California Supreme Court Oct 14, 1889 No. No. 20544Published
Before: Paterson
Synopsis
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Luis Obispo County.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the court. gat-ion to excuse or justify by a preponderance of evidence on his part; that is, the killing being proved, the defendant must make out his case in mitigation to excuse or justify by some proof stronger in some appreciable degree than the proof of the prosecution. The burden of proof changes.\ The second instruction given at the request of the prosecution is stated in the syllabus. The further facts are stated in the opinion of the court.
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Opinion
The Court. The defendant in this case was accused by information of grand larceny. He was convicted as charged. From the judgment rendered upon the verdict of the jury, and an order denying a new trial, he appeals. He contends that an instruction of the court in reference to the appropriation of lost property by the finder thereof is erroneous. The language complained of is as follows: “One who finds lost property under circumstances which give him knowledge or means of [137]inquiry as to the true owner, and who appropriates such property to his own use, or to the use of another person not entitled thereto, without making reasonable and just efforts to find the owner and restore the property to him, is guilty of larceny.” It is not denied that the instruction is correct as an abstract proposition of law, but it is insisted that it was improper, under the charge contained in the information. The defendant argues that the acts defined in section 485 of the Penal Code constitute a different kind of larceny from that set out in the provisions of section 484 of the same code. The two sections read thus: “ Sec. 484. Larceny is the felonious stealing, taking, carrying, leading, or driving away the personal property of another.” “ Sec. 485. One who finds lost property under circumstances which give him knowledge of or means of inquiry as to the true owner, and who appropriates such property to his own use, or to the use of another person not entitled thereto, without first making reasonable and just efforts to find the owner and restore the property to him, is guilty of larceny.”
It will be seen at a glance that it was not the legislative intent to create, by the enactment of these provisions of law, any two distinct kinds of larceny, such as the defendant insists upon. The first section defines, larceny generally; the second section declares a rule of evidence which, being fulfilled, constitutes the crime as defined in the first section. It is plain that the charge was correct under the information, and there was evidence in the case, proceeding from the defendant and his witnesses, which tended, in some degree at least, to show that the defendant did find and appropriate a stray steer, not then in the actual possession of Mosher, in whom the title was laid in the information, and that such appropriation was made without first making reasonable and just efforts to find the owner and restore the property to him. The instruction of the court was in[138]
tended to meet this view of the case as presented by the defendant himself, in the attempted justification of his act of appropriation. On the other hand, the proof first adduced by the prosecution went to show that Mosher owned the steer,—had bought it of Meade and Goldtree Brothers. Then, upon further investigation, there was evidence tending to show that Mosher only had a special interest in it as an agister for the Vachel Brothers. Thus there was evidence upon which the jury were to pass, involving several propositions: 1. Whether the property was Mosher's absolutely, or that in which he had a special interest; 2. Whether the property was stolen from, his possession either as the owner or agister; 3. Whether it was taken from Mosher's actual possession, or was, as claimed by the defendant, found by him as lost property, and taken up in good faith, to be accounted for to the true owner, or taken up and appropriated as lost property in bad faith, and with an intention to deprive the owner of it. Under this state of the evidence it was the duty of the court to instruct the jury as to the law bearing upon each class of facts as presented in the evidence, leaving it to the jury to determine which was the true state of facts. If Mosher owned the property, and it was stolen from his possession, the defendant would be guilty if he took or drove it away; but if Mosher did not own it by purchase from Goldtree Brothers and Meade, yet if he had a special interest in it, as agister or otherwise, it would not prevent the jury from finding the defendant guilty of larceny, if the other facts warranted; so that the instruction to the jury asked by the defendant, and refused by the court, that “it is contended by the people that the steer mentioned in the information was purchased by I. E. Mosher from Gold-tree Brothers and Meade, and if you find from the evidence that there is a reasonable doubt that the said Goldtree Brothers and Meade sold said steer to I. E. Mosher., you will give the defendant the benefit of the
[139]
doubt, and find the defendant not guilty,” was wrong, and properly refused. It took away from the jury all consideration of the other inculpatory facts in evidence, as affecting the question whether the defendant stole the property from Mosher as an agister, or found and appropriated it as lost from Mosher’s possession as said agister, and without effort to return it to him. This instruction was given also: “If A takes cattle from B to pasture, and any cattle are stolen from the possession of A, it is larceny, and the property may be alleged to be the property of A.” In view of the facts in evidence upon the question of Mosher’s agistment of the stolen property, and the other instructions in the case, it is plain that this instruction was to the effect, and could only be understood as saying to the jury, that if Mosher took cattle from the Vachel Brothers, or any other person, to pasture, and any of such cattle were stolen from Mosher, it would be larceny, and the property may be alleged in the information to be the property of Mosher; and therefore the instruction was not misleading or Wrong as a proposition of law. Taking the instruction by itself, and without considering all the evidence and the other' instructions, it might be subject to the nice criticism put upon it by the ingenious counsel for the defense; but to a fair-minded person, in view of all the facts, circumstances, and other instructions, we cannot see that the defendant could have suffered any prejudicial error through the instruction as given. There was some evidence in the case that Mosher had a special interest in the property, and had it in possession as agister upon a special contingent contract with the owner. This being so, it was for the jury to say whether this special interest and possession existed; and that being so, there was no necessity for an allegation in the information of any joint ownership by Vachel Brothers and Mosher, naming each one.
The further claim is made by the appellant that cer-_ [140]tain other instructions requested to be given were erroneously refused by the court. They are as follows: “(d) If you find, from the evidence, that the steer described in the information belonged, at the time of the alleged taking, to a partnership composed of A. H. Vachel, Arthur Vachel, and I. E. Mosher, you must find the defendant not guilty, (e) If you believe, from the evidence, that the steer described in the information belonged, at the time of the alleged taking, to H. A. Vachel and Arthur Vachel, and I. E. Mosher has a half interest in the increase of the value of said steer, you must find the defendant not guilty.” The evidence did not disclose any partnership between Mosher and the Vachel Brothers; He held the property as an agister in trust for them, and was to have a contingent interest in the increased value of the steer, if any accrued. There is no evidence that any such value did accrue. For this reason, not to speak of others which might be mentioned, the instructions were properly refused.
The court refused instruction marked “b,” reading thus: “It is also contended by the people that the steer described in the information was sold to Byer Brothers to Goldtree Brothers and Meade; and if you have any reasonable doubt as to whether Byer Brothers did sell said steer to Goldtree Brothers and Meade, you must give the defendant the benefit of that doubt, and find the defendant not guilty.” If this instruction, as it appears in the bill of exceptions, is exactly as asked, it is plain that it is unintelligible. If it is meant to use the word “by” instead of “to” just before the words “Byer Brothers ” where they first occur, then if granted the jury would have been confined to only one theory of the case, and would have been compelled to disregard all other facts in evidence bearing upon the defendant’s possible guilt, and the instruction was properly refused.
The refusal of instruction marked “ c ” in the bill of exceptions, as asked for by the defendant, is claimed to [141]be prejudicial to his rights. The instruction is: “If you find, from the evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt, that on or about the time mentioned in the information, the defendant was in possession of the steer described therein, and that the defendant gave an honest account of how he came by it, or under what authority he took said steer, it is incumbent on the people, unless the account given of the possession by the defendant was unreasonable or improbable on its face, to show that the account of said possession is false.” The counsel for defendant probably intended to ask for an instruction to the effect that if his story showed that he was in possession of the property innocently, and his story was reasonable, etc., then the jury could not convict, unless the prosecution showed that story to be false; that is, we suppose, directly disproved it. Even that doctrine would be doubtful. But that was not what defendant asked. When an appellant seeks to reverse a judgment for a refusal to give a certain instruction, he must successfully maintain that the instruction asked clearly stated a correct principle. Here the proposed instruction was, that if defendant “ gave an honest account of how he came by ” the property, it was incumbent upon the people to show that the account was false. Now, the only notion we can have of an honest account is a true account. If, therefore, according to this proposed instruction, a defendant in a larceny case should give an “honest account” of how he got the stolen property, and that account should be that he stole it, it would be incumbent on the people to show that the “ account ” was false, — that is, that he did not steal it; a proposition which, it may be safely said, is not law.
We see.no error in the record. Judgment and order affirmed.
Dissent — Paterson
Paterson, J., dissenting. I dissent, because in my opinion the evidence is insufficient to support the verdict and judgment.
AI Brief
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Holding. The court held that Penal Code sections 484 and 485 do not create distinct types of larceny, but rather that section 485 provides a rule of evidence for the crime defined in section 484, and that the trial court properly instructed the jury on the evidence presented.
Issues
Whether Penal Code sections 484 and 485 define two distinct kinds of larceny.
Whether the trial court erred in its instructions to the jury regarding the appropriation of lost property.
Whether the trial court erred in refusing certain instructions requested by the defendant.
Disposition. affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“It will be seen at a glance that it was not the legislative intent to create, by the enactment of these provisions of law, any two distinct kinds of larceny”
“The first section defines, larceny generally; the second section declares a rule of evidence which, being fulfilled, constitutes the crime as defined in the first section.”