule
5.481(a)(5).)
In view of the juvenile court’s failure to inquire of any of the participants
present at the hearings held in the child’s dependency proceedings or to order the
parties to provide any information learned that may give reason to know the child
comes within ICWA, and the Department’s failure to comply with the requirement that
it ask extended family members whether the child does or may have Indian ancestry,
we agree with the parents that the juvenile court’s finding that ICWA did not apply
was not sufficiently supported by the facts. 2 (Josiah T., supra, 71 Cal.App.5th at p.
2 We are aware of the division in our courts with respect to how ICWA errors are to be reviewed and recognize our Supreme Court is poised to resolve the issue. (In re Dezi C. (2022) 79 Cal.App.5th 769, 779-782, review granted, Sept. 21, 2022, S275578.)
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408 [“the court may not find that ICWA does not apply when the absence of evidence
that a child is an Indian child results from [the Department’s] inquiry that is not
proper, adequate, or demonstrative of due diligence.”].)
The affirmative and ongoing duty of the Department and the juvenile court to
make ICWA inquiries and the Department’s specific obligation to ask extended family
members about the child’s Indian status are imposed by state, not federal, law. (§
224.2, subds. (a), (b); rule 5.481.) Accordingly, reversal for failure to comply with
California’s ICWA inquiry provisions is permitted only if we find the error was
prejudicial. (Cal. Const., art. VI, § 13; In re Benjamin M. (2021) 70 Cal.App.5th 735,
742 (Benjamin M.).)
We do not find the failure to comply with section 224.2 and rule 5.481 to be
harmless error. ICWA’s purpose is to protect the interests of Indian children and their
families as well as the separate and distinct rights of the tribes to intervene in (or
exercise jurisdiction over) a custody proceeding involving an Indian child. (25 U.S.C.
§§ 1901, 1902, 1911; In re Isaiah W. (2016) 1 Cal.5th 1, 7, 9; In re D.B. (2022) 87
Cal.App.5th 239, 248.)
Naturally, a tribe cannot exercise its rights to intervene in a child custody
proceeding if it does not have notice of it. And, for proper notice to be given, there
must be an adequate investigation to determine whether the child who is the subject of
the proceeding has or may have Indian ancestry. Compliance with the duty of initial
inquiry set forth in section 224.2, subdivisions (a) and (b), and rule 5.481 is crucial to
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that investigation. As we explained in Benjamin M., though we cannot know what
extended family members will say when interviewed by the Department about a
child’s ancestry, their answers are likely to bear meaningfully on the question whether
the child comes within ICWA. (Benjamin M., supra, 70 Cal.App.5th at pp. 744-745.)
The Department argues that the order terminating parental rights should be
affirmed because subdivision (b) of section 224.2 (the statutory provision requiring it
to ask extended family members about the child’s Indian ancestry) does not apply if
the child was taken into protective custody pursuant to a section 340 protective
custody warrant. In support of its claim, it cites the concurring opinion in In re Adrian
L., in which Justice Kelley posits subdivision (b) is limited to children taken into
custody by either a county welfare department pursuant to section 306 or a county
probation department pursuant to section 307. (In re Adrian L. (2022) 86 Cal.App.5th
342, 355-359 (conc. opn. of Kelley J.).)
We have no occasion here to concern ourselves with the merits of Justice
Kelley’s approach for each of two reasons. First, there is insufficient evidence to
support the conclusion that the child was taken into custody pursuant to a protective
custody warrant. The Department points only to a statement of the juvenile court
made when reciting the findings and orders contained in the social worker’s report that
it “recalls and quashes the previously-issued protective custody warrants for Baby Girl
[B].” The record, however, does not contain protective custody warrants issued as to
the child. Moreover, the child’s circumstances at the time the Department took her
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into custody did not require a warrant. The child was born on November 4, 2021, and
father was present. When the Department received an immediate response referral on
November 6, mother had already been discharged from the hospital, the parents had
not signed the child’s birth certificate, the child was in the neonatal intensive care unit,
and the parents had not checked on the child for 32 hours. When there is reasonable
cause for a social worker to believe that a child is a person described in subdivision (b)
of section 300 and that the child has an immediate need for medical care, section 306
authorizes the worker to take the child into protective custody without a warrant.
Second, even if there was evidence of a warrant, conditional reversal would
nevertheless be called for because (i) the juvenile court failed to comply with the
initial ICWA inquiry provisions set forth in the Code of Federal Regulations (25
C.F.R. § 23.107(a)), and (ii) the failure of the juvenile court and the Department to
comply with subdivisions (a) and (c) of section, 224.2 and rule 5.481(a)(2)(A) and (B).
DISPOSITION
The order terminating the rights of mother and father as to the child is
conditionally reversed. On remand, the juvenile court shall order the Department to
comply with the duty of initial inquiry (§ 224.2, subd. (b)) and, if applicable, the duty
of further inquiry (§ 224.2, subd. (e)) and the duty to provide notice to the pertinent
tribes (25 U.S.C. § 1912(a); § 224.3). If the juvenile court determines that ICWA does
not apply, then the court shall reinstate the orders. If the court determines that ICWA
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does apply, then it shall proceed in conformity with ICWA and related California law.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
RAMIREZ P. J.
We concur:
McKINSTER J.
CODRINGTON J.
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AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court conditionally reversed the order terminating parental rights because the juvenile court and the Department failed to comply with the mandatory initial and ongoing inquiry requirements regarding the child's potential Indian ancestry under the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) and California law.
Issues
Whether the juvenile court and the Department failed to comply with the initial and ongoing inquiry requirements of ICWA and California law regarding the child's Indian status.
Whether the failure to comply with ICWA inquiry requirements constitutes prejudicial error requiring conditional reversal.
Disposition. Conditionally reversed and remanded
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“We will conditionally reverse the orders for compliance with section 224.2 and rule 5.481, which are intended to enhance and implement the provisions of the Indian Child Welfare Act”
“we agree with the parents that the juvenile court’s finding that ICWA did not apply was not sufficiently supported by the facts.”