California Court of Appeal Aug 3, 2022 No. E078671Unpublished
Filed 8/3/22 In re L.A.-O. CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
In re L.A.-O. et al., Persons Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law.
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY E078671 CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES, (Super.Ct.Nos. J279705, Plaintiff and Respondent, J279706 and J285540)
v. OPINION
M.A. et al.,
Defendants and Appellants.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Annemarie G.
Pace, Judge. Affirmed.
Valerie N. Lankford, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant M.A.
Jill S. Smith, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant A.O. 1
Tom Bunton, County Counsel, and Joseph R. Barrell, Deputy County Counsel, for
Plaintiff and Respondent.
M.A. (mother) and A.O. (father) appeal from an order terminating — for the
second time — their parental rights to their three children.
In 2021, at a hearing pursuant to Welfare and Institutions Code section 366.26,1
the juvenile court found that the parental-benefit exception (§ 366.26, subd. (c)(1)(B)(i))
did not apply and terminated parental rights. The parents appealed. We reversed; we
directed the juvenile court to reconsider its finding regarding the parental-benefit
exception.
On remand, before our remittitur issued, the parents requested visitation, and the
mother requested a bonding study; the juvenile court denied both requests. After our
remittitur issued, it held a new section 366.26 hearing. Once again, it found that the
parental-benefit exception did not apply, and once again, it terminated parental rights.
The parents2 contend that:
(1) The juvenile court violated due process by denying a bonding study and
visitation.
(2) The juvenile court violated due process by admitting and considering a social
worker’s report filed after the first section 366.26 hearing.
1 All further statutory citations are to the Welfare and Institutions Code, except as otherwise indicated. 2 Each parent joins in the other’s contentions.
2
(3) The juvenile court violated due process by prejudging the parental-benefit
issue.
(4) The evidence does not support the juvenile court’s finding that the parental-
benefit exception did not apply.
We find no error — or, at least, no error that has been preserved for appeal.
Hence, we will affirm.
I
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
A. The First Section 366.26 Hearing.
The parents have three children together: N.A.-O (N.), a son, born in 2014;
G.A.-O. (G.), a daughter, born in 2015; and L.A.-O. (L.), a daughter, born in 2020.
In February 2019, Children and Family Services (CFS) obtained detention
warrants for N. and G. and filed dependency petitions concerning them.. In June 2020,
after L. was born, CFS detained her and filed a dependency petition as to her. The
concerns about the family included methamphetamine abuse, neglect of the children’s
hygiene, and a filthy home.
The juvenile court found that it had jurisdiction over all three children based on
failure to protect (§ 300, subd. (b)), and additionally, over L., based on failure to support
and abuse of a sibling. (§ 300, subds. (g), (j).)
3
In August 2020, the juvenile court terminated reunification services as to N. and
G. In February 2021, it terminated reunification services as to L. and set a section 366.26
hearing as to all three children.
In June 2021, at the section 366.26 hearing, the juvenile court found that the
children were adoptable and that there was no applicable exception to termination of
parental rights. It therefore terminated parental rights.
The parents appealed.
B. The Post-Permanent Plan Review Hearing.
While the appeal was pending, the juvenile court held a post-permanent plan
review hearing. In connection with that hearing, CFS submitted a post-permanent plan
review report dated December 2021 (PPR report). Because the parents’ rights had been
terminated, they had no right to a copy of the PPR report before the hearing, and they did
not attend the hearing; at the hearing, the juvenile court ordered their counsel relieved.
C. Our Opinion in the Previous Appeal.
We issued our opinion on December 27, 2021. (In re L.A.-O. (2021) 73
Cal.App.5th 197.) In it, we reversed the order terminating parental rights. We held that
the trial court’s finding that the parental-benefit exception did not apply was ambiguous;
it could be understood as complying — but also as not complying — with In re Caden C.
(2021) 11 Cal.5th 614 (Caden C.). (In re L.A.-O., supra, at pp. 208-212.) We directed
the trial court, on remand, to “reconsider the application of the parental-benefit exception
in light of Caden C. and this opinion.” (Id. at p. 212.)
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D. The Special Hearing.
On February 4, 2022, the juvenile court held a “special hearing.”
It began by commenting, “The remittitur isn’t final yet, so technically I don’t even
have jurisdiction yet. But I put it on so we can discuss it and how we’re procedurally
going to proceed.”
The mother’s counsel replied: “[I]f I can just make some requests. I do
understand that we may not be able to do those since the remittitur is not done, but at
least if I can voice those requests and we can address them at the next hearing.” She said
the mother would be requesting visitation and a bonding study. The father’s counsel
joined in the mother’s request for visitation.
Minor’s counsel said, “With respect to the request for visits, I mean obviously I’m
not going to object to that necessarily.” However, counsel for CFS did object to
visitation, on the ground that the juvenile court did not yet have jurisdiction. She also
objected to a bonding study, because (1) “the Court has authority to deny a bonding study
at a .26,” and (2) a bonding study would not be “helpful to the Court,” because the
parents’ visits were “of poor quality” and the parents had not visited for eight months.
The juvenile court ruled: “I don’t have jurisdiction at this point . . . . I mean, I can
set a hearing. But also I don’t believe it’s in the children’s best interest to order visits. I
think it would be confusing to them based on the evidence that I heard. I don’t believe
there is the substantial bond under Caden C.” “I think it would be confusing to the kids
to have stopped visits, start them again, and it’s certainly not in their best interest.”
5
“I also don’t believe a bonding study based on the evidence I already heard would
be appropriate again. I think it would be more damaging than helpful, so I’m going to
deny the request for a bonding study. I don’t think it would help me decide the issue at
all.”
The juvenile court also commented, “I believe the parties are in agreement to set a
new .26 hearing after the remittitur is filed, at which time I would either listen to any
testimony or argument on the parental bond exception.” “I don’t believe we even need a
new .26 based on the language of the remand . . . . But if everyone agrees that that’s the
safer course, I’ll do it. [¶] I think the evidence is what it is and what I heard already.” It
set a new section 366.26 hearing for March 11, 2022.
On March 1, 2022, we issued our remittitur.
E. The Second Section 366.26 Hearing.
On March 11, 2022, at the second section 366.26 hearing, counsel for CFS offered
five specified reports (but not the PPR report) into evidence.3
The mother’s counsel once again requested visitation and a bonding study and
requested a continuance for that purpose. Once again, the juvenile court denied the
request.
3 The juvenile court also said, “I will take judicial notice of any reports that exist in the file.” However, it suggested that counsel for CFS had already introduced them; she agreed. Thus, it does not appear that it took judicial notice of the PPR report, which she had not yet introduced.
6
The mother sought to introduce some letters and photos, but the trial court
excluded them. Otherwise, the parents did not seek to introduce any evidence. Thus, the
juvenile court proceeded to hear argument. Minors’ counsel said: “[T]here’s been zero
evidence presented to the Court today that the children have somehow been suffering
detriment as a result of that termination. Which, if there was, in fact, this beneficial
relationship [such that termination] would be detrimental to the children, you would
expect the parents to have produced that evidence.”
The juvenile court found that the children did not “have a substantial positive
emotional attachment to the parents . . . .” It agreed with minors’ counsel — “I don’t
have any evidence that the kids are suffering from not having contact with the parents. In
fact, I had a PPR in December where none of that evidence was in existence.” “[T]he
benefits of adoption far outweigh any detriment, if there is any, to the children in
terminating parental rights.” It therefore terminated parental rights.
After the juvenile court ruled, counsel for CFS belatedly offered the PPR report
into evidence. There was no objection, and the juvenile court admitted it.
II
THE DENIAL OF A BONDING STUDY AND VISITATION
The parents contend that the juvenile court violated due process by denying a
bonding study and visitation.
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A. Lack of Jurisdiction.
CFS responds that, because our remittitur had not yet issued, the juvenile court
had no jurisdiction to order a bonding study or visitation.
Subject to statutory exceptions, ‘““[t]he filing of a valid notice of appeal vests
jurisdiction of the cause in the appellate court until determination of the appeal and
issuance of the remittitur” [citation] and deprives the trial court of jurisdiction to make
any order affecting the judgment [citation].’ [Citation.]” (People v. Wagner (2009) 45
Cal.4th 1039, 1061; accord, In re Anna S. (2010) 180 Cal.App.4th 1489, 1499 (Anna S.).)
“Issuance of a remittitur terminates the appellate court’s jurisdiction over the case and
revests jurisdiction in the trial court. [Citations.]” (Eisenberg et al., Cal. Practice Guide:
Civil Appeals & Writs (The Rutter Group 2021) ¶ 14:2.)
Anna S. construed sections 3024 and 3855 as statutory exceptions to this rule, so
that “[n]o matter the status of any related appellate proceeding, the juvenile court has the
authority and duty to act to protect the safety of the child. [Citations.]” (Anna S., supra,
180 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1501-1502.) We assume, without deciding, that this is correct.
4 Presumably the court was referring to section 302, subdivision (c), which provides: “When a child is adjudged a dependent of the juvenile court, any issues regarding custodial rights between his or her parents shall be determined solely by the juvenile court . . . so long as the child remains a dependent of the juvenile court.” 5 Section 385 provides: “Any order made by the court in the case of any person subject to its jurisdiction may at any time be changed, modified, or set aside . . . .”
8
Here, however, the parents did not claim that either visitation or a bonding study
was necessary “to protect the safety of the child,” and it does not appear that they were.
The order appealed from terminated parental rights; although our opinion reversed that
order, until the remittitur issued, any order for visitation or a bonding study would affect
the judgment by effectively restoring parental rights.
Thus, at the special hearing, the juvenile court had no jurisdiction to grant
visitation or a bonding study. The mother’s counsel even acknowledged that. She
indicated that she wanted the juvenile court to address her requests “at the next hearing.”
However, she did not object when the trial court set a section 366.26 hearing as the next
hearing.
The parents could and should have asked the court to hold a hearing on the issues
of visitation and a bonding study before the section 366.26 hearing. At the section
366.26 hearing itself, the mother’s counsel did belatedly request a continuance for this
purpose. The parents, however, do not contend that the juvenile court erred by denying a
continuance. And for good reason. The mother failed to file written notice of her motion
at least two court days before the date set for hearing, as required; she also failed to show
any good cause to excuse this requirement. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.550(a)(4).)
“Moreover, continuances in juvenile court are disfavored. [Citation.]” (In re
M.M. (2022) ___ Cal.App.5th ___, ___ [2022 Cal. App. LEXIS 602 at [9]].) The juvenile
court could properly reason that the mother should have objected when it set the section
366.26 hearing.
9
It follows that, even assuming for the sake of argument the juvenile court denied
visitation and a bonding study for erroneous reasons, the error was harmless. At the
special hearing, it could not have ordered visitation and a bonding study at all. At the
second section 366.26 hearing, visitation and a bonding study would have required a
continuance, which it properly denied. Certainly there was no due process violation.
B. Merits.
Separately and alternatively, the juvenile court’s reasons for denying a bonding
study and visitation were legally correct.
1. Denial of a bonding study.
“Trial courts should seriously consider, where requested and appropriate, allowing
for a bonding study or other relevant expert testimony.” (Caden C., supra, 11 Cal.5th at
p. 633, fn. 4.) “Expert opinions or bonding studies provided by psychologists who have
observed and/or reviewed the parent-child relationship are often ‘an important source of
information about the psychological importance of the relationship for the child.’
[Citation.]” (In re Katherine J. (2022) 75 Cal.App.5th 303, 317.)
Nevertheless, “a bonding study . . . is not required as a matter of law . . . .” (In re
J.D. (2021) 70 Cal.App.5th 833, 862.) “There is no requirement in statutory or case law
that a court must secure a bonding study as a condition precedent to a termination order.”
(In re Lorenz C. (1997) 54 Cal.App.4th 1330, 1339-1340.)
“The applicable standard of review is whether, under all the evidence viewed in a
light most favorable to the juvenile court’s action, the juvenile court could have
10
reasonably refrained from ordering a bonding study. [Citation.]” (In re Lorenzo C.,
supra, 54 Cal.App.4th at p. 1341.)
In re Richard C. (1998) 68 Cal.App.4th 1191 (Richard C.) held that a request for a
bonding study made after termination of reunification services is belated and may be
denied on that ground. (Id. at pp. 1195-1197.)
It explained: “‘[A]lthough the preservation of a minor’s family ties is one of the
goals of the dependency laws, it is of critical importance only at the point in the
proceeding when the court removes a dependent child from parental custody [citation].
. . . Family preservation ceases to be of overriding concern if a dependent child cannot be
safely returned to parental custody and the juvenile court terminates reunification
services. Then, the focus shifts from the parent’s interest in reunification to the child’s
interest in permanency and stability. [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (Richard C., supra, 68
Cal.App.4th at p. 1195.)
“‘At the time the court makes its determination, the parent and child have been in
the dependency process for 12 months or longer, during which time the nature and extent
of the particular relationship should be apparent.’ [Citations.]
“Bonding studies after the termination of reunification services would frequently
require delays in permanency planning. Similar requests to acquire additional evidence
in support of a parent’s claim [of the parental-benefit exception] could be asserted in
nearly every dependency proceeding where the parent has maintained some contact with
the child. The Legislature did not contemplate such last-minute efforts to put off
11
permanent placement. [Citation.] While it is not beyond the juvenile court’s discretion
to order a bonding study late in the process under compelling circumstances, the denial of
a belated request for such a study is fully consistent with the scheme of the dependency
statutes, and with due process.” (Richard C., supra, 68 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1196-1197, fn.
omitted.)
Here, the parents did not show any “compelling circumstances” that demanded a
belated bonding study. Had they wanted a bonding study, they could have requested one
before the first section 366.26 hearing. Thus, under Richard C., the juvenile court did not
abuse its discretion.
2. Denial of visitation.
After the juvenile court terminates reunification services and before it holds a
section 366.26 hearing, parents are entitled to visitation, unless the juvenile court finds
that visitation would be detrimental to the child. (§§ 366.21, subd. (h), 366.22, subd.
(a)(3), 366.25, subd. (a)(3).) Here, the juvenile court essentially ruled that visitation
would be detrimental — “it would be confusing to the kids to have stopped visits [and]
start them again . . . .”
“Visitation orders in dependency cases are typically reviewed for abuse of
discretion and will not be reversed absent a ‘clear showing of an abuse of discretion.’
[Citation.]” (In re J.P. (2019) 37 Cal.App.5th 1111, 1119.)
Preliminarily, CFS argues that, because parental rights had been terminated, it,
rather than the juvenile court, had exclusive authority over visitation. (See § 366.26,
12
subd. (j).) However, we had reversed the order terminating parental rights. As already
discussed in part II.A, ante, at the special hearing, the juvenile court had no jurisdiction
over visitation at all. It could have ruled on the request for visitation after we issued our
remittitur, but by then, parental rights were no longer terminated.
The parents argue that “[t]he denial of visitation was based on speculation . . . .”
However, the record showed that the most recent visits had been of poor quality, and
thereafter visitation had stopped completely for nine months. It was a reasonable
inference that renewed visitation would be confusing to the children and would interfere
with their burgeoning attachment to the prospective adoptive parents.
The parents also argue that the juvenile court’s decision was speculative absent
input from the children’s therapist. They forfeited this argument by failing to raise it
below. If they felt the therapist’s opinion would be helpful (and not privileged), they
were free to introduce it themselves. They do not explain what legal principle obligated
the trial court to consult the therapist sua sponte.
Finally, the parents claim that “neither CFS nor the children’s counsel objected to
the children visiting the parents while the section 366.26 hearing was pending . . . .” That
is not true. Counsel for CFS did object, albeit based on lack of jurisdiction. Minor’s
counsel was lukewarm — he said he did not “necessarily” object; he did not argue in
favor of visitation. In any event, a failure to object by counsel for CFS and the minors
would not relieve the juvenile court of its duty to exercise its independent judgment on
the issue, based on its view of the best interest of the children.
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We therefore conclude that the juvenile court did not abuse its discretion by
denying visitation.
III
ADMISSION AND CONSIDERATION OF THE PPR REPORT
The parents contend that the juvenile court violated due process by admitting and
considering the PPR report. They claim that neither they nor their counsel had received
the report, and, once it was admitted, they were not given an opportunity to respond to it.
They also argue that the juvenile court erred by considering the report before it had been
formally admitted.
They forfeited all of these contentions by failing to raise them below. “[A]
reviewing court ordinarily will not consider a challenge to a ruling if an objection could
have been but was not made in the trial court. [Citation.]” (In re S.B. (2004) 32 Cal.4th
1287, 1293.) Among other things, the failure to object to evidence forfeits the argument
that it was admitted erroneously. (Evid. Code, § 353, subd. (a).)
Understandably, then, they attempt to reframe the asserted error as a due process
violation. However, a due process claim, too, can be forfeited by failure to raise it in the
trial court. (In re Dakota H. (2005) 132 Cal.App.4th 212, 221-222; In re Cynthia C.
(1997) 58 Cal.App.4th 1479, 1491.) Admittedly, we have discretion to entertain a
constitutional claim for the first time on appeal, but only if it presents a pure question of
law. (In re Spencer S. (2009) 176 Cal.App.4th 1315, 1323.) The parents’ due process
claim does not. It turns on whether they received a copy of the PPR report before the
14
hearing. The record does not rule out this possibility. Admittedly, they did not have a
right to receive it (§ 302, subd. (b)); however, their counsel may have received it
informally, before being relieved or after being reappointed. Moreover, whether the
asserted error was prejudicial turns on whether the parents could have rebutted the
information in the PPR report; we just don’t know.
Separately and alternatively, the due process claim fails on the merits. “The
touchstone of due process is fundamental fairness.” (Salas v. Cortez (1979) 24 Cal.3d 22,
27.) “[T]he most basic concept of due process is the right to notice and a meaningful
opportunity to be heard. [Citations.]” (In re J.F. (2011) 196 Cal.App.4th 321, 335.)
Here, the juvenile court gave notice that intended to rely on the PPR report, and CFS
gave notice that was seeking to admit it. The parents had an opportunity to object. The
fact that the PPR report was offered after the court had already ruled did not prevent their
counsel from speaking up. Thus, the hearing was not fundamentally unfair. Moreover,
the parents do not claim that their counsel rendered ineffective assistance by failing to
object.
IV
EXCLUSION OF THE MOTHER’S PROFFERED EVIDENCE
At the second section 366.26 hearing, the mother’s counsel offered into evidence
what she described as “a folder with numerous pages[,] . . . includ[ing] the status reports
from the case highlighting the successful visits the parents had. There are two letters of
15
reference and multiple pictures of the children engaging with the parents.” The juvenile
court ruled: “I’m not going to do that. That’s not the way evidence gets introduced.”
In the introduction to her brief, the mother asserts that the exclusion of this
evidence — at least, when combined with the admission of the PPR report — constituted
a violation of due process. Accordingly, CFS argues that the juvenile court properly
excluded this evidence.
The mother forfeited this claim by failing to support it with reasoned argument
and citations to authority. (See In re J.F. (2019) 39 Cal.App.5th 70, 79-80.) Arguably, it
is comprised within the caption of her brief saying that “[t]he court denied the parents the
opportunity to prove the parental-benefit exception, while relying on Respondent’s
evidence to reject it.” (Italics omitted.) The argument under that caption, however,
discusses only the denial of visitation and of a bonding study. Nowhere else does she
explain how the exclusion of her proffered documents was supposedly a violation of due
process.
We do not mean to suggest that, if not forfeited, this claim would have merit. The
proffered documents were never properly authenticated. (See Evid. Code, §§ 1400, 1401,
subd. (a).) The juvenile court therefore correctly excluded them. Moreover, the mother
cannot show prejudice because her counsel did not have the documents marked as
exhibits or otherwise made part of the record. (See Evid. Code, § 354, subd. (a).)
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V
PREJUDGMENT
The parents contend that they were denied due process because the juvenile court
had already made up its mind that the parental-benefit exception did not apply. They
point to its comments at the special hearing, when it explained that it was denying
visitation and a bonding study, in part because: “I don’t believe there is the substantial
bond under Caden C.” “I think the evidence is what it is and what I heard already.”
The parents forfeited this contention by failing to raise it below. (In re S.B., supra,
32 Cal.4th at p. 1293.)
They also forfeited it by failing to file a writ petition. Improper prejudgment is a
form of judicial bias. (Haworth v. Superior Court (2010) 50 Cal.4th 372, 389
[“‘Impartiality’ entails . . . [the] maintenance of an open mind.’ [Citation.]”].) An
appellate court can review a claim of judicial bias only by writ, not by appeal. (Code
Civ. Proc., § 170.3, subd. (d).) This is true even when the claim is couched in terms of a
denial of due process. (People v. Lucas (2014) 60 Cal.4th 153, 304, disapproved on
unrelated grounds in People v. Romero and Self (2015) 62 Cal.4th 1, 53, fn. 19.)
We hasten to add that the parents have not shown so much as a hint of
prejudgment. There had already been a section 366.26 hearing; at that hearing, the
juvenile court had already found that the parental-benefit exception did not apply. When
the parents requested visitation and a bonding study, they did not introduce any new
evidence or claim any changed circumstances. Hence, the juvenile court was entitled to
17
rely on the evidence it had already heard. It did not have to pretend the previous
proceedings in the case had not happened. Its reliance on that evidence fails to show that
it would have refused to consider new evidence, if the parents had offered any. Indeed, at
the section 366.26 hearing, it did consider new evidence — the PPR report. It also fails
to show that it did not fairly consider the arguments raised at the section 366.26 hearing.
The juvenile court cited Caden C., showing that it did reevaluate the evidence it had
already heard in light of that case, exactly as we directed it to do.
VI
THE SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
The parents contend that the evidence does not support the juvenile court’s finding
that that the parental-benefit exception did not apply.
A. Additional Factual Background.
At the section 366.26 hearing, a total of six social workers’ reports were
introduced into evidence. We confine our consideration to that evidence. (See In re
L.A.-O., supra, 73 Cal.App.5th at pp. 207-208.)6
6 One of the items not introduced was the mother’s testimony at the first section 366.26 hearing. Nevertheless, the juvenile court did consider the mother’s former testimony; however, it concluded, “I find the reports to be more credible than the mother’s testimony . . . .”
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1. Visitation before termination of reunification services.
The parents had had visitation, supervised by the caregiver, for two hours once a
week.7 The mother also did some video visits. Before reunification services were fully
terminated, the parents behaved appropriately. The children enjoyed the visits. In late
2019, N. and G. said “they ‘want to see mom and dad more.’” The parents were attentive
to L.’s needs, feeding her and changing her diaper, and appeared to be developing a bond
with her.
2. Visitation after termination of reunification services.
After reunification services were fully terminated, in February 2021, there is no
evidence that the children enjoyed the visits. During visits, the father “was repeatedly
going to the restroom, appeared sleepy and sometimes nodding off, and was not being
attentive to the children.”
Once, while taking the two older children to the restroom, the mother told them
“not to tell the worker anything, the social worker is a liar and that is why they are not
going home.” When the social worker told her this was “inappropriate,” she was “not
receptive”; she “responded that she is not talking about the case but telling her children
the truth that they aren’t going home because of the social worker.”
During one video visit, both “parents appeared under the influence, as they were
slurring words . . . .”
7 At one point, visitation was increased to four hours a week, but it soon was reduced back to two hours a week.
19
As a result of these issues with visitation, CFS required that visits take place at a
CFS office and be supervised by a CFS employee.
During subsequent visits, the prospective adoptive mother reported, G. was
“struggling.” It was hard to redirect her. She had tantrums “often,” “crying, laying on
the floor, and isolating herself in a corner of the room.” After visits, she had “a difficult
time adjusting . . . .” She would cry, scream, and “withdraw[] for an hour or more . . . .”
N. and G. would “argue more often after visits on the way home in the car.” Hence, as of
the first section 366.26 hearing, CFS was recommending that visitation be reduced to
once a month if the hearing was continued.
Between the termination of their parental rights at the first section 366.26 hearing,
in June 2021, and the second section 366.26 hearing, in March 2022, the parents had no
visitation.
The children had been placed with the prospective adoptive parents since August
2020 — i.e., for more than a year and a half. As of November 2021, “[t]he children
[we]re affectionate with the [prospective adoptive parents] and appear[ed] comfortable in
the home. The children . . . view[ed] the [prospective adoptive parents] as their parental
figures.”
B. Legal Background.
“‘“[A]t a section 366.26 hearing, the court may select one of three alternative
permanency plans for the dependent child — adoption, guardianship or long-term foster
care.” [Citation.] At this stage of the dependency proceedings, adoption is preferred
20
because it ensures permanency and stability for the minors. [Citations.]’ [Citation.]
Thus, as a general rule, at a section 366.26 hearing, if the trial court finds that the child is
adoptable, it must select adoption as the permanent plan and terminate parental rights.
[Citation.]
“However, there are several exceptions to this rule. [Citation.] One such
exception applies if ‘[t]he court finds a compelling reason for determining that
termination would be detrimental to the child’ because ‘[t]he parents have maintained
regular visitation and contact with the child and the child would benefit from continuing
the relationship.’ [Citation.]
“The leading California Supreme Court case regarding the parental-benefit
exception is Caden C., supra, 11 Cal.5th 614. Under Caden C., to establish the parental-
benefit exception, a parent must prove three elements: ‘(1) regular visitation and contact,
and (2) a relationship, the continuation of which would benefit the child such that (3) the
termination of parental rights would be detrimental to the child.’ [Citations.]
“In ‘assess[ing] whether “the child would benefit from continuing the
relationship,” . . . the focus is the child. . . . [T]he relationship may be shaped by a slew
of factors, such as “[t]he age of the child, the portion of the child’s life spent in the
parent’s custody, the ‘positive’ or ‘negative’ effect of interaction between parent and
child, and the child’s particular needs.” [Citation.]’ [Citation.]
“‘[I]n assessing whether termination would be detrimental, the trial court must
decide whether the harm from severing the child’s relationship with the parent outweighs
21
the benefit to the child of placement in a new adoptive home. [Citation.]’ [Citation.]
The court must ask, ‘does the benefit of placement in a new, adoptive home outweigh
“the harm [the child] would experience from the loss of [a] significant, positive,
emotional relationship with [the parent?]” [Citation.]’ [Citation.]
“‘[A] substantial evidence standard of review applies to the first two elements.’
[Citation.] But ‘the ultimate decision — whether termination of parental rights would be
detrimental to the child due to the child’s relationship with his parent — is discretionary
and properly reviewed for abuse of discretion.’ [Citation.] ‘A court abuses its discretion
only when “‘“the trial court has exceeded the limits of legal discretion by making an
arbitrary, capricious, or patently absurd determination.”’” [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (In re
L.A.-O., supra, 73 Cal.App.5th at pp. 205-207, italics omitted.)
As mentioned, the parents had the burden of proving that the parental-benefit
exception applied. “‘[W]here the issue on appeal turns on a failure of proof at trial, the
question for a reviewing court becomes whether the evidence compels a finding in favor
of the appellant as a matter of law. [Citations.] Specifically, the question becomes
whether the appellant’s evidence was (1) ‘uncontradicted and unimpeached’ and (2) ‘of
such a character and weight as to leave no room for a judicial determination that it was
insufficient to support a finding.’ [Citation.]” (In re I.W. (2009) 180 Cal.App.4th 1517,
1528, disapproved on other grounds in Conservatorship of O.B. (2020) 9 Cal.5th 989,
1010, fn. 7.)
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C. Discussion.
The juvenile court could reasonably find that the parents failed to show detriment.
Although visitation before the termination of reunification services was positive,
thereafter, it became fraught. The father failed to be attentive to the children. The
mother talked to the children about the case; she told them it was the social worker’s fault
that they could not go home. The behavior of both G. and N. deteriorated after visits.
There was no evidence that the children enjoyed these later visits or benefited from them.
The parents complain that “[u]nfortunately, as is so often the case, once
reunification services are terminated and a .26 hearing is set, all descriptions of positive
interaction between parents and children disappear from WIC reports when the
Department recommends the children be freed for adoption.” This ignores the fact that
they had the right to present evidence regarding the quality of the visits. If they felt the
social workers’ reports were one-sided, they were free to call themselves, the social
worker, and even the children. The juvenile court did, in fact, consider the mother’s
testimony from the first section 366.26 hearing, although it found it not credible.
Moreover, as CFS points out, because parental rights had actually been terminated
once, we have “unique insight” into the likelihood of detriment. There was no evidence
that, during the nine months after termination, the children missed the parents at all.
Rather, they viewed the prospective adoptive parents as their “parental figures.”
The parents argue that the trial court erred by “focus[ing] . . . on a small portion of
the case . . . .” However, the juvenile court did not ignore the earlier reports. To the
23
contrary, it said, “So while I think there are positive mentions in the life of the case, the
Court has to look at the entirety of the situation.” It could rationally focus on the later
evidence because, when compared with the earlier evidence, it showed a trend of
deteriorating visitation.
The period between termination of reunification services and the first section
366.26 hearing was four months. The juvenile court could reasonably assume that, if the
children were benefiting from visitation, that was enough time for that fact to be
manifest. Likewise, the period between the first section 366.26 hearing and the second
section 366.26 hearing was nine months. The juvenile court could reasonably assume
that, if the children were suffering detriment from termination, there would have been
some evidence of that fact.
The parents also argue that the juvenile court erroneously “assumed the children’s
behaviors were due to their interactions with the parents.” They suggest that the
children’s poor behavior could have been due to “the change in visitation setting” or “the
children learn[ing] they were not returning to the parents.” It is true that G. also had
tantrums that were unrelated to visitation. She had been diagnosed as having
oppositional defiant disorder and an acute stress reaction. She was being treated with
therapy and psychotropic medication. Nevertheless, according to the prospective
adoptive mother — who would have been familiar with G.’s ordinary behavior — G. not
only had tantrums during visits but also “struggle[ed]” during visits and had “a difficult
24
time adjusting” after visits. Moreover, G. and N. argued more than usual on the way
home after visits.
The juvenile court could properly reason that, if the children really benefited from
spending time with the parents, then visits at a CFS office (presumably designed for
visitation) would be just as beneficial as they were at a park. And, although the juvenile
court had terminated reunification services and set a section 366.26 hearing, there is no
evidence that the children were told that this would mean that they would not be returned
to the parents. In the report for the first section 366.26 hearing, the social worker said,
“The children are too young to fully understand these proceedings.”
We therefore conclude that the juvenile court did not err in finding that the
parental-benefit exception did not apply.
VII
VIOLATION OF CADEN C.
In their reply briefs, the parents contend that the juvenile court violated Caden C.
by “compar[ing] the attributes of the custodial caretaker relative to those of the parents.”
They forfeited this contention by failing to raise it in their opening briefs. (In re J.N.
(2006) 138 Cal.App.4th 450, 459, fn. 5.) In any event, it lacks merit. In support, they
cite page 17 of the reporter’s transcript of the first section 366.26 hearing. That page
25
does not show that the court did compare the parents to the caretaker.8 More
fundamentally, any such error at that hearing was cured by our reversal and remand.
VIII
DISPOSITION
The order appealed from is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS RAMIREZ P. J.
We concur:
MILLER J.
FIELDS J.
8 This is not a typo for page 17 of the second section 366.26 hearing, because that page does not support the claim, either; in fact, on that page, the juvenile court did not speak.
26
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that the juvenile court did not err in denying a bonding study and visitation, nor did it violate due process by considering a post-permanent plan review report or by allegedly prejudging the parental-benefit exception. The evidence was sufficient to support the finding that the parental-benefit exception did not apply to prevent the termination of parental rights.
Issues
Did the juvenile court violate due process by denying a bonding study and visitation?
Did the juvenile court violate due process by admitting and considering a social worker’s report filed after the first section 366.26 hearing?
Did the juvenile court violate due process by prejudging the parental-benefit issue?
Does the evidence support the juvenile court’s finding that the parental-benefit exception did not apply?
Disposition. Affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“The juvenile court could properly reason that the mother should have objected when it set the section 366.26 hearing.”
“There is no requirement in statutory or case law that a court must secure a bonding study as a condition precedent to a termination order.”
“The juvenile court cited Caden C., showing that it did reevaluate the evidence it had already heard in light of that case, exactly as we directed it to do.”