We agree. We decline to address the parties’ arguments concerning harmlessness,
however, because ICWA inquiry and notice errors do not warrant reversal of the juvenile
court’s jurisdictional or dispositional findings and orders other than the finding that
ICWA does not apply. (In re Brooke C. (2005) 127 Cal.App.4th 377, 385-386 (Brooke
C.); Tina L. v. Superior Court (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 262, 268 (Tina L.); In re Veronica
G. (2007) 157 Cal.App.4th 179, 188 (Veronica G.); see In re K.B. (2009) 173
Cal.App.4th 1275, 1282 (K.B.); contra, Nicole K. v. Superior Court (2007) 146
Cal.App.4th 779, 785 (Nicole K.).) We accordingly vacate that finding and remand for
compliance with ICWA and related California law, but we otherwise affirm.
BACKGROUND
On August 22, 2021, CFS responded to a referral alleging that Mother had left her
five-month-old son, Dominick, without appropriate arrangements. Mother reportedly
1 “[B]ecause ICWA uses the term ‘Indian,’ we do the same for consistency, even though we recognize that other terms, such as ‘Native American’ or ‘indigenous,’ are preferred by many.” (In re Benjamin M. (2021) 70 Cal.App.5th 735, 739, fn. 1.)
2
showed up unannounced at the home of N.M., a woman she had met through a Facebook
group, and handed Dominick to her to watch while Mother went to Nevada. N.M. told
Mother that she could not watch the child and did not even know the child’s or Mother’s
name. Mother provided her name and phone number and the baby’s name, and she then
left. N.M. ran after Mother, who drove off with an unknown male. N.M. observed that
there was no child car seat in Mother’s vehicle, and Dominick had been left with no
diaper bag, formula, or bottles. N.M. called the county sheriff to report the incident and
request that someone pick up the child.
The CFS social worker spoke with W.M., who was initially identified by law
enforcement as Dominick’s maternal grandfather but is identified in later reports as the
child’s maternal great-grandfather.2 W.M. said he had arrived from Texas approximately
two months earlier to help Mother and was Dominick’s primary caregiver. He confirmed
that Mother also has an older daughter who lives with her father. (The older daughter is
not a subject of this appeal.) There is no indication that CFS asked W.M. whether
Dominick is or may be an Indian child.
2 The responding deputy’s identification of W.M. as Mother’s father or Dominick’s maternal grandfather appears to have been in error. Mother identified W.M. as her grandfather and named a different person as her father, and W.M. is thereafter identified in the record as the child’s maternal great-grandfather. Grandparents are included in the statutory definition of “‘extended family member,’” but great- grandparents are not. (25 U.S.C. § 1903(2); Welf. & Inst. Code § 224.1, subd. (c).) The distinction ultimately has no impact on our analysis because W.M., who had been Dominick’s primary caregiver for two months, is included within “others who have an interest in the child,” for whom the statutory duty of initial inquiry is the same as for “extended family members.” (§ 224.2, subd. (b).)
3
CFS filed a petition alleging Dominick is a person described by section 300,
subdivisions (b)(1) and (g)(3). The petition’s Indian Child Inquiry Attachment, Judicial
Council form ICWA-010(A), states that the CFS social worker asked Mother about
Dominick’s Indian status on August 24, 2021, and the inquiry gave no reason to believe
he is or may be an Indian child. Mother was present at the detention hearing on
August 25, 2021. In response to the court’s inquiry, Mother stated she had no
information that she has Indian ancestry. She stated that Dominick’s father was
unknown. Mother filed a Judicial Council form ICWA-020, Parental Notification of
Indian Status, stating she has no known Indian ancestry. Mother also completed a Family
Find and ICWA Inquiry form (CFS 030A), checking the box for “Unknown” in response
to the question, “Do you have/may have Native American Ancestry?” The court found a
prima facie case that Dominick came within section 300, ordered him detained from
Mother, and set a jurisdiction and disposition hearing.
The CFS social worker met with Mother on August 31, 2021, and took a family
history in which Mother identified her father, mother, and three sisters, two of whom are
adults. In response to the social worker’s inquiries, both Mother and maternal aunt T.D.
denied Indian ancestry. The social worker also interviewed maternal great-grandfather
M.W. but did not ask him about Indian ancestry. After conducting an emergency
assessment, CFS placed Dominick in the temporary care of T.D. There is no indication
in the record concerning CFS’s efforts to locate or contact the child’s maternal
4
grandparents or his other adult maternal aunt or to ask them about Dominick’s possible
Indian ancestry. (See § 224.2, subd. (b); § 309, subd. (e)(1).)
The juvenile court found true the allegations that Mother failed to provide a safe
and appropriate living arrangement for Dominick, and that Mother has untreated mental
illness that impairs her ability to provide appropriate care and supervision for the child.
The court found Dominick’s father was unknown and that ICWA did not apply to the
child. The court removed Dominick from Mother’s custody, placed him in the home of
T.D., and ordered reunification services for Mother.
DISCUSSION
ICWA was enacted to curtail “abusive child welfare practices that resulted in the
separation of large numbers of Indian children from their families and tribes through
adoption or foster care placement, usually in non-Indian homes.” (Mississippi Band of
Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield (1989) 490 U.S. 30, 32.) “ICWA reflects a congressional
determination to protect Indian children and to promote the stability and security of
Indian tribes and families by establishing minimum federal standards a state court must
follow before removing an Indian child from his or her family.” (In re T.G. (2020) 58
Cal.App.5th 275, 287.) In a juvenile dependency proceeding, an Indian child is any
unmarried person who is under age 18 and is either (a) a member of a federally
recognized Indian tribe or (b) is eligible for membership in a federally recognized Indian
tribe and is the biological child of a member of a federally recognized Indian tribe. (25
U.S.C. § 1903(4) & (8); see § 224.1, subd. (a).)
5
To determine whether ICWA applies to a dependency proceeding, the juvenile
court and CFS have “an affirmative and continuing duty to inquire whether a child for
whom a petition under Section 300 . . . may be or has been filed, is or may be an Indian
child.” (§ 224.2, subd. (a).) This duty to inquire consists of two phases—the duty of
initial inquiry and the duty of further inquiry. (In re D.F. (2020) 55 Cal.App.5th 558,
566.) The duty of initial inquiry begins at the referral stage when CFS must ask “the
party reporting child abuse or neglect whether the party has any information that the child
may be an Indian child.” (§ 224.2, subd. (a).) Once a child is taken into temporary
custody, the duty of initial inquiry includes asking the child, parents, legal guardian,
extended family members, and others who have an interest in the child whether the child
is or may be an Indian child. (§ 224.2, subd. (b); § 306, subd. (b).) Extended family
members include adults who are the child’s stepparents, grandparents, aunts, uncles,
brothers, sisters, nieces, nephews, or first or second cousins. (25 U.S.C. § 1903(2);
§ 224.1, subd. (c).) The juvenile court must ask each participant at the first appearance
“whether the participant knows or has reason to know that the child is an Indian child,”
and the court must “instruct the parties to inform the court if they subsequently receive
information that provides reason to know the child is an Indian child.” (§ 224.2,
subd. (c); see 25 C.F.R. § 23.107(a).) The court must also order each parent to complete
a Judicial Council form ICWA-020, Parental Notice of Indian Status. (Cal. Rules of
Court, rule 5.481(a)(2)(C) & (a)(3).)
6
If the initial inquiry gives the juvenile court or CFS “reason to believe that an
Indian child is involved in a proceeding,” then “further inquiry regarding the possible
Indian status of the child” must be made. (§ 224.2, subd. (e).) Mother does not contend
that there is “reason to believe” Dominick is an Indian child, so only the duty of initial
inquiry is at issue here.
CFS is required to document its ICWA inquiry efforts throughout the proceedings,
beginning with the petition, which must be filed with a completed Judicial Council form
ICWA-010(A), Indian Child Inquiry Attachment (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.481(a)(1)).
All filings thereafter must include “a detailed description of all inquiries, and further
inquiries it has undertaken, and all information received pertaining to the child’s Indian
status.” (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.481(a)(5).) If the court finds that CFS has complied
with its duty of inquiry and there is no reason to know that the child is an Indian child,
then the court may find that ICWA does not apply. (§ 224.2, subd. (i)(2); Cal. Rules of
Court, rule 5.481(b)(3)(A).) Before the juvenile court makes a finding that ICWA does
not apply, it must “first ensur[e] that [CFS] has made an adequate inquiry under ICWA
and California law, and if necessary, the court must continue the proceedings and order
[CFS] to fulfill its responsibilities.” (In re Antonio R. (2022) 76 Cal.App.5th 421, 431.)
A juvenile court’s finding that ICWA does not apply implies “that social workers had
fulfilled their duty of inquiry.” (In re Austin J. (2020) 47 Cal.App.5th 870, 885.) “We
review a court’s ICWA findings for substantial evidence. [Citations.] ‘We must uphold
the court’s orders and findings if any substantial evidence, contradicted or
7
uncontradicted, supports them, and we resolve all conflicts in favor of affirmance.’
[Citation.] Mother, as the appellant, ‘has the burden to show that the evidence was not
sufficient to support the findings and orders.’ [Citation.]” (Ibid.)
Mother argues the juvenile court’s finding that ICWA does not apply to Dominick
is not supported by substantial evidence because CFS did not discharge its statutory duty
of initial inquiry. First, CFS failed to ask “the party reporting child abuse or neglect
whether the party has any information that the child may be an Indian child.” (§ 224.2,
subd. (a).) Second, CFS did not ask maternal great-grandfather W.M. about Dominick’s
potential Indian status, as required of “others who have an interest in the child.” (§ 224.2,
subd. (b).) Third, CFS failed to contact three of the extended family members identified
by Mother—maternal grandmother, maternal grandfather, and maternal aunt S.—to ask
them “whether the child is, or may be, an Indian child.” (§ 224.2, subd. (b).) CFS
expressly concedes that it failed to ask the reporting party or W.M. about Dominick’s
Indian ancestry, and by failing to address Mother’s contention regarding extended family
members, CFS implicitly concedes that it did not make any ICWA inquiry of maternal
grandparents or maternal aunt S. (See People v. Bouzas (1991) 53 Cal.3d 467, 480;
People v. Isaac (2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 143, 147, fn. 4.) We agree with Mother that by
failing to ask the reporting party, W.M., the maternal grandparents, and maternal aunt S.
about Indian ancestry, CFS failed to discharge its duty of initial inquiry.
CFS argues that any ICWA inquiry error was harmless, and Mother argues that it
was not. We need not address those arguments, because ICWA inquiry and notice errors
8
do not warrant reversal of the juvenile court’s jurisdictional or dispositional findings and
orders other than the ICWA finding itself. (Brooke C., supra, 127 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 385-386; Tina L., supra, 163 Cal.App.4th at p. 268; Veronica G., supra, 157
Cal.App.4th at p. 188; see K.B, supra, 173 Cal.App.4th at p. 1282; contra, Nicole K.,
supra, 146 Cal.App.4th at p. 785.) The First District recently reached a similar
conclusion in In re S.H. (Aug. 12, 2022, A163623) __ Cal.App.5th__ [2022 Cal.App.
Lexis 694].) We accordingly vacate the finding that ICWA does not apply, but we
otherwise affirm and direct the juvenile court on remand to order CFS to comply with its
inquiry and (if applicable) notice obligations under ICWA and related California law.
DISPOSITION
The finding that ICWA does not apply is vacated. The juvenile court is directed to
order CFS to comply with its inquiry and (if applicable) notice obligations under ICWA
and related California law. In all other respects, the dispositional findings and orders are
affirmed.
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
MENETREZ J. We concur:
RAMIREZ P. J.
RAPHAEL J.
9
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that the agency failed to discharge its duty of initial inquiry under the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) by neglecting to interview the reporting party and available extended family members. Consequently, the court vacated the finding that ICWA does not apply and remanded for further compliance, while affirming the underlying jurisdictional and dispositional orders.
Issues
Did the agency fulfill its duty of initial inquiry into the child's Indian ancestry under Welfare and Institutions Code section 224.2?
Do ICWA inquiry and notice errors warrant reversal of the juvenile court's jurisdictional or dispositional findings and orders?
Disposition. Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded with directions.
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“We agree with Mother that by failing to ask the reporting party, W.M., the maternal grandparents, and maternal aunt S. about Indian ancestry, CFS failed to discharge its duty of initial inquiry.”
“ICWA inquiry and notice errors do not warrant reversal of the juvenile court’s jurisdictional or dispositional findings and orders other than the finding that ICWA does not apply.”
“We accordingly vacate that finding and remand for compliance with ICWA and related California law, but we otherwise affirm.”