California Court of Appeal May 22, 2013 No. E054825Unpublished
Filed 5/22/13 P. v. Parker CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E054825
v. (Super.Ct.No. RIF136528)
LESLIE GENE PARKER, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Helios (Joe) Hernandez,
Judge. Affirmed.
Ronda G. Norris, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Senior Assistant Attorney General, and James Dutton and
Meredith S. White, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
In 1985, a team of robbers stole $265,000 from a Riverside bank. One of the
robbers got into a shootout with a security guard. The security guard was shot and died;
the robber was shot and bleeding but managed to flee. In 2007, DNA testing matched the
robber’s blood to defendant Leslie Gene Parker. 1
Defendant was charged with murder (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a)), with a robbery-
murder special circumstance (Pen. Code, § 190.2, subd. (a)(17)), a personal firearm use
enhancement (Pen. Code, § 12022.5, subd. (a)), and a prior serious felony conviction
enhancement (Pen. Code, § 667, subd. (a)).
In the guilt phase, the jury found defendant guilty of first degree murder (Pen.
Code, § 189) and found all the charged allegations true.
In the penalty phase, the jury was unable to reach a verdict. The People elected
not to retry the penalty phase. Accordingly, defendant was sentenced to an indeterminate
term of life without the possibility of parole, a determinate term of seven years, and the
usual fines and fees.
Defendant now contends:
1. The trial court erred by admitting evidence that defendant had committed a
previous robbery.
2. The trial court violated the confrontation clause by allowing a pathologist who
was not present at the victim’s autopsy to testify regarding the autopsy report.
We find no prejudicial error. Hence, we will affirm.
I
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
The First Interstate Bank branch at Tyler Mall maintained an automated teller
machine (ATM) at the entrance to the mall. There was a night drop behind the ATM,
where merchants could deposit their receipts.
2
Normally, Brinks Security was responsible for picking up the deposits and
transporting them to the bank, about 100 yards away. As of December 1985, however,
Brinks employees were on strike. The bank therefore retained an armed security guard
— Fred Taylor, a retired police officer.
On December 16, 1985, around 9:00 a.m., Taylor and two bank employees —
Robert Steve Parker1 and Donna Coffee — drove over to the ATM to pick up the
deposits and take them back to the bank.
As they got back to their cars with the deposits, a man holding a gun approached
them and yelled something. Both Taylor and the gunman started shooting. When the
shooting stopped, a second man, holding a knife, walked up to the cars and took the
money. The robbers got into a white or silver Datsun or Toyota and drove away. They
netted approximately $265,000.
According to Dr. Joseph Cohen — an expert pathologist, who did not perform the
autopsy but did review the autopsy report — Taylor was hit by two bullets and died as a
result.
On the way to the hospital, Taylor told paramedics that there were two robbers and
that he shot one of them.
Parker described the gunman2 as a White male in his early 20’s, about five feet ten
inches tall, slender, with dark brown hair and a moustache. The gunman was wearing a
1 No relation to defendant. 2 See appendix A, post, pages 19 through 21, a chart summarizing all the descriptions of the robbers.
3
blue plaid shirt, and he had a pock-marked face. Parker told police that the gunman got
into the driver’s side.
Parker described the second man as a White male in his 20’s, five feet ten inches
tall, and slender. He was wearing a gray hoodie. He did not appear to be injured.
Coffee described the gunman as a White male, about 28 years old, five feet ten
inches to six feet tall, with brown hair and a moustache, wearing a blue plaid shirt. He
had “possible” pock marks, pimples, or acne on his face. She believed the gunman got
into the driver’s side.
Using an “Identi-Kit,” Coffee produced a sketch of the gunman. The sketch has
not been transmitted to this court, but defendant concedes that it “resembled” him.
According to eyewitness Lee Ann Salmon, the gunman’s left leg was injured; he
was limping. She described him as in his 20’s, five feet eight inches tall, with black hair
and no facial hair. He was wearing a blue plaid flannel shirt.
Eyewitness Craig Liddicote agreed that the gunman was shot in the leg. Liddicote
described both robbers as White males between five feet ten inches and six feet tall. One
of them may have had a mustache. Also, one of them was wearing a red hoodie.
Eyewitness Theodore Willis testified that the gunman was hit in the leg and the
arm. According to Willis, the gunman got into the passenger side of the car.
Eyewitness Terry Williams saw only the driver of the car; she told the police that
he was wearing a red hoodie.
4
A trail of blood drops led from the shooting scene to the getaway car. They were
Type A. Taylor’s blood was Type O. There were no blood drops by the cars, where the
second man took the money.
Coffee wrote down the license number of the getaway car. What she wrote was
“975 XRW.” At the time, however, she told police that she might be off by one letter or
one number.
Sometime between 8:00 and 10:15 a.m., a silver Datsun B210 with license number
“975 XRF” was left in a parking lot two blocks away from the mall. It had recently been
stolen. There was blood on the passenger seat, as well as both inside and outside the
passenger side door. The blood on the passenger seat was Type A.
In 1986, the case was suspended due to lack of leads. In 2004, the case was
reopened, and the blood on the passenger seat was DNA profiled. In 2007, the DNA
from the blood on the passenger seat was found to match defendant’s DNA.
Defendant had scars on his left leg and left arm. He told his ex-wife that he got
them when he rolled over in a forklift at work. However, he told his girlfriend that he got
them from hopping over a barbed-wire fence. When the police interviewed him, he told
them he had injured his leg in a motorcycle accident. X-rays showed a bullet in
defendant’s left arm and another bullet, along with metallic fragments, in his left leg.
On the date of the crime, defendant was 26 years old. He had brown hair. He was
six feet two inches tall, with a large build.
According to a dermatologist, defendant’s face was not pock-marked, and he
showed no signs of any cosmetic procedure to remove pock marks.
5
According to an expert on eyewitness identifications, if two eyewitnesses
independently remembered a man as having a pock-marked face, it was extremely likely
that their memory was accurate. Likewise, if three witnesses independently remembered
a man wearing a red shirt, it was extremely likely that there really was a man wearing a
red shirt.
II
EVIDENCE THAT DEFENDANT HAD COMMITTED A PRIOR ROBBERY
Defendant contends that the trial court erred by admitting evidence that he had
committed an earlier robbery in 1978 as evidence of the intent to rob.
A. Additional Procedural Background.
Before trial, defendant filed a motion in limine to exclude any evidence that he
had committed an armed robbery of a gas station in 1978. He argued that the prior
robbery was not admissible to show identity. However, he did not address whether it was
admissible to show intent.
Simultaneously, the prosecution filed a motion in limine to admit this evidence. It
argued that the evidence was relevant to intent and was more probative than prejudicial.
At a hearing on the motions, defense counsel argued that the evidence of intent to
rob was already strong so that the prior robbery “doesn’t really add anything . . . .” He
also argued that the two robberies were not similar, and the prior robbery would be
prejudicial.
The trial court ruled, “I’m going to let it in. I don’t think it’s cumulative.
At the end of the trial, the trial court instructed:
6
“The People presented evidence that the defendant committed another offense of
robbery that was not charged in this case. You may consider this evidence only if the
People have proved by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant, in fact,
committed the uncharged offense. . . . If the People have not met this burden, you must
disregard this evidence entirely. If you decide that the defendant committed the
uncharged offense, you may, but are not required to[,] consider that evidence for the
limited purpose of deciding whether or not: Intent. The defendant acted with the intent
to deprive others of their property using force or fear. Do not conclude from this
evidence that the defendant has a bad character or is disposed to commit crime.
“If you conclude that the defendant committed the uncharged offense, that
conclusion is only one factor to consider along with all the other evidence. It is not
sufficient by itself to prove that the defendant is guilty. The People must still prove each
charge or . . . allegation[] beyond a reasonable doubt.” (CALCRIM No. 375.)
B. Additional Factual Background.
At trial, the prosecution introduced the following evidence regarding the 1978
robbery.
Gloria Monsen was the manager of a USA gas station in Corona. One day in
February 1978, Monsen and her son Ed, then 11 years old, were in a room at the station
that was used as an office, counting the receipts in preparation for making a bank deposit.
When they left the office, there was a man waiting in the next room. He pointed a
gun at them. He was wearing a ski mask. He said, “I’m robbing you, . . . don’t try
7
anything.” He was shaking and trembling so much that Ed Monsen was afraid the gun
might go off accidentally.
Gloria Monsen gave him the money, which amounted to three days’ receipts. He
then made them go back into the office and blocked the door by “put[ting] a dip stick
inside the door handle . . . .”
Defendant told his friend, Walter Jackman, that he had robbed the USA station.
At the time, defendant was 16 or 17 years old.3 Jackman helped defendant bury the
proceeds of the robbery.
Defendant pleaded guilty to the robbery. A cashier at the gas station who acted as
defendant’s accomplice was also convicted.
C. Analysis.
Defendant argues that, because the evidence of intent to rob in this case was so
strong, the evidence of the prior robbery lacked probative value and was unduly
prejudicial.
We may assume, without deciding, that the trial court abused its discretion. Even
so assuming, the error is not reversible unless defendant can show “‘it is reasonably
probable that a result more favorable to [defendant] would have been reached in the
absence of the error.’” (People v. Page (2008) 44 Cal.4th 1, 42 [brackets in original].)
This he cannot do.
3 According to the probation report, defendant was actually 18. However, the jury was not told this.
8
There was overwhelming evidence that the victim was killed by a robber during a
robbery. The DNA evidence provided incontrovertible proof that defendant was one of
the robbers. Indeed, in closing argument, defense counsel conceded that defendant was
one of the robbers. Thus, defendant was almost indisputably guilty of first degree murder
on a felony-murder theory. (Pen. Code, § 189.)
The key issue at trial was the robbery-murder special circumstance. As the law
stood in 1985, when the crime was committed, a defendant could not be subject to a
robbery-murder special circumstance unless he or she acted with the intent to kill.
(People v. Rogers (2006) 39 Cal.4th 826, 891-892.) Here, while the robber with the gun
manifestly acted with intent to kill, there was little or no evidence that the second robber
had the intent to kill. Accordingly, defense counsel argued vehemently that the
prosecution had failed to prove that defendant was the gunman: “No intent to kill means
the special circumstance is not true. No intent to kill in our fact pattern because
Mr. Parker was not the shooter.”
The problem with this argument is that every single eyewitness who had any
recollection of the matter testified that it was the gunman who was injured.4 This makes
sense, as Taylor and the gunman were shooting at each other. Hence, the blood found on
the passenger seat had to be from the gunman. And that blood was conclusively proven
to be defendant’s.
4 Willis, testifying some 25 years after the event, recalled that both robbers had guns, though only one was injured. In 1985, however, he told the police that only one robber had a gun and that that robber was injured.
9
Admittedly, while Willis remembered that the injured gunman got into the
passenger side, Parker and Coffee remembered him as getting into the driver’s side. The
getaway car, however, was parked on the wrong side of the street, facing the wrong way.
Thus, some confusion on this point is understandable. It remains the case that any blood
anywhere in the car presumably was the gunman’s.
In closing argument, defense counsel argued that there were actually three robbers
— one in blue, one in gray, and one in red. The eyewitnesses, however, unanimously
remembered two robbers (except for Williams, who saw only one). Taylor himself said
there were two robbers, and he shot one of them. The fact that witnesses reported three
different colors of clothing5 is most likely an “innocent misrecollection” (see former
CALJIC No. 2.21), possibly due to the fact that the second robber may have been
wearing a red shirt under the gray hoodie or a red cap.
Defense counsel also laid great stress on the fact that the gunman reportedly had a
pock-marked face, but defendant did not. Coffee, however, actually told police that the
gunman had a “possible” pock-marked face; at trial, she added that he may have had acne
or pimples. Defendant could well have had acne or pimples in 1985, when he was in his
20’s, yet have lacked any scars in 2010, when he was in his 50’s. He concedes that he
resembled the Identi-Kit sketch of the gunman.
It is also highly significant that the jury was instructed to consider the prior
robbery solely with respect to the intent to rob. We must presume that the jury followed
5 Or four; Willis testified that the second robber was wearing tan.
10
this instruction (People v. Homick (2012) 55 Cal.4th 816, 853), unless the evidence was
so prejudicial as to dispel the presumption. (See People v. Fritz (2007) 153 Cal.App.4th
949, 962.) Here, the prior robbery was a garden-variety armed robbery of a gas station.
It was committed with the willing assistance of a cashier, no one was hurt, and at the
time, defendant was quite young — indeed, according to Jackman, he was still a minor.
Nothing about the prior robbery was so inflammatory that the jury would not have been
able to obey the limiting instruction.
Defendant claims that the prosecutor “emphasi[zed]” the prior robbery in closing
argument. Actually, she mentioned it just once in her main closing argument, arguing,
consistently with the jury instruction, that it was evidence of defendant’s intent to rob.
Defense counsel, in his closing argument, reiterated that the prior robbery was relevant
solely to intent to rob. Nevertheless, he went on to argue that it showed that defendant
lacked the intent to kill: “Gloria Monsen, the manager, the mother of Eddie Monsen[,]
simply turned over the money. No shots were fired. No one was injured. That’s the way
a robbery should go down. . . . It’s not your goal to go in and start shooting people and
killing people.” Thus, in her rebuttal argument the prosecutor briefly stated, “The reason
why he didn’t shoot Eddie Monsen and Gloria Monsen was because . . . they complied.”
This did not invite the jury to use the evidence for an improper purpose or to act out of
passion or prejudice.
Defendant also notes that the jury had some difficulty reaching a verdict. We
therefore briefly review the pertinent sequence of events.
11
On the second day (i.e., the first full day) of deliberations, the jury sent out four
requests for readbacks. However, it also reported that one juror was refusing to
deliberate. The next day, the third day of deliberations, the trial court excused that juror
due to bias, selected an alternate, and instructed the jury to start its deliberations all over
again. (CALCRIM No. 3575.)
Later on the third day, the jury re-requested the same readbacks. On the fourth
day of deliberations, it sent out two questions — one asking for clarification of the
special circumstance’s intent-to-kill requirement and one asking what would happen if it
deadlocked. The trial court gave supplemental instructions on intent, and on the fifth
day, it allowed counsel for both sides to deliver supplemental closing arguments. Later
that day, the jury reported that it was deadlocked. The trial court, however, gave it some
brief further instructions, and roughly an hour later, it returned its verdict.
In sum, then, the reconstituted jury deliberated for just three days. This is hardly
excessive for the guilt phase of a death penalty case. (See People v. Taylor (1990) 52
Cal.3d 719, 732 [“[t]he length of the jury’s deliberations cannot be said to be unduly
significant in light of the gravity of its task”].) It spent much of this time hearing
instructions and argument to clarify intent to kill. Moreover, in deciding whether
defendant had the intent to kill, it was not likely to be influenced by the prior robbery.
Indeed, in his closing argument, as already mentioned, and also in his supplemental
closing argument, defense counsel claimed that the prior robbery showed that defendant
did not have the intent to kill. Thus, nothing about the length or nature of the jury’s
deliberations suggests that it was prejudiced by the evidence of the prior robbery. To the
12
contrary, the record suggests that it was evaluating the evidence cautiously but
conscientiously.
We therefore conclude that, even if the prior robbery had been excluded, the jury
would still have found the special circumstance true. Accordingly, the claimed error was
harmless.
III
THE ADMISSIBILITY OF ONE PATHOLOGIST’S TESTIMONY
BASED ON ANOTHER PATHOLOGIST’S AUTOPSY REPORT
Defendant contends that the trial court erred by allowing a pathologist who was
not present at the autopsy of the victim to testify, based on the autopsy report, regarding
the cause of death as well as the condition of the body.
A. Additional Factual and Procedural Background.
The autopsy on the victim was performed by Dr. Rene Modglin, who therefore
also wrote the autopsy report. Dr. Modglin, however, had died before trial.
Defense counsel filed a written motion in limine to preclude a “substitute coroner”
from testifying to any expert opinion based on the report, arguing that this would violate
the confrontation clause.
Simultaneously, the prosecution filed a motion in limine to admit the testimony of
Dr. Joseph Cohen, based on the autopsy report, regarding the cause and manner of death.
The prosecution specifically argued that this evidence would not violate the confrontation
clause.
After hearing argument, the trial court ruled that the evidence was admissible.
13
Accordingly, at trial, Dr. Cohen testified that, in his opinion, based on the autopsy
report, the cause of death was a gunshot wound, and the manner of death was homicide.
Dr. Cohen also testified regarding some of the contents of the autopsy report. For
example, he testified that the victim was struck by two bullets, which caused six distinct
entrance and exit wounds One bullet traveled through the chest from right to left,
indicating that, when it was fired, the gunman was on the victim’s right. This bullet
perforated the right lung, the liver, the spleen, and the largest vein in the body, causing
massive internal bleeding. It could have caused the victim to fall to the ground.
The other bullet traveled downward through the body, from the left shoulder to the
left elbow. Thus, it was most likely that, when it was fired, the victim was on the ground,
facing the gunman.
The prosecution did not introduce the autopsy report itself as an exhibit.
However, it did introduce a copy of the victim’s death certificate.
A. Additional Factual and Procedural Background.
While this appeal was pending, the California Supreme Court decided People v.
Dungo (2012) 55 Cal.4th 608. Dungo is on point and controlling here.
In Dungo, the defendant was charged with murder. The autopsy of the victim had
been performed by Dr. Bolduc. At the time of trial, there was no indication that
Dr. Bolduc was unavailable. (People v. Dungo, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 613.)
Nevertheless, the prosecution called Dr. Lawrence, who testified that, in his opinion,
based on the autopsy report and the accompanying photographs, the victim had died as a
result of strangulation. Dr. Lawrence also listed certain conditions of the victim’s body,
14
as set forth in the autopsy report and/or the photographs, that supported his conclusion:
neck hemorrhages, pinpoint hemorrhages of the eyes, the purple color of the face, bite
marks on the tongue, and the absence of any signs of any other cause of death. Finally,
based on the finding in the autopsy report that the victim’s hyoid bone was not fractured,
Dr. Lawrence opined that the strangulation lasted for at least two minutes. (Id. at p. 614.)
The autopsy report itself was not admitted into evidence. (Id. at p. 615.)
The Supreme Court held that the admission of this evidence did not violate the
confrontation clause because the factual information in the autopsy report regarding the
condition of the body was not testimonial. (People v. Dungo, supra, 55 Cal.4th at
pp. 619-621.) It began by noting: “[T]he prosecution’s use of testimonial out-of-court
statements ‘ordinarily violates the defendant’s right to confront the maker of the
statements unless the declarant is unavailable to testify and the defendant had a prior
opportunity for cross-examination.’ . . . [T]estimonial out-of-court statements have two
critical components. First, to be testimonial the statement must be made with some
degree of formality or solemnity. Second, the statement is testimonial only if its primary
purpose pertains in some fashion to a criminal prosecution.” (Id. at p. 619.)
The court concluded that an autopsy report’s observations about the condition of
the body — as opposed to any conclusions based on those observations — are not so
formal as to be testimonial. (People v. Dungo, supra, 55 Cal.4th at pp. 619-620.) Rather,
“[t]hey are comparable to observations of objective fact in a report by a physician who,
after examining a patient, diagnoses a particular injury or ailment and determines the
15
appropriate treatment. Such observations are not testimonial . . . . [Citation.]” (Ibid., fn.
omitted.)
The court also concluded that “criminal investigation was not the primary purpose
for the autopsy report’s description of the condition of [the victim’s] body; it was only
one of several purposes.” (People v. Dungo, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 621.) It explained
that a coroner is statutorily required to determine the cause of certain types of death,
including types that are not related to criminal activity. (Id. at p. 620.) It also noted,
“The usefulness of autopsy reports, including the one at issue here, is not limited to
criminal investigation and prosecution; such reports serve many other equally important
purposes. For example, the decedent’s relatives may use an autopsy report in
determining whether to file an action for wrongful death. And an insurance company
may use an autopsy report in determining whether a particular death is covered by one of
its policies. [Citation.] Also, in certain cases an autopsy report may satisfy the public’s
interest in knowing the cause of death, particularly when (as here) the death was reported
in the local media. In addition, an autopsy report may provide answers to grieving family
members.” (Id. at p. 621.)
Defendant argues that Dungo is in conflict with certain United States Supreme
Court cases6 and thus wrongly decided. Even if we were to agree — and we do not —
we would be bound by the California Supreme Court’s construction of those cases, which
6 In particular, defendant cites Bullcoming v. New Mexico (2011) ___ U.S. ___ [131 S.Ct. 2705, 180 L.Ed.2d 610] and Williams v. Illinois (2012) ___ U.S. ___ [132 S.Ct. 2221, 183 L.Ed.2d 89].
16
predated Dungo. (See People v. Madrid (1992) 7 Cal.App.4th 1888, 1895 [“we are
bound by decisions of the United States Supreme Court [citation] and, of course, by
California Supreme Court cases interpreting those decisions”]; see also People v. Birks
(1998) 19 Cal.4th 108, 116, fn. 6 [state Court of Appeal has no authority to overrule
decision of state Supreme Court].)
Defendant also argues that Dungo is distinguishable. His entire argument on this
point, however, is to the effect that a death certificate is distinguishable from an autopsy
report and thus should be deemed testimonial. Defendant does not appear to dispute that
Dungo is controlling with regard to the autopsy report in this case and specifically with
regard to Dr. Cohen’s testimony based on the autopsy report.
Defense counsel did not object to the death certificate based on the confrontation
clause. Hence, defendant has forfeited this particular contention. (Evid. Code, § 353,
subd. (a).) Admittedly, defense counsel did object based on People v. Holder (1964) 230
Cal.App.2d 50, which held that a death certificate is evidence of “bald factual entries, for
example, the fact of death, time and place of death, character of the injuries and time and
place of the accident or other trauma-producing event,” but is not evidence of
“conclusionary statements drawn from an autopsy . . . .” (Id. at p. 55.) In this appeal,
defendant does not reassert Holder.
Even if not forfeited, defendant’s contention regarding the death certificate lacks
merit. A death certificate is required in connection with every death. (Health & Saf.
Code, § 102775.) “Business and public records are generally admissible absent
confrontation . . . because — having been created for the administration of an entity’s
17
affairs and not for the purpose of establishing or proving some fact at trial — they are not
testimonial.” (Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts (2009) 557 U.S. 305, 324 [129 S.Ct.
2527, 174 L.Ed.2d 314].) Thus, a death certificate is even less testimonial than an
autopsy report.
We conclude that the trial court did not err by admitting Dr. Cohen’s testimony
and conclusions regarding the autopsy report.
IV
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
RICHLI Acting P. J.
We concur:
KING J.
MILLER J.
18
Witness Parker Coffee Salmon Liddicote Willis Williams Number of Two Two Two Two Two One Robbers Gunman: Blue plaid shirt Blue plaid Blue plaid flannel Red and brown Clothing Pendleton shirt Pendleton
Facial hair Moustache Moustache No facial hair
Hair Dark brown Dark brown Black
Height 5’10” 5’10”-6’ 5’8”
Build Slender Slender, 175 lbs.
Other Pock-marked face “Possible” pock- marked face
APPENDIX A 19
Second Robber: Gray hoodie7 Gray hoodie Red hoodie8 Tan jacket Red hoodie9 Clothing Facial hair Moustache Moustache
Injured Robber Left leg Leg Right leg (at trial) Hit In Left leg and left arm (to police)
7 According to the police officer who interviewed Parker, Parker said the second man was wearing a gray sweatshirt over a red plaid shirt. He admitted, however, that his report did not mention a red plaid shirt and that this information may have come from another witness. 8 Liddicote admitted that his description was a “combination” of the two men he saw. We have somewhat arbitrarily placed it under “Second Robber.” 9 Williams saw only one robber, who was the driver of the getaway car. We have somewhat arbitrarily placed her description under “Second Robber.”
APPENDIX A 20
Gunman/Injured Gunman got into Gunman got into 10 Gunman/injured Robber Got Into driver’s side driver’s side person got into passenger side
10 The People claim that Salmon saw the injured gunman get into the driver’s side. Actually, at trial, she did not remember seeing a car at all. She admitted that, if she told the police something different, then that was probably the truth. However, her statement to the police was never admitted into evidence.
APPENDIX A 21
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that the trial court did not commit prejudicial error in admitting evidence of a prior robbery or in allowing a pathologist to testify based on an autopsy report prepared by a deceased colleague.
Issues
Whether the trial court erred by admitting evidence of a prior robbery to prove intent.
Whether the trial court violated the confrontation clause by allowing a pathologist to testify based on an autopsy report he did not author.
Disposition. Affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“We find no prejudicial error. Hence, we will affirm.”
“The Supreme Court held that the admission of this evidence did not violate the confrontation clause because the factual information in the autopsy report regarding the condition of the body was not testimonial.”