California Court of Appeal Dec 7, 2022 No. E076569AUnpublished
Filed 12/7/22 P. v. Miller CA4/2 Opinion following transfer from Supreme Court
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E076569
v. (Super.Ct.No. CR57524)
ANTHONY SILEAN MILLER, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. John D. Molloy, Judge.
Reversed and remanded with directions.
Jason L. Jones, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland and Charles C. Ragland, Assistant Attorneys General, Eric A.
Swenson and Heather M. Clark, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
1
In 1995, defendant and appellant Anthony Silean Miller was convicted of first
degree murder, with robbery-murder special circumstance, on a felony-murder theory.
The robbery-murder special circumstance authorizes a sentence of life without the
possibility of parole for “a major participant” in a felony murder who acted with
“reckless indifference to human life.” (Pen. Code,1 § 190.2, subds. (a)(17) & (d).)
In 2020, defendant filed a petition to vacate his murder conviction and for
resentencing under section 1172.6 (formerly section 1170.95).2 The trial court
summarily denied the petition, concluding the felony-murder special circumstance
finding conclusively established that defendant was not eligible for relief.
Defendant appealed that ruling, arguing the jury’s special circumstance finding did
not render him ineligible for relief as a matter of law because his conviction predated our
Supreme Court’s decisions in People v. Banks (2015) 61 Cal.4th 788 (Banks) and People
v. Clark (2016) 63 Cal.4th 522 (Clark), which clarified the meaning of “major
participant” and “reckless indifference to human life.” He thus believed he had
established a prima facie case for relief under section 1172.6 entitling him to an
evidentiary hearing. In our original opinion, we concluded that defendant’s special
circumstance finding rendered him ineligible for relief as a matter of law, and therefore
affirmed the summary denial of defendant’s petition.
1 All future statutory references are to the Penal Code.
2 Effective June 30, 2022, the Legislature renumbered section 1170.95 as section 1172.6, with no substantive change in text. (Stats. 2022, ch. 58, § 10.) We cite to section 1172.6 for ease of reference unless otherwise indicated.
2
The California Supreme Court granted review of our opinion and deferred action
pending its decision in People v. Strong (2022) 13 Cal.5th 698 (Strong), and it has now
transferred the matter back to us with directions to vacate our original opinion and
reconsider defendant’s appeal in light of that decision. In Strong, our Supreme Court
held that a pre-Banks/Clark felony-murder special circumstance finding does not render a
section 1172.6 petitioner ineligible for relief as a matter of law. We vacated our original
decision and provided the parties the opportunity to file a supplemental brief. Having
reconsidered defendant’s appeal in light of Strong, we reverse the trial court’s order and
remand the matter for further proceedings pursuant to section 1172.6.
I
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. Factual Background3
On June 14, 1994, Becky Johnson was a passenger in the victim’s car when her
acquaintances, defendant and his friend, Michael Bramitt, got into the back seat. Bramitt,
who was sitting behind the victim, put the victim into a headlock and put a gun to his
head, saying, “ ‘Where’s the money at?’ ” Defendant went through the victim’s pockets.
Bramitt hit the victim in the head with his gun. Both men pulled the victim out of his car
and onto the street where they jumped on and kicked the victim. Defendant told Bramitt,
“ ‘Just shoot him.’ ” Bramitt did, killing the victim.
3The underlying facts of defendant’s murder conviction are taken from our nonpublished opinion in his direct appeal (People v. Miller (Aug. 11, 1997, E016679).
3
Later that night, Becky drove the victim’s car by where defendant was standing,
and he told her to “ ‘get that car out of here.’ ” Defendant and Bramitt went to the home
of defendant’s girlfriend’s godmother and were washing off jewelry in a bathroom sink.
There was also blood in the sink and blood on Bramitt’s pants. Defendant got blood on a
neighbor when she handed him a beer. Defendant changed into someone else’s clothes
while his girlfriend washed the clothes he had been wearing. While in the bathroom,
Bramitt said something about burning clothes. Bramitt left the home in the victim’s car.
Defendant later told his girlfriend’s godmother that he and Bramitt killed the victim and
Bramitt was the one who fired the gun.
Becky told several people that she, defendant, and Bramitt were involved in the
murder.
Bramitt spent the night following the shooting at the home of a friend where he
and Becky talked. Bramitt had Becky removed her clothing because there was blood on
it. He also had Becky take a shower and wash her hair. He told Becky he was going to
burn the clothes in the fireplace. Burnt clothing was later found in the fireplace.
B. Procedural Background
A jury convicted defendant of first degree murder (§ 187). They also found true
the special circumstance allegation that the murder was committed while defendant was
engaged in the commission of robbery (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(17)(i)) and during which a
principal was armed with a handgun (§ 12022, subd. (a)(1)). The trial court sentenced
him to life without the possibility of parole, plus one year. Defendant appealed his
4
conviction but raised no claims regarding the sufficiency of the evidence presented
against him. We affirmed his conviction in August 1997.
On January 1, 2019, Senate Bill No. 1437 became effective, which amended the
felony-murder rule and the natural and probable consequences doctrine as it relates to
murder. (See Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 1, subd. (f).) Senate Bill No. 1437 also added
former section 1170.95 (now section 1172.6), which created a procedure for offenders
previously convicted of murder to seek retroactive relief if they could no longer be
convicted of murder under the new law. (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 4.)
On January 22, 2020, defendant filed a section 1172.6 petition to vacate his
murder conviction, and the court appointed him counsel.
On February 5, 2021, after hearing argument from the parties, the trial court
summarily denied the petition. The court concluded defendant was ineligible for relief as
a matter of law based on the jury’s special circumstance finding. The court also noted
that the law had not changed with respect to aider and abettor liability after Banks and
Clark and that defendant’s option was to challenge the special circumstance finding by
way of writ of habeas corpus.
II
DISCUSSION
Defendant contends the trial court erred in summarily denying his section 1172.6
petition by concluding the special circumstance finding rendered him ineligible for relief
as a matter of law because the finding predates Banks and Clark. The People concede
5
that under Strong, the court’s order denying defendant’s petition for resentencing at the
prima facie stage should be reversed and the matter remanded for further proceedings.
Because his conviction predates our Supreme Court’s decisions in Banks, supra, 61
Cal.4th 788 and Clark, supra, 63 Cal.4th 522, we concur that the trial court erred in
denying defendant’s petition at the prima facie stage and remand for further proceedings
under section 1172.6.
A. Legal Background
In 2015 and 2016, our Supreme Court decided Banks and Clark, respectively,
which discuss when section 190.2 authorizes a special circumstance life without parole
sentence for a felony-murder defendant convicted as an aider and abettor. (Banks, supra,
61 Cal.4th at p. 794; Clark, supra, 63 Cal.4th at pp. 609-610.) Those decisions held that
participation in an armed robbery, on its own, is insufficient to support a finding the
defendant acted with reckless indifference to human life. Instead, the factfinder must
consider “the defendant’s personal role in the crimes leading to the victim’s death and
weigh the defendant’s individual responsibility for the loss of life, not just his or her
vicarious responsibility for the underlying crime.” (Banks, at p. 801, italics omitted.)
“The defendant must be aware of and willingly involved in the violent manner in which
the particular offense is committed,” thereby “demonstrating reckless indifference to the
significant risk of death his or her actions create.” (Ibid., italics added.) Banks provided
a non-exhaustive list of factors to consider when determining whether the defendant was
a major participant in the underlying felony. (Banks, at p. 803.) And Clark offered a
6
similar list for determining whether the defendant acted with reckless indifference to
human life. (Clark, at pp. 619-623.)
As noted previously, effective January 1, 2019, the Legislature passed Senate Bill
No. 1437 “ ‘to amend the felony murder rule and the natural and probable consequences
doctrine, as it relates to murder, to ensure that murder liability is not imposed on a person
who is not the actual killer, did not act with the intent to kill, or was not a major
participant in the underlying felony who acted with reckless indifference to human life.’ ”
(People v. Gentile (2020) 10 Cal.5th 830, 846-847 (Gentile); see Stats. 2018, ch. 1015,
§ 1, subd. (f).) The Legislature accomplished this by amending sections 188 and 189.
Effective January 1, 2022, Senate Bill No. 775 expanded the scope of those changes to
encompass, among other things, murder convictions “under the natural and probable
consequences doctrine or other theory under which malice is imputed to a person based
solely on that person’s participation in a crime.” (§ 1172.6, subd. (a), as amended by
Stats. 2021, ch. 551, § 2.)
Section 188, which defines malice, now provides in part: “Except as stated in
subdivision (e) of Section 189, in order to be convicted of murder, a principal in a crime
shall act with malice aforethought. Malice shall not be imputed to a person based solely
on his or her participation in a crime.” (§ 188, subd. (a)(3); Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 2.)
Section 189, subdivision (e), now limits the circumstances under which a person may be
convicted of felony murder: “A participant in the perpetration or attempted perpetration
of a felony listed in subdivision (a) [defining first degree murder] in which a death occurs
7
is liable for murder only if one of the following is proven: [¶] (1) The person was the
actual killer. [¶] (2) The person was not the actual killer, but, with the intent to kill,
aided, abetted, counseled, commanded, induced, solicited, requested, or assisted the
actual killer in the commission of murder in the first degree. [¶] (3) The person was a
major participant in the underlying felony and acted with reckless indifference to human
life, as described in subdivision (d) of Section 190.2.” (§ 189, subd. (e); Stats. 2018,
ch. 1015, § 3.)
Senate Bill No. 1437 also created a procedure for offenders previously convicted
of felony murder or murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine to seek
retroactive relief if they could no longer be convicted of murder under the new law.
(Gentile, supra, 10 Cal.5th at p. 843; see People v. Lewis (2021) 11 Cal.5th 952, 959
(Lewis).) Under section 1172.6, such offenders may petition to have their convictions
vacated and are entitled to relief if (1) the complaint or information filed against them
allowed the prosecution to proceed under a felony murder or natural and probable
consequences theory; (2) they were “convicted of murder, attempted murder, or
manslaughter following a trial or accepted a plea offer in lieu of a trial at which the
petitioner could have been convicted of murder or attempted murder”; and (3) they
“could not presently be convicted of murder or attempted murder because of changes to
Section 188 or 189.” (§ 1172.6, subd. (a).) If a petition makes a prima facie showing the
offender is entitled to relief, the trial court must issue an order to show cause and hold “a
hearing to determine whether to vacate the murder, attempted murder, or manslaughter
8
conviction and to recall the sentence and resentence the petitioner on any remaining
counts in the same manner as if the petitioner had not previously been sentenced.”
(§ 1172.6, subds. (c), (d)(1).) At that hearing, the People bear the burden “to prove,
beyond a reasonable doubt, that the petitioner is ineligible for resentencing.” (§ 1172.6,
subd. (d)(3); see Lewis, at p. 960.)
The prima facie inquiry under section 1172.6, subdivision (c), is “limited.”
(Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 971.) The court “ ‘ “takes petitioner’s factual allegations
as true and makes a preliminary assessment regarding whether the petitioner would be
entitled to relief if his or her factual allegations were proved.” ’ ” (Ibid.) Although the
court may rely on the record of conviction (including a prior appellate court opinion) in
determining whether defendant has made a prima facie showing, the court “should not
engage in ‘factfinding involving the weighing of evidence or the exercise of discretion.’ ”
(Id. at p. 972; see id. at p. 971.)
In Senate Bill No. 775, the Legislature amended the language of section 1172.6,
expanding the scope of the petitioning process and clarifying some of the procedural
requirements. (Stats. 2021, ch. 551, § 2.) Section 1172.6 now provides that, upon
receiving a petition, if the petitioner has requested counsel, the court must appoint
counsel to represent the petitioner. (§ 1172.6, subd. (b)(3).)
B. Standard of Review
In this case, the trial court denied defendant’s petition at the prima facie stage
under section 1172.6, subdivision (c). A denial at this stage is appropriate only if the
9
record of conviction demonstrates that the petitioner is ineligible for relief as a matter of
law. (Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 960.) This is a purely legal conclusion, which we
review de novo. (See id. at p. 961.)
C. Analysis
Our Supreme Court recently made clear that when, as here, a defendant’s case
“was tried before both Banks and Clark, the special circumstance findings do not
preclude him from making out a prima facie case for resentencing under section 1172.6.”
(Strong, supra, 13 Cal.5th at p. 721.) “This is true even if the trial evidence would have
been sufficient to support the findings under Banks and Clark.” (Id. at p. 710.) The
Strong court noted that the Banks and Clark cases “both substantially clarified the law
governing findings under . . . section 190.2, subdivision (d).” (Id. at p. 706.) The court
explained that a pre-Banks and Clark special circumstance finding does not negate the
showing that the petitioner could not presently be convicted of murder or attempted
murder because of changes to section 188 or 189 “because the finding alone does not
establish that the petitioner is in a class of defendants who would still be viewed as liable
for murder under the current understanding of the major participant and reckless
indifference requirements.” (Strong, at pp. 717-718.)
Noting the differences between pre- and post-Banks and Clark special
circumstance requirements, the Supreme Court observed the changes may “have altered
what evidence defense counsel would have sought to introduce[,] . . . might have
fundamentally altered trial strategies,” and may have affected what jury instructions were
10
requested or given. (Strong, supra, 13 Cal.5th at p. 719.) “An after-the-fact court review
of a pre-Banks and Clark record does not account for all these differences. . . . And
as the Legislature has made explicit in a recent amendment to the predecessor to
section 1172.6, a court determination that substantial evidence supports a homicide
conviction is not a basis for denying resentencing after an evidentiary hearing. [Citation.]
Nor, then, is it a basis for denying a petitioner the opportunity to have an evidentiary
hearing in the first place.” (Id. at p. 720.) Thus, neither “the jury’s pre-Banks and Clark
findings nor a court’s later sufficiency of the evidence review amounts to the
determination section 1172.6 requires, and neither set of findings supplies a basis to
reject an otherwise adequate prima facie showing and deny issuance of an order to show
cause.” (Id. at p. 720.)
Here, the jury made its special circumstances finding about 20 years before Banks
and Clark. And the trial court found defendant ineligible for relief as to his murder
conviction based on the attendant special circumstance finding, namely that the murder
was committed in the commission of the robbery. Pursuant to Strong, that finding does
not preclude defendant from stating a prima facie case for relief. (Strong, supra, 13
Cal.5th at p. 721.) Furthermore, a defendant’s prima facie case is not barred even if the
trial evidence was sufficient to support the special circumstance finding after Banks and
Clark. (Strong, at p. 710; Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 972 [in reviewing the record at
the prima facie stage, “a trial court should not engage in ‘factfinding involving the
weighing of evidence or the exercise of discretion’ ”].)
11
Defendant’s resentencing petition was facially sufficient and alleged the essential
facts necessary for relief under section 1172.6. Nothing in the record demonstrates
defendant is ineligible for relief as a matter of law, so we must remand the matter for
further proceedings under section 1172.6.
III
DISPOSITION
The trial court’s order denying defendant’s section 1172.6 petition is reversed.
The matter is remanded for further proceedings pursuant to section 1172.6.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
RAMIREZ P. J. We concur:
MILLER J.
FIELDS J.
12
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. A pre-Banks/Clark felony-murder special circumstance finding does not render a section 1172.6 petitioner ineligible for relief as a matter of law, requiring the trial court to hold an evidentiary hearing.
Issues
Does a pre-Banks/Clark special circumstance finding preclude a petitioner from establishing a prima facie case for relief under section 1172.6?
Is a trial court permitted to deny a section 1172.6 petition at the prima facie stage based on a pre-Banks/Clark special circumstance finding?
Disposition. Reversed and remanded
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“In Strong, our Supreme Court held that a pre-Banks/Clark felony-murder special circumstance finding does not render a section 1172.6 petitioner ineligible for relief as a matter of law.”
“The trial court’s order denying defendant’s section 1172.6 petition is reversed. The matter is remanded for further proceedings pursuant to section 1172.6.”