California Court of Appeal Jun 21, 2013 No. E056152Unpublished
Filed 6/21/13 P.v. Evans CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E056152
v. (Super.Ct.No. SWF1100070)
DANIEL ROBERT EVANS, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Kelly L. Hansen, Judge.
Affirmed in part; reversed in part.
Stephen M. Lathrop, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, A. Natasha Cortina and Christine
Levingston Bergman, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
1
A jury found defendant and appellant Daniel Robert Evans guilty of attempted
premeditated murder (Pen. Code, §§ 664/187, subd. (a), count 1),1 and active
participation in a criminal street gang (§ 186.22, subd. (a), count 2). The jury also found
true that defendant personally and intentionally discharged a firearm that proximately
caused great bodily injury. (§ 12022.53, subd. (d).)2 Defendant was sentenced to a total
indeterminate term of 32 years to life in state prison with credit for time served as
follows: seven years to life on count 1, plus a consecutive term of 25 years to life for the
gun enhancement, and a stayed midterm of two years on count 2.
Defendant’s sole contention on appeal is that there is insufficient evidence to
support his conviction on count 2. In light of the recent decision by the California
Supreme Court in People v. Rodriguez (2012) 55 Cal.4th 1125 (Rodriguez), we will
reverse the conviction on count 2.
I
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
On January 9, 2011, Aaron Williams went to a Carl’s Jr. restaurant in San Jacinto
with his uncle Robert Moreno, who has Down syndrome, and his parents. While
Williams’ parents waited in the car, Williams and Moreno went inside the restaurant to
order food. Subsequently, defendant entered the restaurant with his girlfriend, sister, and
young nephew.
1 All future statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise stated.
2 The jury found the criminal street gang enhancement (§ 186.22, subd. (b)) attached to count 1 not true.
2
While Moreno was ordering his food, defendant and the two women began
giggling. One of the women began yelling, trying to rush Moreno to order faster.
Williams became upset and told them to wait their turn as Moreno suffered from Down
syndrome. One of the women yelled at defendant “to do something.” Williams and
defendant thereafter got into a confrontation, with defendant saying, “It seems like you
have a death wish. Step outside, and I will grant it to you.” The two women kept telling
defendant to do something. Defendant then left the restaurant. Shortly thereafter
Williams left too to ask his parents whether they wanted to order food.
As Williams was exiting the restaurant, one of the women started yelling and
cursing at Williams, and telling defendant to do something. Defendant, who was
standing next to a car parked next to Williams’ car, pointed a gun at Williams and fired
once, shooting Williams’ in the side of his cheek. Williams fell to the ground, and
defendant fled the scene.
Williams is Hispanic. He had never been in a gang and was unarmed.
A gang expert testified that defendant was an active member of the L-Squad gang,
primarily a Black, male-dominated gang with about 35 members located in the San
Jacinto area. The L-Squad gang is rivals with Hispanic San Jacinto gangs, primarily the
San Jacinto Street gang. The Carl’s Jr. restaurant where the shooting occurred was
located in L-Squad territory. The primary activities of the gang include theft, burglary,
assault, and murder. The gang members display the letter “L” to identify themselves.
L-Squad gang members Davon Jones and Arthur Hoskins were convicted of
burglary in 2009, Johnnie Grant of attempted murder in 2009, and Cody Walsh of murder
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in 2010. Defendant denied being a gang member but claimed that he did not get along
with Hispanics from San Jacinto. In addition, defendant maintained communication with
L-Squad gang members while awaiting trial in this case.
The gang expert opined that defendant is an active member of the L-Squad gang
based on defendant’s tattoos, people he associated with, his repeated contacts with other
active gang members, and his commission of the crime in this case. The gang expert also
concluded that the offense was committed for the benefit of the L-Squad gang, because
the shooting “bolsters the L-Squad criminal street gangs through using fear and
intimidation and showing that they actually do use violence.”
There was no evidence that defendant acted with others in committing the crime in
this case.
II
DISCUSSION
Defendant contends there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction of
active participation in a criminal street gang (§ 186.22, subd. (a), count 2), because there
was no evidence that he committed the offense with gang members or that he willfully
promoted, furthered, or assisted in felonious criminal conduct by members of the gang in
which he actively participated. In light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Rodriguez,
supra, 55 Cal.4th 1125, the People agree that defendant’s conviction on count 2 should
be reversed. We also agree.
Former section 186.22, subdivision (a), imposes punishment for “[a]ny person
who actively participates in any criminal street gang with knowledge that its members
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engage in or have engaged in a pattern of criminal gang activity, and who willfully
promotes, furthers, or assists in any felonious criminal conduct by members of that
gang, . . .” The elements of the offense are: “(1) active participation in a criminal street
gang, in the sense of participation that is more than nominal or passive; (2) knowledge
that the gang’s members engage in or have engaged in a pattern of criminal gang activity;
and (3) the willful promotion, furtherance, or assistance in any felonious criminal conduct
by members of that gang.” (People v. Albillar (2010) 51 Cal.4th 47, 56.)
Appellate courts were divided as to whether a gang member, acting alone, could
be found to have willfully promoted, furthered or assisted in felonious conduct of
members of the gang of which he or she was a member. (Rodriguez, supra, 55 Cal.4th at
p. 1128.) In Rodriguez, our Supreme Court held that a conviction for active participation
in a criminal street gang required proof that the defendant acted with at least one other
gang member in committing the underlying offense. (Id. at pp. 1128, 1129-1139.) The
court held that “section 186.22[, subdivision ](a) reflects the Legislature’s carefully
structured endeavor to punish active [gang] participants for commission of criminal acts
done collectively with gang members.” (Rodriguez, at p. 1139.) A defendant who acts
alone does not violate section 186.22, subdivision (a).
Defendant correctly points out that there is no evidence that he acted with other L-
Squad gang members in committing the crime in this case. The evidence adduced at trial
shows that defendant was accompanied by his sister, girlfriend, and young nephew.
There was no evidence that these women were members of the L-Squad gang or that
reference to the gang was made during the altercation. The evidence showed that
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defendant acted entirely alone, unassisted by any gang members and outside the presence
of any gang members. Because defendant acted alone in shooting Williams, his
conviction for active gang participation must be reversed for insufficient evidence as a
matter of law.
III
DISPOSITION
Defendant’s conviction on count 2 for active participation in a criminal street gang
(§ 186.22, subd. (a)) is reversed. The trial court is directed to modify defendant’s
sentence accordingly and deliver a certified copy of an amended minute order and
amended abstract of judgment, each reflecting the modification of the sentence, to the
Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. In all other respects, the judgment is
affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
RAMIREZ P. J.
We concur:
MILLER J.
CODRINGTON J.
6
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that a conviction for active participation in a criminal street gang under Penal Code section 186.22, subdivision (a) requires proof that the defendant acted with at least one other gang member in committing the underlying offense. Because the defendant acted alone, the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction on that count.
Issues
Whether there is sufficient evidence to support a conviction for active participation in a criminal street gang when the defendant acted alone.
Disposition. Affirmed in part; reversed in part.
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“In Rodriguez, our Supreme Court held that a conviction for active participation in a criminal street gang required proof that the defendant acted with at least one other gang member in committing the underlying offense.”
“A defendant who acts alone does not violate section 186.22, subdivision (a).”
“Because defendant acted alone in shooting Williams, his conviction for active gang participation must be reversed for insufficient evidence as a matter of law.”