California Court of Appeal Apr 10, 2023 No. E077215Unpublished
See Dissenting Opinion
Filed 4/10/23 Walker v. Viveros CA4/2 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
JOEL WALKER et al.,
Plaintiffs and Appellants, E077215
v. (Super. Ct. No. CIVDS1817254)
JESSE VIVEROS, JR. et al., OPINION
Defendants and Respondents.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Brian S.
McCarville, Judge. Reversed with directions.
Dordick Law, Gary A. Dordick and John Upton, for Plaintiffs and Appellants.
Winet Patrick Gayer Creighton & Hanes and Catherine A. Gayer, for Defendants
and Respondents.
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I.
INTRODUCTION
Joel Walker’s wife, Teresa Walker, died from injuries she suffered when she fell
while walking her dog on a sidewalk in the City of Victorville (the City). Walker sued
the City and the owners of the property, Jesse Viveros, Jr., and Regina Mercedes Garcia
(collectively, the Homeowners) abutting the sidewalk where Teresa fell. The trial court
granted summary judgment to the City and the Homeowners on the ground that Joel
failed to provide sufficient evidence that the sidewalk caused Teresa’s fall. We reverse
the judgment because a triable issue of fact exists as to what caused Teresa’s fall.
II.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Joel and Teresa had a usual route for walking their two approximately 80-pound
Boxer dogs. While walking their leashed dogs along that route one evening, Teresa fell
and hit her head on the sidewalk in front of the Homeowners’ house. At the time, Joel
was walking one dog a foot or two in front of Teresa while she walked the other one.
Teresa died from the injuries she sustained from the fall five days later.
Joel later sued the Homeowners for general negligence and negligent infliction of 1 emotional distress (NIED). The Homeowners moved for summary judgment on the
ground that Teresa fell because she got tangled in her dog’s leash, not because she tripped
1 Joel also sued the City for negligence and NIED. Those claims are addressed in a separate appeal.
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on the sidewalk. Their motion relied mostly on deposition testimony from Joel and two
people who assisted Teresa after she fell.
Joel testified that he did not see Teresa fall. He explained that as he was walking
one or two feet ahead of Teresa, he heard a thud, turned around, and saw Teresa on the
ground crying and saying she hit her head. Joel did not see Teresa entangled in a leash
after her fall. When Joel looked to see if anything could have caused Teresa’s fall, he
saw a rise in the sidewalk less than foot from where she was on the ground.
Although Teresa told Joel at the time of the incident and the days afterward that
she tripped, she never told Joel what caused her to trip. She never told Joel that she fell
because she got tangled in the dog leash, and Joel never heard her tell anyone that was
what caused her to trip and fall. Joel thus “could only speculate” what caused Teresa to
trip and fall. But when asked what he thought Teresa tripped on, Joel replied that he
“saw a raise in the concrete” near her.
Lisa Martinez, who lives near where Teresa fell, testified in her deposition that she
saw Joel and Teresa walking their dogs while she was entertaining friends in her garage.
Shortly afterward, Martinez heard loud “cries.” Martinez went to the street and saw
Teresa on the ground crying as if she had just fallen. Martinez and her friend, Linda
Carol Sullivan, went to help Teresa and Joel. Teresa was crying and visibly upset while
in a “crunched position” on the ground while Joel was trying to help and console her.
While Joel, Martinez, and Sullivan stood around Teresa, they discussed what had
happened. Teresa told Martinez that “the dogs may have tripped her or they had got
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tangled up in” the dogs’ leashes. When asked for further clarification on what Teresa
told her, Martinez answered that Teresa said that “she thought the dogs may have tripped
her.” Teresa also said she had stubbed her toe and hit her head when she fell, but did not
want medical attention. Martinez noticed that Teresa’s toe was bleeding.
Sullivan testified that she was in Martinez’s garage when she heard a woman
screaming and crying. When she and Martinez approached Teresa and Joel, Sullivan
asked her if Teresa needed help. As the four of them huddled about a foot apart from one
another, Teresa “kept saying the dogs tangled her up.” Sullivan was not certain, but
recalled Teresa repeating three times that her dogs caused her to fall. Teresa never told
Sullivan that she tripped on the sidewalk. Rather, “[h]er story was consistent that she got
tangled up with the dogs and fell because of them.”
The Homeowners also relied on deposition testimony from nurse Kent Cramer,
R.N., who assisted Teresa during an air flight. Cramer testified that he prepared medical
notes that stated Teresa, who was unconscious at all times around Cramer, “was walking
her dog when she had a mechanical trip and fall on the dog leash.” Cramer did not know
where he received this information, but explained that he documented in his notes what
he had learned per the emergency department staff and the husband .
In his opposition, Joel argued there was a triable issue of fact as to whether the
sidewalk caused Teresa’s fall. Joel emphasized that Teresa fell near a 1.375-inch
displacement in the sidewalk while wearing open-toed flip-flops and one of her toes was
bloody after the incident, although he could not recall which one. Joel also stated in a
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declaration that he did not hear Teresa tell anyone, including Martinez and Sullivan, that
she fell because of the dogs or their leashes and that he did not see Teresa entangled in a
leash after the fall. To support his position that the displacement caused Teresa’s fall,
Joel submitted a declaration from Brad Avrit, an engineer, who concluded that the 2 sidewalk displacement created a tripping hazard and caused Teresa’s fall.
Along with his opposition, Joel objected to Martinez and Sullivan’s deposition
testimony about what they claimed Teresa told them about what caused her fall. Joel
argued their testimony was inadmissible on various grounds, including that it was
inadmissible hearsay. Joel also objected to Cramer’s testimony that his notes stated
Teresa fell on her dog’s leash. The Homeowners, in turn, objected to portions of Joel’s 3 declaration and the entirety of Avrit’s declaration.
The trial court overruled Joel’s two objections to Martinez and Sullivan’s
testimony and sustained his objections to Cramer’s testimony. The trial court, however,
did not rule on the Homeowners’ objections. The trial court then granted summary
judgment to the Homeowners. The court found that the evidence was insufficient to
create a triable issue of fact as to whether the sidewalk caused Teresa’s injuries and that
Joel’s NIED claim failed because he did not witness Teresa’s “fall contemporaneously
with her ultimate injury.” Joel timely appealed.
2 Joel also supported his opposition with a declaration from arborist John Sevier, who claimed that a tree in the Homeowners’ property caused the sidewalk displacement. His declaration is not relevant to the issues on appeal. 3 The Homeowners also objected to Sevier’s declaration.
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III.
DISCUSSION
Joel contends the trial court erroneously granted the Homeowners’ motion for
summary judgment because there is a disputed issue of material fact as to whether the
sidewalk caused Teresa’s fall and he witnessed her fall even though he did not see it. We
agree on both points.
1. Evidentiary Issues
We first address Joel’s arguments about the trial court’s rulings on the parties’
objections. He argues the trial court should have excluded testimony from Martinez and
Sullivan that Teresa told them she tripped on her dog or its leash (or the dogs and their
leashes). He also argues the trial court should have excluded Cramer’s testimony that he
was told either by emergency department staff or Joel that Teresa tripped on her dog’s
leash.
As for Cramer’s testimony, the trial court sustained Joel’s objections. The trial
court thus excluded Cramer’s testimony that he learned either via emergency department
staff or Joel that Teresa tripped on a dog leash. As a result, there is nothing in Cramer’s
admitted testimony about the cause of Teresa’s fall.
As for Martinez and Sullivan’s testimony, we need not decide whether the trial
court properly overruled Joel’s objections to their testimony. Even if it did, the trial court
still erroneously granted the Homeowners’ motion for summary judgment for the reasons
discussed below.
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The parties also dispute whether and to what extent we may consider the
Homeowners’ objections given that the trial court did not rule on them. When, as here,
the trial court fails to rule on a party’s objections but the party does not press the court for
a ruling, we presume the court overruled the objections, which remain preserved for our
review. (Reid v. Google (2010) 50 Cal.4th 512, 534.)
We assume without deciding that the trial court properly sustained the
Homeowners’ objections to Avrit’s declaration because the trial court erred by granting
the Homeowners’ motion for summary judgment event without considering the
declaration.
As for Joel’s objected-to declaration, the Homeowners ask us to consider the trial
court’s evidentiary rulings on the City’s motion for summary judgment. The
Homeowners argue that those rulings apply equally here because they and the City
objected to the same portions of Joel’s declaration for the same reasons. We assume
without deciding that the Homeowners are correct and thus will consider only the
portions of Joel’s declaration that the trial court considered after overruling the City’s
objections (objections 5 & 7). In particular, we will consider Joel’s declaration testimony
that (1) Teresa never told him that she got tangled in the dog leash or that she tripped
because of it and (2) he did not see her entangled in a dog leash after her fall.
2. Summary Judgment Principles and Standard of Review
“A party moving for summary judgment bears the burden of persuasion there is no
triable issue of material fact and is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. A defendant
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satisfies this burden by showing one or more elements of the cause of action in question
cannot be established or there is a complete defense to that cause of action. If the
defendant meets this initial burden, the opposing party must then make a prima facie
showing of the existence of a triable issue of material fact. [Citation.] [¶] We review the
denial of a motion for summary judgment de novo. [Citation.] We strictly construe the
moving party’s affidavits and liberally construe the opposing party’s affidavits. We
accept as undisputed facts only those portions of the moving party’s evidence that are not
contradicted by the opposing party’s evidence.” (City of San Diego v. Superior Court
(2006) 137 Cal.App.4th 21, 25.) Thus, “[w]hen deciding whether to grant summary
judgment, the court must consider all of the evidence set forth in the papers (except
evidence to which the court has sustained an objection), as well as all reasonable
inferences that may be drawn from that evidence, in the light most favorable to the party
opposing summary judgment.” (Avivi v. Centro Medico Urgente Medical Center (2008)
159 Cal.App.4th 463, 467.) As a result, the trial court may not grant a motion for
summary judgment “based on inferences . . . if contradicted by other inferences or
evidence that raise a triable issue as to any material fact.” (Code. Civ. Proc., § 437c,
To succeed on his negligence claim against the Homeowners, Joel must prove, 4 among other things, that the sidewalk was the proximate cause of Teresa’s injuries.
(Huckey v. City of Temecula (2019) 37 Cal.App.5th 1092, 1104.) Causation is generally
a “question of fact which cannot be resolved by summary judgment” and “may be
decided as a question of law only if, under undisputed facts, there is no room for a
reasonable difference of opinion.” (Nichols v. Keller (1993) 15 Cal.App.4th 1672, 1687.)
“Causation must be established by nonspeculative evidence,” (Kaney v. Custance (2022)
74 Cal.App.5th 201, 212), but “[c]ircumstantial evidence is just as good as direct
evidence to create a triable issue of fact.” (Hussey-Head v. World Sav. & Loan Assn.
(2003) 111 Cal.App.4th 773, 780.)
The sidewalk was the proximate cause of Teresa’s injuries if it was a “substantial
factor” in causing them. (Kumaraperu v. Feldsted (2015) 237 Cal.App.4th 60, 68.) The
sidewalk was a substantial factor if it had “‘an appreciable effect’” in causing Teresa’s
4 The Homeowners argued they were entitled to summary judgment because they did not have notice that the sidewalk was a dangerous condition and it did not cause her to fall in any event. The trial court found there was a triable issue of fact as to whether the Homeowners were aware that the sidewalk was a dangerous condition, but found that Joel could not prove causation. The Homeowners do not challenge the trial court’s rulings. The Homeowners argue, however, that they had no obligation to repair the sidewalk in front of their home, which is owned by the City, and that they had no notice of the sidewalk’s allegedly unsafe condition. But the trial court found there was a triable issue of fact on whether the Homeowners had notice, and the Homeowners did not argue in the trial court that they had no duty to repair the sidewalk, so we decline to consider the argument for the first time on appeal. (See Newton v. Clemons (2003) 110 Cal.App.4th 1, 11.)
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injuries. (Ibid.) “The substantial factor standard generally produces the same results as
does the ‘but for rule of causation which states that a defendant's conduct is a cause of the
injury if the injury would not have occurred ‘but for’ that conduct. [Citations.] The
substantial factor standard, however, has been embraced as a clearer rule of causation—
one which subsumes the ‘but for’ test while reaching beyond it to satisfactorily address
other situations, such as those involving independent or concurrent causes in fact.”
(Rutherford v. Owens-Illinois, Inc. (1997) 16 Cal.4th 953, 969.)
The Homeowners’ summary judgment motion rested largely on Martinez and
Sullivan’s deposition testimony that Teresa told them that her dog(s) caused her fall or
she fell because she got tangled in the leash(es). But Martinez testified that Teresa said
only that she thought she “may have” tripped because of the dogs, not that she certainly
did. More to the point, Joel testified in his deposition that Teresa never told Martinez or
Sullivan (or anyone else) that she fell because of her dogs or their leashes. What Teresa
said about what caused her fall is therefore disputed and cannot prove as a matter of law
that the sidewalk was not a substantial factor in causing her to fall.
The Homeowners also suggest there is no evidence that the sidewalk caused
Teresa to fall because Joel did not see her fall and she did not tell him what caused her to
fall. But circumstantial evidence and the reasonable inferences drawn from it can be
sufficient to prove the cause of a plaintiff’s fall, even if the plaintiff does not know what
caused the fall or could not remember the fall. (Kaney v. Custance, supra, 74
Cal.App.5th at p. 217; Sokolow v. City of Hope (1953) 41 Cal.2d 668, 672 (Sokolow).)
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Joel was walking one or two feet ahead of Teresa when she fell. When asked in
his deposition if he saw what Teresa tripped on, Joel stated that he turned around and
“saw a raise in the concrete” less than a foot from where she was on the ground, which
suggests she tripped within feet of the sidewalk displacement. Joel also testified that
Teresa was bleeding from a scraped foot after the incident and was not entangled in a
leash after the fall. Martinez testified that Teresa said immediately after the fall that she
had stubbed her toe and observed that one of Teresa’s toes was bleeding.
On this disputed record, a jury could reasonably find that Teresa fell because she
tripped on her dog (or dogs) or got tangled in the leash (or leashes), depending on whose
testimony the jury credits. (See Edwards v. Hall (1991) 234 Cal.App.3d 886, 900 [jury
resolves credibility determinations].) But a jury also could reasonably find that Teresa
fell because she stubbed her toe on the 1.37-inch sidewalk displacement while wearing
open-toed flip-flops. A jury likewise could reasonably find that Teresa fell because she
stubbed her toe on the sidewalk and she tripped on her dog or its leash (or both dogs and
their leashes). In other words, a triable issue of fact as to causation remains for a jury to
resolve.
Sokolow, supra, 41 Cal.2d 668 supports our conclusion. The plaintiff there was
waitressing when she tripped and fell in between two tables, causing her to lose
consciousness. (Id. at p. 672.) She did not know what caused her to trip and no witness
saw what she tripped on, although a colleague saw her fall. (Id. at pp. 671-672.) “The
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record disclose[d] no other witnesses to the fall and no other evidence as to its cause.”
(Id. at p. 671.)
However, there was a gas pipe on the floor in between the tables where the
plaintiff fell. (Sokolow, supra, 41 Cal.2d at p. 672.) Our Supreme Court held that
“although no witness stated that plaintiff tripped over the gas pipe . . . an inference that it
was such gas pipe that she tripped over is permissible.” (Id. at p. 672.) The court
reached this conclusion because the plaintiff “testified that she tripped over something; it
was shown that the exposed gas pipe ran along the floor under the tables and between the
ends of the tables; and it was further shown that it was between the ends of two of the
tables that plaintiff tripped and fell.” (Ibid.) The Supreme Court rejected the defendant’s
argument that the evidence that the gas pipe caused the plaintiff’s fall was based on
“guess, conjecture and speculation,” and reversed a directed verdict in the defendant’s
favor because the “plaintiff’s evidence was sufficient to support a verdict so far as
concerns the question of proximate cause.” (Ibid.)
So too here. As in Sokolow, there is only circumstantial evidence as to what
caused Teresa’s fall. No one saw what caused Teresa’s fall or the plaintiff’s fall in
Sokolow, although a coworker saw the plaintiff falling. While the evidence on what
Teresa may have tripped on is disputed and conflicting, it is undisputed that she tripped
on something. Joel, who was about one or two feet away from Teresa when she fell,
turned around and saw that the sidewalk displacement was less than a foot away from
where she fell. Although the record is unclear as to where exactly Teresa fell, the only
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evidence on the location of the Sokolow plaintiff’s fall was that it occurred “in between
the ends of the tables” and thus near the gas pipe, which created a reasonable inference
that the pipe caused the fall. If the jury credits Joel’s testimony, then a reasonable
inference is that Teresa fell within feet of the displacement, which creates a reasonable
inference that the displacement caused her fall under Sokolow.
Because a jury could reasonably find that the sidewalk was a substantial factor in
causing Teresa’s injuries, the trial court erred in granting summary judgment to the
Homeowners. (See Savaikie v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals (2020) 52 Cal.App.5th 223,
229-230 [“‘Generally, when conflicting inferences can be reasonably drawn from the
evidence, a triable issue of fact is deemed to exist.’”]; Pierson v. Helmerich & Payne
Internat. Drilling Co. (2016) 4 Cal.App.5th 608, 627; see also Code Civ. Proc., § 437c,
subd. (c).)
A plaintiff may recover for NIED for witnessing injuring to a third party only if
(1) the plaintiff is closely related to the victim, (2) the plaintiff is “present at the scene of
the injury-producing event at the time it occurs and is then aware that it is causing injury
to the victim,” and (3) the plaintiff suffers serious emotional distress. (Thing v. La Chusa
(1989) 48 Cal.3d 644, 667-668.) The Homeowners contend Joel cannot satisfy the
second element because he was unaware that Teresa purportedly tripped on the sidewalk
when she fell. We agree.
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Fortman v. Forvaltningsbolaget Insulan AB (2013) 212 Cal.App.4th 830, is
instructive. There, the plaintiff witnessed her brother’s death while they were scuba
diving. (Id. at p. 832.) At the time of the accident, she thought her brother had suffered a
heart attack, but she later learned that his equipment had malfunctioned and prevented
him from getting enough air. (Ibid.) After an extensive survey of NIED cases in various
contexts, the Fortman court concluded the plaintiff could not recover for NIED because
she did not have a contemporaneous sensory awareness of the causal connection between
the company’s defective product and the resulting injury. (Id. at pp. 836-845.) Put
another way, the plaintiff could not satisfy the second mandatory element of her NIED
claim because she did not know that her brother’s defective scuba equipment caused his
death at the time of the accident. (Id. at p. 845.)
The same holds true here. Although Joel perceived that Teresa fell, he was
unaware that the sidewalk may have caused her fall at the time. He could “only
speculate” what happened because he did not see her fall and she never told him why she
fell. It was not until well after Teresa’s fall that Joel thought the sidewalk may have
caused her to trip and fall. Joel thus cannot show, as he must, that he was
contemporaneously aware that the homeowners’ alleged negligence in not fixing the
sidewalk displacement caused Teresa’s fall and resulting injuries. (Fortman v. 5 Forvaltningsbolaget Insulan AB, supra, 212 Cal.App.4th at p. 845.)
5 Joel conceded at oral argument that he could not succeed on his NIED claim.
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IV.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is reversed. The trial court is directed to enter an order denying the
Homeowners’ motion for summary adjudication on Joel’s second cause of action and
granting the motion on Joel’s third cause of action. The parties shall bear their own costs
on appeal.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
CODRINGTON J.
I concur:
MILLER Acting P. J.
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[Joel Walker et al. v. Jesse Viveros, Jr. et al., E077215]
MENETREZ, J., Dissenting.
In moving for summary judgment, the defense argued that there was no evidence
that the sidewalk displacement caused Mrs. Walker to fall. I agree.
No one saw Mrs. Walker fall. The only evidence of her own statements
concerning the cause of the fall is that she said she tripped over the dogs or their leashes.
Assuming for the sake of argument that there is conflicting evidence about whether she
made those statements, there is still no evidence that she ever said that anything else
caused her to fall.
Mrs. Walker’s husband did not see her fall, and he said he could only “speculate”
about what might have caused her to fall. He said that after she fell, he saw her on the
ground “near” the sidewalk displacement, “less than a foot” away from it. But he never
said where she was in relation to the displacement—behind it, in front of it, or next to it.
There is no evidence that Mrs. Walker had even walked as far as the displacement before
she fell. There is consequently no evidence that the displacement caused her to fall.
There is evidence that Mrs. Walker had a bloody toe after the fall, but that does
not support a reasonable inference that the displacement caused her to fall. She could
have tripped over the dogs or their leashes or her own feet (she was wearing flip-flops)
and injured her toe in the process of falling.
Sokolow v. City of Hope (Corp.) (1953) 41 Cal.2d 668 is distinguishable. In that
case, the victim said that she tripped over something, and (1) there was evidence that she
1
tripped between two tables, (2) there was evidence that there was a gas line on the ground
between those tables, and (3) there was no evidence of any other potential tripping hazard
between those tables. (Id. at pp. 670-671.) The evidence therefore supported a
reasonable inference that she tripped over the gas line. In the case before us, there is
evidence of other potential tripping hazards—namely, the dogs and their leashes—and no
evidence that Mrs. Walker tripped after, rather than before, reaching the sidewalk
displacement. Sokolow consequently is not controlling.
It is, of course, possible that the displacement caused Mrs. Walker to fall. But the
present record contains no evidence that it did. On this record, a finding that she tripped
over the displacement would be based on nothing but speculation.
For all of the foregoing reasons, I believe that the trial court correctly granted
summary judgment for the defense. I therefore respectfully dissent.
MENETREZ J.
2
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that a triable issue of fact exists regarding whether a sidewalk displacement was a substantial factor in causing the decedent's fall, precluding summary judgment on the negligence claim. However, the court affirmed that the plaintiff could not maintain a claim for negligent infliction of emotional distress because he lacked contemporaneous awareness of the causal connection between the alleged negligence and the injury.
Issues
Whether a triable issue of fact exists regarding the proximate cause of the decedent's fall.
Whether the plaintiff established the elements required for a negligent infliction of emotional distress claim.
Disposition. Reversed with directions.
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“We reverse the judgment because a triable issue of fact exists as to what caused Teresa’s fall.”
“Because a jury could reasonably find that the sidewalk was a substantial factor in causing Teresa’s injuries, the trial court erred in granting summary judgment to the Homeowners.”
“Joel thus cannot show, as he must, that he was contemporaneously aware that the homeowners’ alleged negligence in not fixing the sidewalk displacement caused Teresa’s fall and resulting injuries.”