California Court of Appeal Aug 25, 2022 No. E077886Unpublished
Filed 8/24/22 In re A.L. CA4/2 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
In re A.L. et al., Persons Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law.
RIVERSIDE COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SOCIAL SERVICES, E077886
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super. Ct. No. RIJ1800047)
v. OPINION
A.L. et al.,
Defendants and Appellants.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Michele A. Mathis,
Judge. Affirmed.
Sean A. Burleigh, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant, A.L.
Jill Smith, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant, F.V.
1
Teresa K.B. Beecham County Counsel, and Julie Koons Jarvi, Deputy
County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
I.
INTRODUCTION
F.V. (Mother) and A.L. (Father) appeal the juvenile court’s order denying their 1 petitions under Welfare and Institutions Code section 388. They also contend the
juvenile court prejudicially erred by excluding their children’s foster mother from
testifying at the section 366.26 hearing. We affirm.
II.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In January 2018, five-month-old Ar. was removed from Mother and Father’s care
because of their methamphetamine use and neglect of Ar.’s medical needs. Ar. was
returned to their care in August 2018 because they successfully completed reunification
services. Ar.’s dependency case was dismissed in February 2019.
About thirteen months later, on March 15, 2020, the Riverside County Department
of Public Social Services (the Department) received an immediate response referral. The
referral alleged that Mother had given birth to An. the day before and that Mother tested
positive for methamphetamine, amphetamine, and marijuana at the birth. An. tested
positive for amphetamines and needed a 10-day penicillin treatment because she had been
exposed to syphilis during the delivery.
1 All further statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
2
A social worker later spoke with Mother and Father. Father stated that he kicked
Mother out of the house because she had been using methamphetamine again. Father
claimed he had been sober for an extended time, but he refused to drug test. Mother
admitted to using methamphetamine the day before An.’s birth. She said she relapsed
about a month before An.’s birth after being sober for about a year and had been using
methamphetamine every few days.
The Department filed a petition on behalf of Ar. and An. under section 300,
subdivision (b)(1) due to Mother and Father’s “unresolved history of abusing controlled
substances.” At a detention hearing on March 19, 2020, the juvenile court found the
Department made a prima facie showing that the children came under section 300,
subdivision (b)(1), and ordered them detained. A contested jurisdiction hearing was
eventually set for July 23, 2020.
Father admitted to using methamphetamine on April 2, 2020. He submitted to a
drug test the following day, which was positive for methamphetamine and amphetamine.
Father did not show up to a drug test about two weeks later.
Mother failed to show up for drug tests on April 3 and 13, 2020. On April 8,
however, Mother tested positive for marijuana, amphetamine, and methamphetamine.
In the following months, Mother admitted that she had continued using drugs. She
admitted that she used marijuana on July 9, 2020, and used methamphetamine on July 12,
2020. Father failed to show up for a drug test on July 2, 2020, but admitted that he had
3
used methamphetamine on July 13. Father reported that he cannot think clearly or sleep
when he is sober and felt like he needed methamphetamine to function.
On July 31, 2020, the parents had a scheduled in-person visit with the children.
Father did not show up, and Mother showed up with glossy eyes and black veins under
her eyes. She admitted that she had been using marijuana daily and had used
methamphetamine the day before.
At the contested disposition hearing on August 12, 2020, the juvenile court
removed Ar. and An. from their parents’ custody and denied services for the parents 2 under section 361.5, subdivision (b)(13) (section 361.5(b)(13)). The court denied
reunification services, finding that they were not in the children’s best interests, and set
the matter for a section 366.26 hearing.
2 During the dependency proceedings, former section 361.5(b)(13) provided that the juvenile court need not order reunification services if the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that “[t]hat the parent or guardian of the child has a history of extensive, abusive, and chronic use of drugs or alcohol and has resisted prior court- ordered treatment for this problem during a three-year period immediately prior to the filing of the petition that brought that child to the court’s attention, or has failed or refused to comply with a program of drug or alcohol treatment described in the case plan required by [s]ection 358.1 on at least two prior occasions, even though the programs identified were available and accessible.” The provision was recently amended to explain that “For purposes of this paragraph, ‘resisted’ means the parent or guardian refused to participate meaningfully in a prior court-ordered drug or alcohol treatment program and does not include ‘passive resistance,’ as described in In re B.E. (2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 932.”
4
In March 2021, the Department filed a section 300 petition on behalf of the
parents’ new son, A., born in February 2021. Mother admitted that she had used
methamphetamine two or three weeks before A.’s birth and had received no prenatal care
other than an ultrasound. The Department removed A. from the parents’ care and placed
him in the same foster home as his siblings, An. and Ar. After a detention hearing, the
juvenile court found that the Department had made a prima facie showing that A. came
within section 300, subdivisions (b), (g), and (j), and ordered him detained.
In May 2021, the juvenile court found true the allegations in the petition
concerning A. and set the matter for a dispositional hearing. About a month later, the
juvenile court removed A. from the parents’ care and denied them services under section
361.5(b)(13), finding that services were not in A.’s best interests. The juvenile court then
sent the matter for a section 366.26 hearing.
Mother and Father subsequently filed a series of section 388 petitions seeking
family maintenance services and/or reunification services. After denying their initial
section 388 petitions, on October 4, 2021, the juvenile court held a combined section
366.26 hearing and hearing on the parents’ final section 388 petitions that are the subject
of this appeal.
At the hearing, the juvenile court denied the parents’ section 388 petitions. The
court then found that no exception to adoption applied, terminated the parents’ parental
rights to their children, and freed them for adoption by their foster parents.
5
III.
DISCUSSION
A. Section 388 Petitions
Mother and Father contend the juvenile court erroneously denied their section 388 3 petitions. We disagree.
“Section 388 permits the parent of a dependent child to petition the juvenile court
for a hearing to modify an earlier order on the basis of changed circumstances or new
evidence. [Citation.] The petitioning party bears the burden of showing that there is new
evidence or changed circumstances and that the proposed modification would be in the
best interests of the child. [Citation.]” (In re N.F. (2021) 68 Cal.App.5th 112, 120.)
“Whether the juvenile court should modify a previously made order rests within its
discretion, and its determination may not be disturbed unless there has been a clear abuse
of discretion.” (In re J.C. (2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 503, 525.) “It is rare that the denial of
a section 388 motion merits reversal as an abuse of discretion.” (In re Kimberly F.
(1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 519, 522.) The juvenile court’s order denying a section 388
petition will be reversed only if the court “‘“has exceeded the limits of legal discretion by
making an arbitrary, capricious, or patently absurd determination [citations].”’
[Citations.]” (In re Stephanie M. (1994) 7 Cal.4th 295, 318.)
3 Mother and Father join all of each other’s arguments on appeal.
6
Father argues that the juvenile court’s findings on changed circumstances is
“unclear.” Mother contends the juvenile court found that the parents had proved their
circumstances had changed but denied the section 388 petitions only because
reunification services were not in the children’s best interests. Mother notes that
although the juvenile court’s minute order from the October 4, 2021 hearing states the
court found there were no changed circumstances, the court’s written orders after the
hearing states only that the section 388 petitions were denied because doing so was “not
in best interest of the child.” Mother also notes that the juvenile court did not clearly
state its finding on changed circumstances at the hearing, but instead said only that the
court “somewhat teeter[ed] on the issue.”
Both parents argue their circumstances had changed. Father, with Mother joining,
also extensively argues that a recent amendment to section 361.5(b)(13) applies
retroactively under In re Estrada (1965) 63 Cal.2d 740 (Estrada), and constitutes 4 changed circumstances. They argue that the juvenile court would not have bypassed
services under amended section 361.5(b)(13) and thus the presumption against
reunification would not have applied. (See In re Aaliyah R. (2006) 136 Cal.App.4th 437,
448.) Thus, in their view, the analysis of whether their circumstances had changed and
whether reunification was in the children’s best interests would have been different (to
4 We do not address Father’s arguments on the issue raised for the first time in reply. (See In re Karla C. (2010) 186 Cal.App.4th 1236, 1269.)
7
their benefit) if amended section 361.15(b)(13) applied during the dependency
proceedings.
We disagree that the recent amendment to section 361.5(b)(13) applies here under
Estrada. Estrada provides that criminal defendants with nonfinal judgments are entitled
to the “ameliorating benefits” when a change in the law reduces the punishment for a
crime unless the Legislature intended for the change to apply prospectively only.
(Estrada, supra, 63 Cal.2d at p. 744.) Put another way, “[w]hen new legislation reduces
the punishment for an offense, we presume that the legislation applies to all cases not yet
final as of the legislation’s effective date” and will apply it retroactively unless the
Legislature intended otherwise. (People v. Esquivel (2021) 11 Cal.5th 671, 673.) This is
because “newly enacted legislation mitigating criminal punishment reflects a
determination that the ‘former penalty was too severe’ and that the ameliorative changes
are intended to ‘apply to every case to which it constitutionally could apply.’” (People v.
Buycks (2018) 5 Cal.5th 857, 881.)
Assembly Bill 788 was enacted into law in September 2021 and went into effect
on January 1, 2022, while this appeal was still pending. Among other things, the
legislation amended section 361.5(b)(13) by deleting language in the provision defining
“‘passive resistance” and added language defining “‘passive resistance’ as described in In
re B.E.[, supra,] 46 Cal.App.5th 932.”
8
In the parents’ view, the juvenile court would not have bypassed services under
the amended version of section 361.5(b)(13) now in effect. They therefore contend the
amendment to section 361.5(b)(13) constitutes an ameliorative change in the law that
should apply retroactively to them under the Estrada. We disagree.
To begin with, our Supreme Court has strongly suggested that Estrada does not
apply “in the civil context” because its “rationale . . . bears little relationship to the
determination of the retroactivity of most nonpenal statutes.” (Evangelatos v. Superior
Court (1988) 44 Cal.3d 1188, 1210, fn. 15.) Mother and Father do not cite (and we
cannot locate) any authority holding that the Estrada applies in dependency cases, which
are civil proceedings. (In re B.F. (2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 811, 816.) The only
dependency case that considered Estrada’s rule did not decide whether or not the rule
applies in dependency proceedings, but instead held that the rule was “inapt” because the
amended provision did not confer on parents or minors any benefit “akin to a lesser
punishment in the criminal context.” (In re Raymond E. (2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 613,
616.)
So too here. Dependency cases are civil proceedings that are designed to protect
the child, not prosecute the parent. (In re B.F., supra, 290 Cal.App.4th at p. 816.)
Section 361.5(b)(13), in its previous and current form, allows the juvenile court to bypass
reunification services for the parent or guardian of a dependent child under specific
circumstances. Section 361.5(b)(13) is intended to protect dependent children and further
their best interests by “exempt[ing] from reunification services those parents who are
9
unlikely to benefit.” (In re Joshua M. (1998) 66 Cal.App.4th 458, 474; Renee J. v.
Superior Court (2001) 26 Cal.4th 735, 744-744 [observing that section 361.5, subdivision
(b) reflects the Legislature’s conclusion that reunification services may be “fruitless” and
not beneficial to the child because of a parent’s circumstances].)
As with the entire dependency statutory scheme, amended section 361.5(b)(13) is
intended to benefit dependent children, not punish their parents. Thus, by amending
section 361.5(b)(13), the Legislature did not confer a benefit on Mother or Father “akin to
a lesser punishment in the criminal context.” (In re Raymond E., supra, 97 Cal.App.4th
at p. 616.) Nor did the amendment “mitigat[e] the punishment for a particular criminal
offense.” (People v. Brown (2012) 54 Cal.4th 314, 324.) We therefore conclude Estrada
does not apply here. As a result, the amendment to section 361.5(b)(13) has no bearing
here.
We agree with Mother and Father that is unclear whether the juvenile court found
that their circumstances had changed. However, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion by finding that reunification services were not in the best interests of the
children. (See In re N.F., supra, 68 Cal.App.5th at p. 120 [section 388 petitioner “bears
the burden of showing that there is new evidence or changed circumstances and that the
proposed modification would be in the best interests of the child,” italics added].)
“[A]fter the court has bypassed or terminated reunification services and set the
matter for a section 366.26 hearing, the focus of the case shifts from the parents’ interest
in the care, custody, and companionship of the child to the needs of the child for
10
permanency and stability. [Citation.] A court entertaining a section 388 petition at this
stage in the proceedings ‘must recognize this shift of focus in determining the ultimate
question before it, that is, the best interest of the child.’” (In re N.F., supra, 68
Cal.App.5th at p. 121.)
By the time of the October 4, 2021 hearing on the section 388 petitions, A. and
An. had spent virtually their entire young lives in their foster parents’ home. Four-year-
old Ar. had lived with her parents only between the time she was returned to their care in
her first dependency case (August 2018) and her removal in this proceeding (March
2020).
The children’s foster parents had provided for all of their needs, wanted to adopt
them, and considered them “a cherished part of their family.” The children are bonded
with their foster parents and “are easily comforted by them.” The foster parents are
committed to providing the children with a permanent, safe, and loving home. By all
accounts, the children are thriving in their foster parents’ home.
On the other hand, the children have had limited contact with their parents. Father
made few attempts to contact the children, and had limited interactions with them when
Mother called them. Father frequently did not call or answer for his phone visits with the
children. Mother and Father did not visit with the children in person between July 2020
and March 2021, and did not have visits with them of any kind in December 2020 or
January 2021. In total, they had about 18-20 visits with the children during the
dependency proceedings, none of which were unsupervised. As of March 2021, Mother
11
thought Ar. was “forgetting” her. An. “‘stare[d]’” at the parents as if she did not know
who they were at an in-person visit in March 2021. As the juvenile court put it, Ar. “had
an opportunity to be parented by her parents” for only about 18 months as an infant,
while An. and A. never had that opportunity.
On this record, the juvenile court reasonably found that Mother and Father “failed
to establish that [the children’s] ‘best interests in permanency and stability would be 5 furthered by’ derailing the child[ren]’s adoption.” (In re N.F., supra, 68 Cal.App.5th at 6 p. 122.) As a result, we reject Father’s argument that his trial counsel was ineffective.
(See People v. Hart (1999) 20 Cal.4th 546, 624 [to establish ineffective assistance of
counsel “‘prejudice must be affirmatively proved’”].)
B. Excluding Foster Mother’s Testimony
Mother and Father contend the juvenile court violated their federal due process
rights by refusing to allow the children’s foster mother to testify. We disagree.
5 Father notes that there was a presumption against reunification because the juvenile court bypassed reunification services and placed the children in foster care. He argues that the court would not have bypassed reunification services under newly amended section 361.5(b)(13), and thus there would not have been a presumption against reunification at the section 366.26 hearing. We need not address the issue because the presumption applied at the time of the hearing. 6 Although Mother joins in Father’s arguments on appeal, they had different trial counsel. To the extent Mother argues her trial counsel was ineffective, we reject the argument because, like Father, she cannot show she was prejudiced by her counsel’s alleged ineffectiveness.
12
At an April 2021 hearing, Father’s counsel stated that she intended to call the
children’s foster mother to testify at section 366.26 hearing in order to dispute the social
worker’s testimony about the nature of the parents’ visits with the children. The juvenile
court explained that it would not let the foster mother testify at the hearing unless there
was “an offer of proof and briefing” concerning any dispute between the social worker
and the parents’ about the visits and the dispute could be resolved only by the foster
mother’s testimony.
Mother and Father did not object to the ruling and never argued that it violated
their due process rights at any point in the proceedings. They therefore forfeited their
argument, raised for the first time on appeal, that the juvenile court denied them due
process by excluding the foster mother’s testimony. (See People v. Saunders (1993) 5
Cal.4th 580, 589-590 [constitutional right may be forfeited in criminal case if not asserted
in trial court]; People v. Patton (2019) 41 Cal.App.5th 934, 946 [“An as-applied
constitutional challenge is forfeited unless previously raised.”].)
In any event, Mother and Father fail to show that they were prejudiced by the
exclusion of the foster mother’s testimony. According to Mother and Father, the foster
mother’s “third-party” testimony was “essential” to establish that the parental bond
exception to adoption applied. But Mother and Father do not identify any specific
testimony the foster mother could have given that likely would have affected the juvenile
court’s decisions. Their conclusory argument that the juvenile court would have ruled
differently had the foster mother testified is insufficient to show that they were prejudiced
13
by her exclusion. (See People v. Gonzalez (2021) 12 Cal.5th 367, 409 [rejecting
argument with “no explanation” and “state[d] in conclusory fashion”]; see also Kim v.
Sumitomo Bank (1993) 17 Cal.App.4th 974, 979 [appellate court may disregard
“points . . . argued in conclusory form”].) We therefore conclude “[i]t is not reasonably
likely [the foster mother’s] testimony would have persuaded the court to grant the section
388 petitions and offer reunification services to parents.” (In re C.J.W. (2007) 157
Cal.App.4th 1075, 1081) Regardless, “[i]t did not violate [the parents’] due process
rights to base the decision on the [388 petition] on the basis of information provided in
the petition, documentary evidence, and argument by counsel.” (In re E.S. (2011) 196
Cal.App.4th 1329, 1340.)
IV.
DISPOSITION
The juvenile court’s orders denying Mother and Father’s section 388 petitions and
terminating parental rights are affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
CODRINGTON Acting P. J.
We concur:
SLOUGH J.
FIELDS J.
14
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court affirmed the denial of the parents' section 388 petitions and the termination of their parental rights, holding that the recent amendment to Welfare and Institutions Code section 361.5(b)(13) does not apply retroactively and that the juvenile court did not abuse its discretion in finding that reunification was not in the children's best interests.
Issues
Does the amendment to Welfare and Institutions Code section 361.5(b)(13) apply retroactively to dependency proceedings under the rule in In re Estrada?
Did the juvenile court abuse its discretion in denying the parents' section 388 petitions for modification?
Did the juvenile court violate the parents' due process rights by excluding the foster mother's testimony at the section 366.26 hearing?
Disposition. Affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“Dependency cases are civil proceedings that are designed to protect the child, not prosecute the parent.”
“As with the entire dependency statutory scheme, amended section 361.5(b)(13) is intended to benefit dependent children, not punish their parents.”