California Court of Appeal Dec 20, 2022 No. E079145Unpublished
Filed 12/20/22 In re D.K CA4/2 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
In re D.K., a Person Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law.
RIVERSIDE COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SOCIAL SERVICES, E079145
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super.Ct.No. SWJ2000221)
v. OPINION
D.F. et al.,
Defendants and Appellants.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Michael J. Rushton,
Judge. Conditionally reversed and remanded with directions.
Brent Riggs, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant T.K.
Michelle D. Peña, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant D.F.
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Minh C. Tran, County Counsel, Teresa K.B. Beecham and Julie K. Jarvi, Deputy
County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
D.F. (mother) and T.K. (father) (collectively, parents) appeal from the juvenile
court’s order terminating parental rights to their minor daughter, D.K. Parents contend
that the Riverside County Department of Public Social Services (the Department) failed
to comply with the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 (ICWA) (25 U.S.C. § 1901 et seq.)
and related state law. We agree and conclude that the Department failed to discharge its
duty of initial inquiry. We thus conditionally reverse the order terminating parental rights
and remand for further proceedings.
BACKGROUND
We briefly summarize the relevant dependency proceedings and focus on the facts
related to the adequacy of the ICWA inquiry, which is the sole issue on appeal.
In December 2019, D.K. was born premature and with a serious medical issue.
The Department took protective custody of D.K. when she was four months old. The
hospital was concerned about releasing D.K. into parents’ care. D.K. had ongoing
medical needs that required her to have a central catheter in her chest, a gastric tube that
drained fluid throughout the day, and an abdominal feeding tube. The Department filed a
petition under subdivision (b)(1) of section 300 of the Welfare and Institutions Code,
alleging that D.K. was at substantial risk of serious physical harm or illness. (Unlabeled
statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.) The petition contained
allegations against both parents.
2
When the Department interviewed parents before filing the petition, both mother
and father reported that they did not have any Indian ancestry.1 Father indicated that he
wanted his sister to be contacted about placement, which the Department did.
Both parents were present at the detention hearing held on May 7, 2020. The
juvenile court adopted the recommended findings and orders in the detention report and
ordered D.K. detained. The court asked mother if she had any Indian ancestry, and she
stated that she did not. The court made the same inquiry of father, who initially replied
that he too did not have any Indian ancestry. Father then stated that he had Cherokee
ancestry. The court ordered the Department to interview father further on the issue. The
court found that ICWA might apply.
On May 20, 2020, the Department provided notice to the Bureau of Indian Affairs,
the Secretary of the Interior, and three Indian tribes—the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma,
the Eastern Band of Cherokee, and the United Keetoowah Band—concerning D.K.’s
possible eligibility as a tribe member. The notice contained information concerning the
identity and then-current location of mother, father, maternal grandparents, paternal
grandparents, maternal great-grandfather, and two paternal great-grandmothers.
In the jurisdiction and disposition report filed about two weeks later, the
Department reported that mother had again denied having any Indian ancestry while
father again reported that he was possibly affiliated with the Cherokee tribe. Parents
1 “[B]ecause ICWA uses the term ‘Indian,’ we do the same for consistency, even though we recognize that other terms, such as ‘Native American’ or ‘indigenous,’ are preferred by many.” (In re Benjamin M. (2021) 70 Cal.App.5th 735, 739, fn. 1 (Benjamin M.).)
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were living with father’s sister. Father was reluctant to provide any information about
other family members because he did not understand the relevance. A paternal aunt was
being assessed for placement, and a maternal aunt had been approved for placement
pending her completion of certain training. The Department reported that it had been in
contact with a maternal aunt, maternal grandmother, and paternal grandmother.
On the date originally calendared for the jurisdiction and disposition hearing, the
court took judicial notice of the documents pertaining to the ICWA notice that the
Department had provided the preceding month and found that there was “good ICWA
notice in this matter.” The court set a contested jurisdiction and disposition hearing for
the following month, in July 2020.
At that hearing, the Department reported that D.K. was medically stable, had been
released from the hospital, and had been placed with an approved relative. The
Department reported it had not yet received any responses from the notified tribes. The
court took judicial notice of the ICWA notices filed by the Department. The court
sustained the allegations in an amended petition and took jurisdiction over D.K. The
court removed D.K. from parents’ custody and ordered reunification services for both
parents. The court found that the Department had conducted a sufficient inquiry
concerning whether ICWA applied and found that D.K. might have Indian ancestry.
The Department subsequently filed the responses it had received from the Eastern
Band of Cherokee Indians, the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians, and the
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Cherokee Nation. All three tribes reported that they did not consider D.K. to be an Indian
child with respect to their tribes.
In July 2020, D.K. was placed with a maternal cousin.
At the six-month and 12-month status review hearings in February and July 2021,
the court found that the Department had conducted a sufficient ICWA inquiry and that
ICWA did not apply. The court noted that no new information had been provided
indicating that ICWA might apply. At the 12-month hearing, the court terminated
father’s reunification services and continued mother’s.
In a report prepared for the 18-month status review hearing for mother, the
Department reported that in September 2021 mother and father denied having any Indian
ancestry. The Department reported that it had no new information indicating that ICWA
might be applicable. D.K. continued to reside with a maternal cousin who was willing to
adopt D.K. Father provided contact information for another sister who was interested in
placement.
At the 18-month status review hearing in December 2021, the court terminated
mother’s reunification services. The court again found that the Department had
conducted a sufficient ICWA inquiry, that ICWA did not apply, and that there was no
new information indicating that ICWA might apply. The court set the matter for a
section 366.26 hearing.
The contested section 366.26 hearing was continued several times. In a March
2022 report for the original section 366.26 hearing and a postpermanency planning
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hearing under section 366.3, the Department reported that it did not have any new
information indicating that ICWA might apply. The Department recommended that the
court find that ICWA does not apply. At a hearing in April 2022, the court signed off on
the parties’ section 366.3 stipulation and adopted the recommended findings and orders
in the March 2022 report.
At the continued section 366.26 hearing in June 2022, the court found that D.K.
was likely to be adopted, and the court terminated parental rights.
DISCUSSION
Parents argue that we must reverse the order terminating parental rights because
the juvenile court failed to ensure that the Department discharged its duty of inquiry
under ICWA-related state law. We agree and conditionally reverse.
“ICWA establishes minimum federal standards that a state court must follow
before removing Indian children from their families. [Citation.] California law
implementing ICWA also imposes requirements to protect the rights of Indian children,
their families, and their tribes.” (In re Ricky R. (2022) 82 Cal.App.5th 671, 678 (Ricky
R.); §§ 224-224.6.) “An Indian child is any unmarried person under 18 who ‘is either (a)
a member of an Indian tribe or (b) is eligible for membership in an Indian tribe and is the
biological child of a member of an Indian tribe.’ (25 U.S.C. § 1903(4); see § 224.1,
subd. (b).)” (Ricky R., supra, at p. 678.)
Typically, it “is not self-evident whether a child is an Indian child,” so “both
federal and state law mandate certain inquiries to be made in each case.” (Benjamin M.,
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supra, 70 Cal.App.5th at p. 741.) The Department “and the juvenile court have an
‘affirmative and continuing duty to inquire’ whether a child in a dependency proceeding
‘is or may be an Indian child.’ (§ 224.2, subd. (a).) The duty to inquire consists of two
phases—the duty of initial inquiry and the duty of further inquiry. [Citation.] ICWA
also imposes a duty to provide notice of the proceedings to the pertinent Indian tribes.
the child involved in a dependency proceeding is an Indian child and, if so, whether to
intervene in, or exercise jurisdiction over, the matter.’” (Ricky R., supra, 82 Cal.App.5th
at p. 678.)
“The duty of initial inquiry applies in every dependency proceeding. [Citation.]
Federal regulations require state courts to ask each participant ‘at the commencement’ of
a child custody proceeding ‘whether the participant knows or has reason to know that the
child is an Indian child.’ (25 C.F.R. § 23.107(a) (2022).) State law requires the court to
pursue an inquiry ‘[a]t the first appearance in court of each party’ by asking ‘each
participant present in the hearing whether the participant knows or has reason to know
that the child is an Indian child.’ (§ 224.2, subd. (c).) In addition, when [an agency]
takes a child into temporary custody, the agency must ask ‘the child, parents, legal
guardian, Indian custodian, extended family members, others who have an interest in the
child,’ and the reporting party whether the child is or may be an Indian child. (§ 224.2,
subd. (b).) Extended family members include adults who are the child’s stepparents,
grandparents, siblings, brothers- or sisters-in-law, aunts, uncles, nieces, nephews, and
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first or second cousins. (25 U.S.C. § 1903(2); § 224.1, subd. (c).)” (Ricky R., supra, 82
Cal.App.5th at pp. 678-679.)
The duty of further inquiry is triggered by “reason to believe that an Indian child is
involved.” (§ 224.2, subd. (e), 1st par.) “The duty to provide notice arises only if [the
agency] or the court ‘knows or has reason to know that an Indian child is involved.’”
(Ricky R., supra, 82 Cal.App.5th at p. 679; 25 U.S.C. § 1912(a); § 224.3, subd. (a).)
The Department argues that parents forfeited their challenge to the adequacy of the
Department’s initial inquiry by not raising the issue below. In re Isaiah W. (2016) 1
Cal.5th 1 forecloses that argument. Because of the continuing duty imposed by ICWA
and related state law to inquire whether a child is an Indian child (id. at pp. 6, 10-11), the
Supreme Court held that a parent may challenge a finding that ICWA is inapplicable in
an appeal from a subsequent order, even though the parent did not raise the issue in the
trial court or in an appeal from a previous order (id. at p. 6). Isaiah W. concerned a
violation of state law, contrary to the Department’s suggestion, and thus precludes
forfeiture of the ICWA-related state law issues raised by parents.
We independently review whether ICWA’s requirements have been satisfied,
because the facts are not disputed. (In re A.M. (2020) 47 Cal.App.5th 303, 314 (A.M.).)
In this case, the Department failed to discharge its duty of initial inquiry. The
Department and the court asked parents about Indian ancestry. But the Department failed
to ask extended family members about it despite having been in contact throughout the
proceedings with numerous relatives, including maternal grandmother, a maternal aunt, a
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maternal cousin (the relative caregiver), paternal grandmother, and a paternal sister.
Additionally, the Department had the contact information for many other relatives. As
the Department correctly concedes, there is no indication in the record that the
Department asked any of those relatives about Indian ancestry. Moreover, the juvenile
court erred by finding that ICWA did not apply absent any evidence that the Department
had fulfilled its duty of initial inquiry. (In re J.C. (2022) 77 Cal.App.5th 70, 79-80.)
Relying on In re Ezequiel G. (2022) 81 Cal.App.5th 984, the Department argues
that we should review for abuse of discretion “the adequacy of an agency’s ICWA
inquiry” and the trial court’s determination that a sufficient inquiry was conducted. That
approach is inconsistent with this court’s precedent, according to which we independently
review whether ICWA has been satisfied on undisputed facts. (A.M., supra, 47
Cal.App.5th at p. 314.) We see no reason to depart from our precedent (Estate of Sapp
(2019) 36 Cal.App.5th 86, 109), so we decline to adopt the standards set forth in
Ezequiel G.
When an agency “fails to comply with the duty of initial inquiry under state law,
we will find the error to be prejudicial and conditionally reverse if ‘the record indicates
that there was readily obtainable information that was likely to bear meaningfully upon
whether the child is an Indian child.’ [Citation.] That standard does not require ‘proof of
an actual outcome (that the parent may actually have Indian heritage).’ [Citation.] The
missing information need only be relevant to the ICWA inquiry, ‘whatever the outcome
will be.’” (Ricky R., supra, 82 Cal.App.5th at p. 679.)
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In the present case, the ICWA error was prejudicial. The record shows that
throughout the proceedings the Department had contact with numerous relatives of
D.K.’s who would qualify as extended family members under applicable law. (25 U.S.C.
§ 1903(2); § 224.1, subd. (c).) Extended family members thus were readily available,
and their responses would “shed meaningful light on whether there is reason to believe”
that D.K. is an Indian child. (Benjamin M., supra, 70 Cal.App.5th at p. 744.) We
therefore must conditionally reverse the order terminating parental rights. At a minimum,
the Department must contact the known extended family members to make the initial
ICWA inquiry.
The Department argues that we need not reverse and that this case is analogous to
In re A.C. (2021) 65 Cal.App.5th 1060, in which this “court applied a requirement some
other cases have articulated as well: that in order to demonstrate prejudice, ‘a parent
asserting failure to inquire must show—at a minimum—that, if asked, he or she would, in
good faith, have claimed some kind of Indian ancestry.’” (Benjamin M., supra, 70
Cal.App.5th at p. 745, quoting In re A.C., supra, at p. 1069.) The Department urges us to
apply that rule here, arguing that the evidence in the record already demonstrates that
ICWA does not apply.
We decline to apply the In re A.C. rule for the reasons discussed in Benjamin M.
First, the risk of a collateral attack on a juvenile court judgment based on later-discovered
information about Indian ancestry is “greater, and even more unacceptable, if the agency
foregoes basic inquiry into potentially meaningful, easily acquirable information.”
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(Benjamin M., supra, 70 Cal.App.5th at p. 745.) Second, the right to a determination of a
child’s Indian ancestry belongs in part to a tribe, “but the tribe is not present, and the
agency is charged with obtaining information to make that right meaningful.” (Ibid.)
Parents have no legal duty to obtain that information. And their denial of Indian ancestry
does not necessarily mean that their family members would do the same. A parent “may
lack knowledge of a child’s Indian ancestry even where the child’s extended family
members possess strong evidence of the child’s possible Indian ancestry.”2 (In re
Antonio R. (2022) 76 Cal.App.5th 421, 432 (Antonio R.).)
Moreover, we find unavailing the Department’s reliance on the fact that parents
were in contact with their extended relatives throughout the proceedings and the relatives
did not come forward with any information about possible Indian ancestry or object to the
court’s ICWA findings. The duty to develop information concerning whether a child is
Indian rests with the agency, not parents or their extended relatives who are aware of the
proceedings. (See Antonio R., supra, 76 Cal.App.5th at p. 430.)
For all of these reasons, we conclude that (1) the Department did not comply with
the duty of initial inquiry under ICWA-related state law, (2) the court consequently erred
by concluding that the Department’s inquiry was sufficient, and (3) the error was
2 Because the right to a determination of a child’s Indian ancestry belongs in part to a tribe and because a parent may not be aware of their own ancestry, we reject the Department’s argument that the parents’ stipulation that ICWA does not apply foreclosed their challenge to the adequacy of the Department’s inquiry. The Department does not cite any relevant authority supporting its position. The only authority cited by the Department—Lawler v. Bannerman (1970) 8 Cal.App.3d 893—is inapposite, as it involved an appeal from a stipulated judgment in a civil matter (id. at p. 894), which bears no similarity to this case.
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prejudicial. We therefore conditionally reverse the order terminating parental rights and
remand for the court to ensure that the Department discharges that duty. We accordingly
do not address Father’s argument concerning the Department’s failure to discharge its
duty of further inquiry.
DISPOSITION
The order terminating mother’s and father’s parental rights is conditionally
reversed. On remand, the juvenile court shall order the Department to comply with the
duty of initial inquiry (§ 224.2, subd. (b)) and, if applicable, the duty of further inquiry
(§ 224.2, subd. (e)) and the duty to provide notice to the pertinent tribes (25 U.S.C.
§ 1912(a); § 224.3). If, after any appropriate inquiry and notice, the court determines that
ICWA does not apply, then the court shall reinstate the order terminating parental rights.
If the court determines that ICWA applies, then it shall proceed in conformity with
ICWA and related California law.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS MENETREZ J.
We concur:
RAMIREZ P. J. McKINSTER J.
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AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that the Department of Public Social Services failed to discharge its duty of initial inquiry under the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) by neglecting to ask extended family members about the child's potential Indian ancestry. Consequently, the order terminating parental rights was conditionally reversed and the matter remanded for further inquiry.
Issues
Whether the Department of Public Social Services failed to comply with its duty of initial inquiry under ICWA and related state law.
Whether the juvenile court erred in finding that the Department conducted a sufficient ICWA inquiry.
Whether the failure to conduct an adequate initial inquiry was prejudicial.
Disposition. Conditionally reversed and remanded
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“the Department failed to discharge its duty of initial inquiry.”
“the Department failed to ask extended family members about it despite having been in contact throughout the proceedings with numerous relatives”
“the juvenile court erred by finding that ICWA did not apply absent any evidence that the Department had fulfilled its duty of initial inquiry.”