Hanover v. McCausland

AGEE, J. pro. tem.* Plaintiff and defendant entered into a joint venture for the purpose of buying 12 government surplus buses. Defendant was to arrange for reconditioning and resale and plaintiff was to furnish the financing. Trouble developed and plaintiff filed this action for dissolution of the joint venture and an accounting thereof. Defendant filed an answer and a cross-complaint which contained two common counts for money. The trial court refused to allow the introduction of any evidence on these counts on the ground that they related to and were based upon ventures other than the bus transaction. Judgment was entered in favor of plaintiff, ordering dissolution of the joint venture and approving the accounting of the referee previously appointed by the trial court. Defendant appeals from the judgment.

Appellant states: “The Honorable Trial Court, upon learning that appellant was to appear in propria persona, showed concern for his interest, and advised him that it would be better if he were represented by an attorney. In many instances, the Court was liberal in making allowances for McCausland’s unfamiliarity with legal procedure. However, it is apparent that as the trial progressed, a definite animus against McCausland was acquired.” This last statement is not borne out by the record. The comments complained of were admonitions to appellant to stop being evasive while on the witness stand and to answer the questions asked of him without “bickering.” There was no jury present and ap[634]pellant suffered no harm by such comments. In fact, he would have helped his ease if he had followed the court’s admonitions. Two comments made by respondent’s counsel and one made by counsel for a defendant who was dismissed during the trial are criticised by appellant. It is unnecessary to set them forth here. It is inconceivable that such comments in any way affected the trial judge.

Appellant next contends that the trial court erred in refusing to allow him “to introduce evidence in support of his cross-complaint by showing that respondent owed him the sums prayed for therein as a result of other ventures in which Hanover and McCausland were parties as part of their general association.” (Emphasis added.) Our attention has not been called to any authority which supports appellant’s contention. Section 442 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides: “Whenever the defendant seeks affirmative relief against any party, relating to or depending upon the . . . transaction, . . . upon which the action is brought, ... he may, in addition to his answer, file at the same time, ... a cross-complaint.” The trend in recent years has been to give a rather broad interpretation to the “transaction” clause. However, as stated in 2 Witkin, California Procedure, page 1582: “Even under the liberal test, however, it is still not enough to show that convenience will result from a trial of the cross-claims between the same parties in one action. This may be sufficient for a motion to consolidate (supra, § 155), but the right to file a cross-complaint still depends upon its relation to the claim on which the suit is brought.” (See also Frazure v. Fitzpatrick, 21 Cal.2d 851, 859-860 [136 P.2d 566].)