California Court of Appeal Nov 8, 2022 No. E078652Unpublished
Filed 11/8/22 In re E.W. CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
In re E.W., a Person Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law.
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES, E078652
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super.Ct.No. J290018)
v. OPINION
A.H.,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Steven A. Mapes,
Judge. Affirmed.
Richard D. Pfeiffer, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Tom Bunton, County Counsel, and Joseph R. Barrell, Deputy County Counsel, for
Plaintiff and Respondent.
1
In this appeal from an order bypassing reunification services, defendant and
appellant A.H. (father) contends only that plaintiff and respondent San Bernardino
County Children and Family Services (the department) failed to comply with its duty of
further inquiry imposed by state statutory provisions implementing the Indian Child
Welfare Act of 1978 (25 U.S.C. §§ 1901 et seq.) (ICWA).
The department concedes that it did not comply with its duty of further inquiry and
that a limited remand is proper. We agree the department has yet to completely fulfill its
duty of further inquiry, but such a violation is not grounds for reversing the bypass order
or remanding the matter in this ongoing case. (See In re S.H. (2022) 82 Cal.App.5th 166
(S.H.).) Accordingly, we affirm.1
BACKGROUND
On August 2, 2021, the department filed a dependency petition on behalf of
father’s then three-year-old daughter E.W., pursuant to Welfare and Institutions Code2
section 300, subdivisions (b), (g), and (j). Mother informed the department that ICWA
may apply to E.W. through the Chickasaw tribe. Mother later denied she had any Indian
ancestry as far as she knew, as did a paternal aunt.
In late August, father told the department E.W. had Choctaw Indian ancestry. The
paternal grandmother said the paternal great-grandmother was Choctaw and buried on a
1 “In addition, because ICWA uses the term ‘Indian,’ we do the same for consistency, even though we recognize that other terms, such as ‘Native American’ or ‘indigenous,’ are preferred by many.” (In re Benjamin M. (2021) 70 Cal.App.5th 735, 739, fn. 1.)
2 Undesignated statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
2
reservation. She told the department to contact another paternal aunt, who might have
more information, but she did not have the paternal aunt’s phone number.
Later that month the court questioned father about his Indian heritage. Father said
he believed he had Chickasaw and Cheyenne heritage, and that E.W.’s paternal great-
grandmother was a registered member of a tribe. He also said the paternal aunt would
have more information, but when asked for her number provided paternal grandmother’s
instead. Father again claimed Chickasaw and Cheyenne ancestry on a form filed at the
end of the month.
Paternal grandmother informed the department that the paternal great-grandmother
was buried in the Riverside National Cemetery in an area designated for Choctaw
Indians. However, when the department called the cemetery, it said it had no area
designated for Choctaw Indians. The paternal grandmother was still unable to get in
contact with, or provide contact information for, the paternal aunt she and father
identified as potentially having additional information.
In December 2021, the department contacted the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma.
The Choctaw Nation informed the department that neither father nor the paternal great-
grandmother were enrolled in the tribe, and that father would have to be enrolled for
E.W. to be a member.
In February 2022 the court sustained the petition and ordered family
reunification services for mother. It denied services for father pursuant to section 361.5,
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subdivision (b)(10), because father previously failed to reunify with E.W.’s siblings. It
also found E.W. may come under ICWA.
Father appealed the order bypassing reunification services.
ANALYSIS
Father argues the department and the juvenile court did not comply with their duty
of further inquiry under ICWA. The department concedes it did not, and requests we
remand to allow them to do so. We agree that it has yet to fulfill that duty, but as we
explain, no reversal or remand is warranted under these circumstances.
Under California law, the juvenile court and county child welfare department have
“an affirmative and continuing duty to inquire” whether a child subject to a section 300
petition may be an Indian child. (§ 224.2, subd. (a); see In re D.F. (2020) 55 Cal.App.5th
558, 566.) “This continuing duty can be divided into three phases: the initial duty to
inquire, the duty of further inquiry, and the duty to provide formal ICWA notice.” (In re
D.F., at p. 566.)
When the initial inquiry gives the juvenile court or social worker “reason to
believe that an Indian child is involved,” the court and social worker must conduct further
inquiry to “determine whether there is reason to know a child is an Indian child.”
(§ 224.2, subd. (e) & (e)(2).) There is reason to believe a child is an Indian child if the
court or the social worker “has information suggesting that either the parent of the child
or the child is a member or may be eligible for membership in an Indian tribe.” (§ 224.2,
subd. (e)(1).) Further inquiry includes, among other things, interviewing the parents and
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extended family members, contacting the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and State
Department of Social Services, and contacting the tribe or tribes concerned. (§§ 224.2,
subd. (e)(2)(A)-(C).) The department “does not discharge their duty of further inquiry
until they make a ‘meaningful effort’ to locate and interview extended family members
and to contact BIA and the tribes. [Citation.] ‘[J]ust as proper notice to Indian tribes is
central to effectuating ICWA's purpose, an adequate investigation of a family member’s
belief a child may have Indian ancestry is essential to ensuring a tribe entitled to ICWA
notice will receive it.’ ” (In re K.T. (2022) 76 Cal.App.5th 732, 744 (K.T.).)
The department agrees with father that there is reason to believe E.W. is a member
of an Indian tribe. It also concedes it failed to meet its duty of further inquiry because it
had not contacted the Chickasaw or Cheyenne tribes, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, or any
extended paternal family members besides paternal grandmother and a paternal aunt.
The parties agree that this court should remand to allow the department to meet its duty
of further inquiry.
We applaud the department’s candor in conceding it has not discharged its duty
here. However, the procedural posture of the current appeal makes its requested remedy
inappropriate. Although there is a “split of authority as to whether a violation of the
ICWA constitutes jurisdictional error,” such that any violation requires reversal (In re
Brooke C. (2005) 127 Cal.App.4th 377, 384 (Brooke C.)), this court has previously
approved the approach articulated in Brooke C. (In re Jonathon S. (2005) 129
Cal.App.4th 334, 340.) Under that approach, in a dependency case, “the only order
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which would be subject to reversal for failure to give notice would be an order
terminating parental rights.” (Brooke C., at p. 385.)3 Accordingly, reversing father’s
bypass order is not a proper remedy for the department’s conceded ICWA violations.
Nor is remand necessary. E.W.’s dependency matter will not end with this appeal.
The trial court has found that E.W. may be an Indian child, and therefore presumably
expects the department to continue its inquiry. The department remains able—and will
be expected—to fully comply with its duties under ICWA as the case progresses. Given
this, remand is unnecessary. (See S.H., supra, 82 Cal.App.5th at p. 176.)
Appellant’s counsel focuses on the need for a “solution” to the problem with
continual ICWA violations. We agree the matter is concerning, and that the Court of
Appeal should act to ensure agencies comply with their duty of inquiry in the first place.
(See K.T., supra, 76 Cal.App.5th at pp. 744-745 [“Over the past three years there have
been a significant number of cases from this county in which the failure to adequately
investigate ICWA’s application . . . . This is concerning, especially considering our
court’s admonishment from nearly a decade ago that we were ‘well past the stage of
“growing weary of appeals in which the only error is the [agency’s] failure to comply
with [ ] ICWA.” ’ ”].) With this case ongoing, however, we need not remand here.
3 Although Brooke C. involved ICWA’s notice provisions, we see no reason why its rationale should not extend to the duty of further inquiry.
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DISPOSITION
We affirm the order bypassing family reunification services.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
RAPHAEL J. We concur:
CODRINGTON Acting P. J.
FIELDS J.
7
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that while the department failed to fulfill its duty of further inquiry under ICWA, such a violation does not warrant reversal of a bypass order or a limited remand in an ongoing dependency case.
Issues
Whether the department's failure to comply with the duty of further inquiry under ICWA requires reversal of an order bypassing reunification services.
Whether a limited remand is necessary to address ICWA inquiry deficiencies when the dependency case is ongoing.
Disposition. Affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“We agree the department has yet to completely fulfill its duty of further inquiry, but such a violation is not grounds for reversing the bypass order or remanding the matter in this ongoing case.”
“Accordingly, reversing father’s bypass order is not a proper remedy for the department’s conceded ICWA violations.”
“Nor is remand necessary. E.W.’s dependency matter will not end with this appeal.”