Freeny v. City of San Buenaventura (2013) · DecisionDepot
Freeny v. City of San Buenaventura
California Court of Appeal Jun 4, 2013 No. No. B240893Published
Before: Hoffstadt
Opinion
HOFFSTADT, J.* California’s Government Claims Act (Act; Gov. Code, § 810 et seq.) confers immunity from tort liability on public employees when they make “basic policy decisions” in a legislative capacity. (See Gov. Code, §§ 820.2, 821, 821.2.)1 We hold that public employees’ tort immunity for legislative decisionmaking applies even when that decisionmaking is also alleged to involve the making of misrepresentations motivated by “actual fraud, corruption or actual malice.” (§ 822.2.) For this reason and others, we affirm the dismissal of plaintiffs’ suit against a city and five city council members for nearly $2 million in compensatory damages, plus punitive damages, for voting against an application for building permits and variances.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
We draw these facts from the allegations in the complaint, which we accept as true except where contradicted by the exhibits attached to the complaint. (Tucker v. Pacific Bell Mobile Services (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 201, 210 [145 Cal.Rptr.3d 340].)
[1338]I. Administrative Review
Plaintiffs Robert and Linda Freeny (plaintiffs) own two adjacent parcels of land in midtown City of San Buenaventura (City). For three years, they worked with their own architect and consulted with the City’s staff to design a living facility for senior citizens. The City’s planning commission (Planning Commission) eventually approved a 44-unit, 42,172-square-foot facility (the Project), and concomitantly granted a conditional use permit, a design review, an administrative variance, and a lot line adjustment.
A group of 35 persons living near the proposed facility appealed the Planning Commission’s decision to the City Council. Following a remand to the Planning Commission for further factfinding, the City Council took up the matter at a public hearing. On a five-to-two vote, the City Council approved the neighbors’ appeal and overturned the Planning Commission’s approval. In so doing, the City Council found that building a facility of that “size” on a “street-to-street lot” was “incompatible” with the “existing residential neighborhood.” The City Council stated that plaintiffs “need[ed] to rethink the entirety of the project,” but that its denial was “without prejudice” and invited plaintiffs to submit a “redesign[ed]” project. The City Council subsequently adopted a formal resolution sustaining the appeal “without prejudice.”
Plaintiffs sued the City and five City Council members (collectively, defendants) who voted to reject the Project.2 The complaint includes a petition for administrative mandamus seeking an order (1) commanding the City to approve the Project or (2) requiring a new hearing before the City Council. The complaint also prays for $1.8 million in compensatory damages and additional punitive damages arising from tort claims for fraud, misrepresentation and, because plaintiffs are in their 70s, elder abuse.
III. The Trial Court’s Ruling
The trial court sustained defendants’ demurrers without leave to amend on two grounds. First, the court concluded that plaintiffs’ lawsuit was not ripe because the City’s denial “without prejudice” left administrative remedies unexhausted. The court rejected plaintiffs’ arguments that further exhaustion was futile or would irreparably injure plaintiffs. Second, the court ruled that defendants were immune from liability for adopting laws under sections 818.2 [1339]and 821; for denying permits or similar authorizations under sections 818.4 and 821.2; and for exercising their discretion under section 820.2. The court concluded that this immunity applied “irrespective of the specific causes of action” plaintiffs alleged.
DISCUSSION
We independently review the trial court’s sustaining of a demurrer. (San Mateo Union High School Dist. v. County of San Mateo (2013) 213 Cal.App.4th 418, 425 [152 Cal.Rptr.3d 530] (San Mateo).) In so doing, we accept the complaint’s allegations as true and construe them liberally to attain substantial justice among the parties. (Ibid.) We review the trial court’s decision not to grant leave to amend for an abuse of discretion. (Reynolds v. Bement (2005) 36 Cal.4th 1075, 1091 [32 Cal.Rptr.3d 483, 116 P.3d 1162] (Reynolds), abrogated on other grounds in Martinez v. Combs (2010) 49 Cal.4th 35, 62-66 [109 Cal.Rptr.3d 514, 231 P.3d 259].) On appeal, plaintiffs bear the burden of establishing error. (San Mateo, supra, at p. 426.)
I. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies
When an administrative forum exists for presenting claims, a party is usually required to present claims in that forum before “resorting to the courts. . . .” (Coachella Valley Mosquito & Vector Control Dist. v. California Public Employees Relations Bd. (2005) 35 Cal.4th 1072, 1080 [29 Cal.Rptr.3d 234, 112 P.3d 623].) “Exhaustion requires ‘a full presentation to the administrative agency upon all issues of the case and at all prescribed stages of the administrative proceedings.’ ” (City of San Jose v. Operating Engineers Local Union No. 3 (2010) 49 Cal.4th 597, 609 [110 Cal.Rptr.3d 718, 232 P.3d 701], quoting Bleeck v. State Board of Optometry (1971) 18 Cal.App.3d 415, 432 [95 Cal.Rptr. 860].)
This is not a case where the would-be litigant skipped the administrative procedures entirely. To the contrary, plaintiffs presented their application for building permits and variances to the Planning Commission and the City Council. Plaintiffs also obtained a definitive ruling rejecting their application as to the 42,172-square-foot project that underlies this lawsuit.
Defendants contend that this was still not enough. Defendants note that the City Council’s rejection was “without prejudice,” and argue that plaintiffs have yet to avail themselves of their right under the City’s municipal code (SBMC) to file a new application with the Planning Commission. (See SBMC § 24.565.060, subd. H.) Because the City Council advised plaintiffs that they [1340]would “need” to “rethink” and “redesign” “the entirety of the project” before submitting a new application, the question presented is whether the duty to exhaust administrative remedies requires plaintiffs to reexhaust their remedies by vetting an entirely different project through the same administrative process even though the project they seek to challenge judicially has already been definitively rejected through that process. We review this question de novo. (Sierra Club v. City of Orange (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 523, 536 [78 Cal.Rptr.3d 1].)
Whether reexhaustion with an entirely different project is required depends on the nature of the subsequent judicial challenge. If a plaintiff is claiming that a government entity has effected a regulatory taking by “ ‘den[ying] [her] all economically beneficial or productive use . . .’ ” of her property, denial of a single use or project may not be sufficient. (Landgate, Inc. v. California Coastal Com. (1998) 17 Cal.4th 1006, 1017 [73 Cal.Rptr.2d 841, 953 P.2d 1188], italics added, quoting Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council (1992) 505 U.S. 1003, 1015 [120 L.Ed.2d 798, 112 S.Ct. 2886].) Presentation and rejection of other uses—that is, reexhaustion—may also be necessary to establish that the property has no use. (See Dunn v. County of Santa Barbara (2006) 135 Cal.App.4th 1281, 1299-1301 [38 Cal.Rptr.3d 316]; Del Monte Dunes v. City of Monterey (9th Cir. 1990) 920 F.2d 1496, 1501.)
However, when all a plaintiff challenges is the denial of a specific use through denial of a special project, the plaintiff need only show that the administrative agency has finally ruled on that project. Requiring reexhaustion in these circumstances would pervert the exhaustion requirement. No longer would exhaustion be a means of allowing administrative agencies the opportunity to apply their expertise and flesh out facts. (Williams v. Housing Authority of Los Angeles (2004) 121 Cal.App.4th 708, 722 [17 Cal.Rptr.3d 374].) Instead, exhaustion would become a tool for forestalling judicial review indefinitely by leaving the door open for further applications.
Because plaintiffs are not raising a regulatory takings claim and are challenging only the denial of the Project, the City Council’s unequivocal rejection of the Project satisfies the exhaustion requirement.
II. Immunity from Tort Damages
Plaintiffs contest the trial court’s ruling that defendants are immune from liability for tort damages under the Act. (§810 et seq.) We independently review the trial court’s construction and application of the Act. (Coito v. Superior Court (2012) 54 Cal.4th 480, 488 [142 Cal.Rptr.3d 607, 278 P.3d 860] [statutory construction]; Alvarez v. State of California (1999) 79 [1341]Cal.App.4th 720, 728 [95 Cal.Rptr.2d 719] [application], abrogated on other grounds in Cornette v. Department of Transportation (2001) 26 Cal.4th 63, 74, fn. 3 [109 Cal.Rptr.2d 1, 26 P.3d 332].)
A. City Council Defendants
When it comes to tort suits against public employees, “ ‘the rule is liability, immunity is the exception.’ [Citation.]” (Ramos v. County of Madera (1971) 4 Cal.3d 685, 692 [94 Cal.Rptr. 421, 484 P.2d 93], limited on other grounds in Caldwell v. Montoya (1995) 10 Cal.4th 972, 987, fn. 8 [42 Cal.Rptr.2d 842, 897 P.2d 1320] (Caldwell); see § 820, subd. (a) [“Except as otherwise provided by statute . . . , a public employee is liable for injury caused by his act or omission to the same extent as a private person.”].) However, the Act declares that “a public employee is not liable for an injury resulting from his act or omission where the act or omission was the result of the exercise of the discretion vested in him, whether or not such discretion be abused.” (§ 820.2.) At the core of this immunity are “ ‘ “basic policy decisions.” ’ ” (Ogborn v. City of Lancaster (2002) 101 Cal.App.4th 448, 460 [124 Cal.Rptr.2d 238].) Dovetailing neatly with this overarching immunity for discretionary policymaking, the Act also confers immunity upon public employees for “failing] to adopt an enactment” (§ 821) and for “denying]” or “refusing] to issue” “permit[s]” and “approvals]” (§ 821.2). The City Council defendants in this case are accordingly immune from tort damages under the Act. They are “public employees” (see § 811.4), and they are being sued for their discretionary legislative decision not to grant plaintiffs’ application for building permits and variances (see Ogborn, supra, at p. 462).
Plaintiffs challenge this conclusion on two grounds. We consider and reject each.
1. Liability for Misrepresentations Motivated by “Actual Fraud, Corruption or Actual Malice ”
Plaintiffs contend that the Act’s immunity for legislative policymaking is limited by the exception to the immunity conferred by a different provision of the Act, section 822.2. That section provides that “[a] public employee acting in the scope of his employment is not liable for an injury caused by his misrepresentation, whether or not such misrepresentation be negligent or intentional, unless he is guilty of actual fraud, corruption or actual malice.” (Ibid., italics added.) Plaintiffs assert that section 822.2’s exception should also operate as an exception to the immunities conferred by [1342]sections 820.2, 821 and 821.2 for legislative policymaking. The cross-applicability of section 822.2’s exception presents an issue of statutory construction. Our touchstone in this task is the Legislature’s intent. (People v. Skiles (2011) 51 Cal.4th 1178, 1185 [126 Cal.Rptr.3d 456, 253 P.3d 546].)
The starting point for ascertaining legislative intent is the language used in the statute itself. (People v. Valladoli (1996) 13 Cal.4th 590, 597 [54 Cal.Rptr.2d 695, 918 P.2d 999].) The language here is ambiguous. On the one hand, sections 820.2, 821 and 821.2 do not themselves contain any exception for misrepresentations motivated by actual fraud, corruption or actual malice. In Tur v. City of Los Angeles (1996) 51 Cal.App.4th 897 [59 Cal.Rptr.2d 470], the court held that section 822.2’s exception did not apply when a public employee was relying on an immunity conferred by a different section of the Act. (Tur, supra, at pp. 902-903 [not applying § 822.2’s exception to immunity against malicious prosecution actions].) Tur seemingly rejects plaintiffs’ similar entreaty to export section 822.2’s exception to other immunities. On the other hand, if we follow the maxim that statutes are to be read “ ‘with reference to the entire scheme of law of which [they are a] part’ ” (People v. Pieters (1991) 52 Cal.3d 894, 899 [276 Cal.Rptr. 918, 802 P.2d 420], quoting Clean Air Constituency v. California State Air Resources Bd. (1971) 11 Cal.3d 801, 814 [114 Cal.Rptr. 577, 523 P.2d 617]), we could read section 822.2’s exception as an exception to every immunity conferred by the Act. Indeed, section 820.2 explicitly notes that its immunity may be abrogated “as otherwise provided by statute.”
When the plain language of a statute is inconclusive, we must look elsewhere for affirmative indications of legislative intent. (Pacific Palisades Bowl Mobile Estates, LLC v. City of Los Angeles (2012) 55 Cal.4th 783, 803 [149 Cal.Rptr.3d 383, 288 P.3d 717].) In this case, it is clear that the Legislature intended the immunity from tort liability attaching to legislative policymaking decisions to apply even when legislators acted with improper motives. Section 820.2 is the critical immunity provision here because the City Council defendants’ discretionary decision was voting against a resolution and thereby denying permits and variances. On these facts, section 820.2’s broader immunity embraces the more specific immunities for voting on resolutions and denying permits and variances conferred by sections 821 and 821.2.
The legislative committee’s comment indicates that section 820.2 was meant to “restate^ . . . pre-existing California law” (Legis. Com. coms.— Sen., 32 pt. 1 West’s Ann. Gov. Code (2012 ed.) foll. § 820.2, p. 360), and directs the reader to Lipman v. Brisbane Elementary Sch. Dist. (1961) 55 [1343]Cal.2d 224 [11 Cal.Rptr. 97, 359 P.2d 465], superseded by section 815, and White v. Towers (1951) 37 Cal.2d 727 [235 P.2d 209] (White). Lipman and White hold that “government officials are not personally liable for their discretionary acts within the scope of their authority even though it is alleged that their conduct was malicious. [Citations.]” (Lipman, supra, at p. 229; see White, supra, at p. 730.) They reason that although absolute immunity from tort damages undercuts the “public policy of protecting individual citizens from oppressive official action” (White, supra, at p. 729), such immunity is necessary because “experience has shown that the common good is best served by permitting law enforcement officers to perform their assigned tasks without fear of being called to account in a civil action . . .” (id. at p. 730). White further notes that immunity from tort damages removes one possible deterrent against maliciously motivated conduct, but concludes that the threats of criminal prosecution and of “ ‘being ousted from office on that account’ ” are sufficient surrogates (ibid.).
The logic underlying these cases applies even more forcefully in the context of legislators’ discretionary, policymaking decisions. Like all other public employees, legislators benefit from immunity that does not dissipate “ ‘upon mere allegation of improper motives or unlawful acts . . .’ ” because such immunity eliminates the “ ‘threat of personal liability . . .’ ” (Martelli v. Pollock (1958) 162 Cal.App.2d 655, 659 [328 P.2d 795]), and frees public employees to exercise their “ ‘honest judgment uninfluenced by fear of consequences personal to themselves’ ” (White, supra, 37 Cal.2d at p. 732). In short, absolute immunity makes sure that “ ‘it is not a tort for Government to govern. .. .’ ” (HFH, Ltd. v. Superior Court (1975) 15 Cal.3d 508, 519 [125 Cal.Rptr. 365, 542 P.2d 237], quoting Dalehite v. United States (1952) 346 U.S. 15, 57 [97 L.Ed. 1427, 73 S.Ct. 956] (dis. opn. of Jackson, J.).)
With legislators, absolute immunity also furthers the separation of powers. The judiciary is not in the business of “ ‘inquiring] into the “motivation or mental processes” which may underlie action by a nonjudicial agency of government.’ ” (Blank v. Kirwan (1985) 39 Cal.3d 311, 324 [216 Cal.Rptr. 718, 703 P.2d 58], quoting In re Fain (1976) 65 Cal.App.3d 376, 393, fn. 14 [135 Cal.Rptr. 543].) This is why an elected “official’s motives, no matter how self-interested they may be, cannot vitiate otherwise valid government action. [Citations.]” (Blank, supra, at p. 325.) A rule hinging tort immunity on whether legislators made misrepresentations motivated by “actual fraud, corruption or actual malice” (§ 822.2) would put legislators’ motives front and center. It would also put judges in the uncomfortable position of “questioning] the wisdom of . . . legislative decisions] through tort litigation. [Citation.]” (Wood v. County of San Joaquin (2003) 111 Cal.App.4th 960, 972 [4 Cal.Rptr.3d 340]; see Caldwell, supra, 10 Cal.4th at [1344]p. 981 [noting how judicial review might “ ‘affect the coordinate body’s decision-making process’ ”].) This threat to the constitutionally mandated separation of powers counsels against plaintiffs’ construction. (People v. Leiva (2013) 56 Cal.4th 498, 506-507 [154 Cal.Rptr.3d 634, 297 P.3d 870] [“ ‘when faced with an ambiguous statute that raises serious constitutional questions, [we] should endeavor to construe the statute in a manner which avoids any doubt concerning its validity’ ”], quoting Young v. Haines (1986) 41 Cal.3d 883, 898 [226 Cal.Rptr. 547, 718 P2d 909].)
Even if our Legislature’s intent were not so clear, we are still required to construe statutes to be “ ‘consistent with justice and common sense . . .’ ” rather than to “ ‘lead[] to mischief or absurdity . . . .’ ” (Shoemaker v. Myers (1992) 2 Cal.App.4th 1407, 1424 [4 Cal.Rptr.2d 203], quoting Lampley v. Alvares (1975) 50 Cal.App.3d 124, 128-129 [123 Cal.Rptr. 181].) Plaintiffs’ proffered construction falls into this latter category because it would allow section 822.2’s exception to swallow the rule of immunity in sections 820.2, 821 and 821.2. By the simple expedient of specifically pleading that a legislator’s policy decision was motivated by fraud, malice or corruption, an unhappy constituent could subject that legislator to protracted pretrial litigation or trial, even if the legislator is ultimately vindicated. This threat of harassment and personal liability is precisely what the immunity in sections 820.2, 821 and 821.2 was enacted to prevent. Plaintiffs’ construction of the Act would accordingly “frustrate the legislative purpose” behind these immunities. (Shoemaker, supra, at pp. 1424-1425; see Barber v. Blue (1966) 65 Cal.2d 185, 188 [52 Cal.Rptr. 865, 417 P.2d 401].) We have rejected similar attempts to “abrogate” immunities by “maneuvering” the “rules of pleadings and procedure.” (O’Hagan v. Board of Zoning Adjustment (1974) 38 Cal.App.3d 722, 730 [113 Cal.Rptr. 501]; accord, Land Waste Management v. Contra Costa County Bd. of Supervisors (1990) 222 Cal.App.3d 950, 962-963 [271 Cal.Rptr. 909]; Mikkelsen v. State of California (1976) 59 Cal.App.3d 621, 630 [130 Cal.Rptr. 780].)
By contrast, reading section 822.2’s exception for misrepresentations motivated by actual fraud, corruption or actual malice as not qualifying the tort immunity that otherwise attaches to legislators’ policymaking decisions best harmonizes the legislative intent behind all of these provisions. It effectuates the intent behind sections 820.2, 821 and 821.2 by eliminating the danger of harassment and chilling that springs from susceptibility to tort lawsuits while preserving oversight by criminal prosecution and by the electorate. At the same time, this construction appropriately circumscribes the immunity for misrepresentations conferred by section 822.2. Public employees not engaged in legislative or other discretionary policymaking remain liable for misrepresentations they make in the course of their employment if those misrepresentations (1) do not interfere with commercial or financial interests (Johnson v. State of California (1968) 69 Cal.2d 782, 790-800 [73 [1345]Cal.Rptr. 240, 447 P.2d 352] [parole officer’s act in not warning foster parents of teenager’s homicidal tendencies not covered by § 822.2]; Bastian v. County of San Luis Obispo (1988) 199 Cal.App.3d 520, 532-533 [245 Cal.Rptr. 78] [police officer’s act in misrepresenting accident victim’s use of alcohol not covered by § 822.2]; Michael J. v. Los Angeles County Dept. of Adoptions (1988) 201 Cal.App.3d 859, 868 [247 Cal.Rptr. 504] [county employees’ acts in misrepresenting adopted baby’s medical condition not covered by § 822.2]) or (2) are pled with specific facts and subsequently proven to be motivated by actual fraud, corruption or actual malice (Masters v. San Bernardino County Employees Retirement Assn. (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 30, 42 & fn. 9 [37 Cal.Rptr.2d 860] (Masters) [county plan administrator may be liable under § 822.2’s exception for hiding medical reports to prevent plaintiff from being found eligible for disability pension]; cf. Golden West Baseball Co. v. Talley (1991) 232 Cal.App.3d 1294, 1305-1306 [284 Cal.Rptr. 53] [city manager would not be entitled to judgment on immunity grounds for misrepresenting plaintiffs’ rights under lease if plaintiffs had produced any evidence of fraud or corruption], disapproved on other grounds in Reid v. Google, Inc. (2010) 50 Cal.4th 512, 526-527 [113 Cal.Rptr.3d 327, 235 P.3d 988]; accord, Curcini v. County of Alameda (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 629, 649 [79 Cal.Rptr.3d 383] [“the pleader . . . must allege facts . . .” supporting actual fraud, corruption or actual malice; “conclusory allegations” insufficient to survive demurrer (italics omitted)].)3
For these reasons, we conclude that the City Council defendants are immune from tort damages for their legislative denial of plaintiffs’ application.
2. Constitutional arguments
Plaintiffs alternatively contend that their tort suit against the City Council defendants is premised largely on violations of procedural due process. In particular, plaintiffs allege that (1) the City Council’s findings differed from the Planning Commission’s findings; (2) plaintiffs received less speaking time than the 35 opponents to their application at the City Council’s meeting; (3) some of the City Council defendants labored under an unspecified “conflict of interest”; and (4) a staff member referred to plaintiffs’ project as having the incorrect number of parking spaces (18 instead of 19), which shows that the City Council defendants were evaluating the wrong set of plans.
To be sure, the courts are currently divided on the question of whether the Act’s immunities extend to claims of constitutional error. (Compare [1346]Rosenthal v. Vogt (1991) 229 Cal.App.3d 69, 75 [280 Cal.Rptr. 1] [immunity applies to claim for denial of a fair hearing] & State of California v. Superior Court (Veta Co.) (1974) 12 Cal.3d 237, 244-245 [115 Cal.Rptr. 497, 524 P.2d 1281] [same] with Young v. County of Marin (1987) 195 Cal.App.3d 863, 869 [241 Cal.Rptr. 169] [immunity does not apply to a claim for a 1st Amend, violation].) But we need not resolve that issue because tort damages are in any event unavailable for the procedural due process violations. (Katzberg v. Regents of University of California (2002) 29 Cal.4th 300, 321, 324 [127 Cal.Rptr.2d 482, 58 P.3d 339].)
B. The City
The City is a “public entity” presumptively immune from tort liability. (§§ 815, subd. (a), 811.2; McCarty v. Department of Transportation (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 955, 961 [79 Cal.Rptr.3d 777].) The Act nevertheless specifies the situations in which a public entity may be (1) directly liable for injuries (§§ 815.4, 815.6, 818.5) or (2) vicariously liable for injuries caused by its employees (§ 815.2, subd. (a); M.P. v. City of Sacramento (2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 121, 128-129 [98 Cal.Rptr.3d 812]; accord, Bradford v. State of California (1973) 36 Cal.App.3d 16, 20-21 [111 Cal.Rptr. 852] [public entity has both direct and vicarious liability].)
Plaintiffs allege that the City is liable for two reasons. First, they argue that the City is vicariously liable for the City Council defendants’ actionable misrepresentations, even though the City cannot be held directly liable for any misrepresentations under section 818.8. We reject this argument for two reasons. As we discuss above, the City Council defendants are themselves immune. Because they are immune, so is the City. (§ 815.2, subd. (b) [“a public entity is not liable for an injury resulting from an act or omission of an employee of the public entity where the employee is immune from liability”].) Even if we had concluded that section 822.2’s exception applied to the City Council defendants and rendered them potentially liable, it is well settled that section 818.8 confers upon public entities an absolute immunity for all misrepresentations, and that this immunity trumps any vicarious liability for egregious misrepresentations of its employees actionable against the employees themselves. (Harshbarger v. City of Colton (1988) 197 Cal.App.3d 1335,1340-1341 [243 Cal.Rptr. 463]; Universal By-Products, Inc. v. City of Modesto (1974) 43 Cal.App.3d 145, 154 [117 Cal.Rptr. 525].)
Second, plaintiffs argue that section 815.3, subdivision (a), renders the City jointly liable in tort as long as the City is named in their complaint as a codefendant with an “elected official.” We disagree. Section 815.3 erects a rule of pleading requiring a public entity to be named as a joint tortfeasor before judgments against an elected official may be enforced against that [1347]entity. Section 815.3 does not purport to eliminate all of a public entity’s tort immunities once that entity is alleged to be a codefendant.
III. Mandamus Petition
Because the trial court ruled that plaintiffs had not exhausted their administrative remedies, it had no occasion to decide the propriety of plaintiffs’ request for mandamus relief. The Act’s immunity reaches only “personal tort liability” and does not immunize against or otherwise preclude mandamus review. (Masters, supra, 32 Cal.App.4th at p. 47, fn. 11.) Because plaintiffs’ prayer for mandamus relief has yet to be considered, we would ordinarily remand the issue to the trial court. However, we conclude that remand would be futile because plaintiffs are not entitled to this relief as a matter of law. (Aryeh v. Canon Business Solutions, Inc. (2012) 55 Cal.4th 1185, 1191 [151 Cal.Rptr.3d 827, 292 P.3d 871].)
Plaintiffs ground their request for mandamus on three theories. First, they seek an order compelling defendants to grant their application because City Council members had so promised. This is indistinguishable from a claim that defendants are estopped by their prior statements, and estoppel does not lie against the government in this context. (Toigo v. Town of Ross (1998) 70 Cal.App.4th 309, 321-324 [82 Cal.Rptr.2d 649].)
Second, plaintiffs seek a new hearing before the City Council because the City Council’s review did not comply with procedural due process. A viable due process claim rests on the deprivation of a protected property interest. Because plaintiffs had no entitlement to a permit or variance at the time the City Council rejected their application (Clark v. City of Hermosa Beach (1996) 48 Cal.App.4th 1152, 1182-1183 [56 Cal.Rptr.2d 223]), they lack the necessary predicate for a procedural due process claim.
Lastly, plaintiffs allege that the defendants did not “follow legal standards.” Because public agencies are presumed to regularly perform their official duty (Evid. Code, § 664; Moore v. Twentynine Palms County Water Dist. (1957) 156 Cal.App.2d 109, 111 [318 P.2d 751] [presumption applies at demurrer stage]), a plaintiff must plead sufficient facts to overcome that presumption (Schwartz v. Poizner (2010) 187 Cal.App.4th 592, 599 [113 Cal.Rptr.3d 610]; Romero v. County of Santa Clara (1970) 3 Cal.App.3d 700, 703-704 [83 Cal.Rptr. 758]). Plaintiffs’ bare allegation that defendants did not “follow legal standards,” without more, is insufficient. Moreover, because plaintiffs have not sought to provide any additional explication to the trial court or this court, we conclude that plaintiffs have not established “a reasonable possibility” that this defect can be cured by further amendment of their complaint. (Reynolds, supra, 36 Cal.4th at p. 1091.)
[1348] DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. Costs on appeal are awarded to defendants.
Yegan, Acting P. J., and Perren, J., concurred.
Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
All statutory references are to the Government Code unless otherwise indicated.
Plaintiffs also sued two neighbors who oppose the Project, but the trial court struck plaintiffs’ claims against the neighbors under the anti-SLAPP law. Plaintiffs do not appeal that ruling.
Because all of these sections were enacted together as part of the Act in 1963, the canons of statutory construction giving effect to specific statutes over general statutes (Arterberry v. County of San Diego (2010) 182 Cal.App.4th 1528, 1536 [106 Cal.Rptr.3d 743]), and to later-enacted statutes (DeJung v. Superior Court (2008) 169 Cal.App.4th 533, 547 [87 Cal.Rptr.3d 99]), are of no assistance.
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. Public employees are immune from tort liability for legislative decisionmaking under the Government Claims Act, even when the decision is alleged to involve misrepresentations motivated by actual fraud, corruption, or malice.
Issues
Whether public employees are immune from tort liability for legislative decisions involving alleged misrepresentations motivated by actual fraud, corruption, or malice.
Whether the exhaustion of administrative remedies requires re-exhaustion of a different project after a definitive rejection of the original project.
Whether the City is vicariously liable for the alleged torts of its immune employees.
Disposition. affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“We hold that public employees’ tort immunity for legislative decisionmaking applies even when that decisionmaking is also alleged to involve the making of misrepresentations motivated by “actual fraud, corruption or actual malice.””
“The City Council defendants in this case are accordingly immune from tort damages under the Act.”
“It is clear that the Legislature intended the immunity from tort liability attaching to legislative policymaking decisions to apply even when legislators acted with improper motives.”