California Supreme Court Mar 18, 1968 No. Crim. No. 11721Published
Before: Traynor
TRAYNOR, C. J. In 1946 a jury found petitioner guilty of first degree robbery. The information alleged and petitioner admitted prior convictions of burglary in the State of Washington in 1932 and first degree robbery in California in 1938, with service of a term of imprisonment for each. The Los Angeles County Superior Court adjudged petitioner an habit[390]ual criminal and sentenced Mm to life imprisonment. (Pen. Code, § 644, subd. (a).)1 Petitioner did not appeal.2
In this habeas corpus proceeding petitioner attacks the determination of habitual criminality. He contends that the determination must fall because the 1932 Washington burglary conviction was not of an offense the mimmurn elements of which meet the California definition of burglary or of any other crime listed in section 644. Petitioner invokes propositions enunciated over vigorous dissents in In re McVickers (1946) 29 Cal.2d 264, [176 P.2d 40], and In re Seeley (1946) 29 Cal.2d 294 [176 P.2d 24], that permit the habeas corpus petitioner who challenges an habitual criminal adjudication a wider scope of review than is available when the writ is sought to review a judgment of conviction of crime. The McVichers majority concluded at page 270 that “the writ can consistently be made available to a prisoner who has been adjudged an habitual criminal although in truth and fact he is not, without so enlarging its scope as to make it in effect ... a writ of error to review the correctness of a conviction. ’ ’
Although Penal Code section 1025 provides that a defendant’s admission that he has suffered a previous conviction charged in the accusatory pleading “must, unless withdrawn by consent of the court, be conclusive of the fact of his having suffered such previous conviction in all subsequent proceedings,” under the McVichers-Seeley line of cases the admitted [391]“fact of his having suffered such previous conviction” is not a conclusive admission that “such previous conviction” was in law or fact of a felony listed in section 644. The McYickers-Seeley extension of habeas corpus permits the petitioner who has been adjudged an habitual criminal to go outside the record of the California prosecution that resulted in the determination of habitual criminality and to bring in the record of the challenged foreign prior conviction; he is allowed to call the attention of the habeas corpus court to the law of the state where it was suffered; and he is allowed thus to show that the minimum adjudicated elements of the foreign crime are not those of a California felony enumerated in section 644. (In re Wolfson (1947) 30 Cal.2d 20, 23, 24 [180 P.2d 326] ; In re McVickers, supra, 29 Cal.2d at p. 267; In re Seeley, supra, 29 Cal.2d at p. 300.) The McYickers-Seeley line of cases holds also that unless the record before the habeas corpus court establishes the adjudicated elements of the previous offense, the court will assume that the prior conviction was for the least offense punishable under the foreign statute. (In re McVickers, supra, 29 Cal.2d at p. 278; see People v. Burns (1960) 181 Cal.App.2d 480, 483 [5 Cal.Rptr. 301] ; People v. Richardson (1946) 74 Cal.App.2d 528, 540 [169 P.2d 44].)
Here the only record of the 1932 Washington conviction now available, an authenticated copy of the judgment, sentence, and commitment, shows that petitioner was convicted of second degree burglary on his plea of guilty. Second degree burglary as defined by Washington statute is committed by entry with intent to commit any crime, whether misdemeanor or felony, or by innocent entry followed by the commission of any crime and breaking out. (Rem. Comp. Stat., § 2579.)3 In California, however, the crime of burglary is committed by entry “with intent to commit grand or petit larceny or any felony. . . .” (Pen. Code, § 459.) Thus petitioner lias established that his Washington conviction could have been based on acts not constituting burglary in California and he has therefore shown that “the least adjudicated elements of the Washington offense are not equivalent to the elements of the similarly denominated California offense enumerated in sec[392]tion 644 of the Penal Code and the Washington conviction is not competent to support a determination of habitual criminality under that section.” (In re Pearson (1947) 30 Cal.2d 871, 876 [186 P.2d 401].)
The Attorney General asks us to overrule the McVickers-Seeley line of cases and to adopt the rule urged in the dissenting opinion in Seeley, 29 Cal.2d at p. 303 (see also the dissent in McVickers, 29 Cal.2d at p. 281] that when an adjudication of habitual criminality is attacked by habeas corpus on the ground that the prior convictions were of crimes that do not meet the definition of offenses listed in section 644, review extends only to the trial court’s jurisdiction to make such determination and is limited to the face of the record in the criminal proceeding that resulted in the determination. That is the normal scope of inquiry on habeas corpus when as here there is no issue of a fundamental constitutional deprivation. (See generally In re Jackson (1964) 61 Cal.2d 500, 503-504 [39 Cal.Rptr. 220, 393 P.2d 420] ; In re Raner (1963) 59 Cal.2d 635, 639 [30 Cal.Rptr. 814, 381 P.2d 638] ; Neal v. State of California (1960) 55 Cal.2d 11, 16-17 [9 Cal.Rptr. 607, 357 P.2d 839] ; In re McInturff (1951) 37 Cal.2d 876, 880 [236 P.2d 574] ; In re Bell (1942) 19 Cal.2d 488, 492-494 [122 P.2d 22].) Whatever may have been the merits of the extension of the scope of habeas corpus as announced by McVickers and Seeley in 1946,4 however, their holdings have not led to reckless and ill-considered use of the writ to impair the finality of judgments; the application of their rules as to the extent of post-conviction collateral review has been limited to cases presenting the same narrow questions that were raised by McVickers and Seeley themselves.
The Attorney General urges that the McVickers-Seeley line of eases improperly permits relief without regard to established rules of policy (see In re Streeter (1967) 66 Cal.2d 47, 51-52 [56 Cal.Rptr. 824, 423 P.2d 976] ; In re Shipp (1965) 62 Cal.2d 547, 553 [43 Cal.Rptr. 3, 399 P.2d 571]) that require the applicant for habeas corpus to excuse his failure to present his contention at trial and on appeal and to explain his delay in raising it on habeas corpus. The McVickers-Seeley use of the writ, however, does not permit the opening or [393]reopening of questions calling for resolution on the basis of the testimony of witnesses who may have died or disappeared or whose memories have faded. Nor does a collateral attack on an habitual criminal adjudication on McVickers-Seeley grounds involve difficulties with respect to records of past convictions comparable to those raised by a constitutional attack based on the retrospective application of Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) 372 U.S. 335 [9 L.Ed.2d 799, 83 S.Ct. 792, 93 A.L.R.2d 733], (See In re Woods (1966) 64 Cal.2d 3, 8 [48 Cal.Rptr. 689, 409 P.2d 913].) The fact that an accused suffered a foreign conviction of a crime is made officially of record at the time and place of such conviction, and the law of the jurisdiction where he suffered it is judicially noticed. (In re McVickers, supra, 29 Cal.2d 264, 272, 276, 287; Pen. Code, § 969b; Evid. Code, §§453, 1530.) The least adjudicated elements of the prior conviction remain the same whether it is questioned in the trial court at the time of the determination of habitual criminality or on habeas corpus after such determination has become final. Neither the People nor the defendant can go behind those adjudicated elements in an attempt to show that he committed a greater, lesser, or different offense. (In re Norcutt (1948) 31 Cal.2d 743, 744 [192 P.2d 453] ; In re Wolfson, supra, 30 Cal.2d 20, 31; In re McVickers, supra, 29 Cal.2d 264, 276.)
The Attorney General argues, however, that if petitioner had questioned the sufficiency of the 1932 Washington conviction in 1946 when it was used as a basis of the habitual criminal adjudication, the People might have been able to prove by then existing but since vanished Washington records that in fact petitioner’s conviction was of an offense equivalent to California second degree burglary. Since the only available record of the foreign conviction shows merely that it was for a named Washington offense, McVickers does not require the petitioner to bear the normal burden of one who seeks habeas corpus relief by proving that the Washington conviction was insufficient; instead he makes out its insufficiency simply by standing on the decisionally established assumption that the conviction was for the least offense punishable under the Washington statute. When we examine the applications that have been made of this anomalous rule giving the habeas corpus petitioner the benefit of a doubt in order to sustain his attack on the final determination of habitual criminality, we find only a narrowly limited change [394]in the burden of proof on collateral attack upon a prior conviction used to increase punishment, not a general principle requiring the People repeatedly to bear the burden of defending final judgments of conviction.
We are not impressed by the argument that the Seeley and McViclcers rules have operated unfairly to the state or conferred bonuses on prisoners for delay in attacking habitual criminal adjudications. At least since the 1927 amendment of Penal Code section 668, referring specifically to section 644 (fn. 1, supra), prosecutors have had ample warning that they should be prepared to support a foreign conviction charged as the basis for the increased punishment attendant on habitual criminality by proof that it was of an offense that, if committed in California, would be punishable by imprisonment in the state prison. The 1927 amendment of section 668, considered with section 644, advised prosecuting attorneys as well as defendants that an offense denominated a “felony” in another jurisdiction is not necessarily a crime that, if committed in California, would be punishable by imprisonment in the state prison, and that the elements of an offense that another jurisdiction calls by a name listed in section 644 are not necessarily those of a similarly named California offense. (See In re McVickers, supra, 29 Cal.2d 264, and dissent at p. 290.) Beginning in 1934 decisions on appeal tested the elements of prior foreign convictions underlying habitual criminal adjudications in the manner later approved in the McVickers-Seeley line of cases on habeas corpus, that is, by reference to the records and judicially noticed law of the jurisdiction where the prior conviction was suffered. (People v. Pace (1934) 2 Cal.App.2d 464, 466 [38 Cal.Rptr. 202] ; People v. Hayes (1934) 3 Cal.App.2d 59, 63 [39 P.2d 213] ; but see People v. Shaw (1934) 137 Cal.App. 533, 536-537 [30 P.2d 1031].) The McVickers-Seeley use of habeas corpus was anticipated by decisions of the Courts of Appeal (In re Connell (1945) 69 Cal.App.2d 360, 361 [156 P.2d 483] ; In re Howard (1945) 69 Cal.App.2d 164 [158 P.2d 408] ; In re Thompson (1946) 72 Cal.App.2d 747 [165 P.2d 533] ; In re Kingsbury (1946) 74 Cal.App.2d 959, 962 [170 P.2d 82]) and opinions of the Attorney General. (6 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 36 (1945); 3 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 198 (1944).) It should have been apparent that “where prior convictions are alleged the People should be prepared to prove them” (People v. Parra (1961) 193 Cal.App.2d 93, 95 [13 Cal.Rptr. 828]) and to prove them beyond a reasonable doubt. (People v. Morton [395](1953) 41 Cal.2d 536, 539 [261 P.2d 523].) Nevertheless prosecutors alleged and defendants admitted prior convictions that, although apparently sufficient to support an adjudication of habitual criminality, were in fact and in law not of crimes that met the California definitions of the offenses listed in section 644. Of course defendants were mistaken in permitting habitual criminal determinations based on such insufficient prior convictions to stand without prompt challenge, but prosecutors were mistaken in persisting in their use of foreign prior convictions that did not meet California standards.5
Application of the McVickers-Seeley rules in reported cases decided since their announcement dispels any notion that recidivists deliberately delayed challenging habitual criminal determination in the hope that a belated attack might give them some advantage. For several years after Mc-Yickers and Seeley were decided in December 1946 prisoners invoked them quite often, usually successfully6 but occasionally to no avail.7 The proceeding now before us is the first reported case since In re Martin (1952) supra, 115 Cal. App.2d 188, invoking the rules of McYickers and Seeley on a collateral attack in the precise factual situation that those rules were designed to correct. This decisional history does not suggest that repetitive offenders have been taking unfair [396]advantage of the State of California under McVicJcers and Seeley. The rules of those eases designed to permit review of erroneous determinations of habitual criminality have not been extended to factual situations other than those that they were intended to correct, and we decline to overrule them.
Petitioner also attacks his 1938 and 1947 California convictions by averments directed to claimed denial of the right to counsel. The records of those California proceedings refute his contentions that he was denied that right.
The 1946 adjudication of habitual criminality (Los Angeles County Superior Court No. 105382) is set aside and the Adult Authority is directed to disregard it. Petitioner, however, is properly imprisoned under indeterminate sentences with maximum terms of life imprisonment. The order to show cause is discharged and the petition for a writ of habeas corpus is denied.
Penal Code section 644, subdivision (a), provided in 1946, as it now provides, that “Every person convicted in this State of the crime of robbery [or other named felonies] . . . who shall have been previously twice convicted upon charges separately brought and tried, and who shall have served separate terms therefor in any state prison . . . either in this State or elsewhere, of the crime of robbery, burglary, [or other named felonies] . . . shall be adjudged a [sic] habitual criminal and shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for life.” In addition to an express life sentence an habitual criminal adjudication carries with it a substantial increase in time that must be served before the defendant becomes eligibile for parole. (Pen. Code, §§ 3047, 3047.5, 3048, 3048.5.)
Since 3927 Penal Code section 668 has provided that one who has been convicted in another state of an offense that, “if committed within this State,” could have been punished under the laws of this state by imprisonment in the state prison “is punishable for any subsequent crime committed within this State in the manner prescribed [in section 644] ... as if such prior conviction had taken place in a court of this State. ’ ’
Petitioner’s eodefendants appealed and the judgments against them were affirmed in People v. Dunlop (1947) 79 Cal.App.2d 207 [179 P.2d 658]. Later petitioner joined his eodefendants in an unsuccessful coram nobis proceeding. (People v. Dunlop (1951) 102 Cal.App.2d 314, 316-317 [227 P.2d 281].)
Section 2579: “Every person who, with intent to commit some crime therein shall, under circumstances not amounting to burglary in the first degree, enter the dwelling-house of another or break and enter, or, having committed a crime therein, shall break out of, any building . . . wherein any property is kept . . . shall be guilty of burglary in the second degree. ...”
Those decisions did not originate the use of the writ that we are considering here. They accepted and presented a rationale for an extension of the writ that had already been made. (See cases cited in McVickers, 29 Cal.2d at p. 274, dissent at pp. 288-289, and Seeley, 29 Cal,2d at p. 298, dissent at p. 306.)
The California Appellate Reports before McVichers and Seeley show instances of foreign prior convictions underlying adjudications of habitual criminality that were corrected on appeal or habeas corpus because the foreign offense amounted to no more than larceny of $10 (People v. Pace (1934) supra, 2 Cal.App.2d 464, 466), larceny of some amount in excess of $15 (People v. Hayes (1934) supra, 3 Cal.App.2d 59, 63), driving an automobile with knowledge that it was stolen (People v. Lohr (1938) 28 Cal.App.2d 397, 399 [82 P.2d 615]), breaking and entering a building at night with no specific intent (People v. McChesney (1940) 39 Cal.App.2d 36, 41 [102 P.2d 455]), driving an automobile without the owner’s permission (In re Connell (1945) supra, 68 Cal. App.2d 360, 361, 365), theft of clothing of the value of $45 (In re Howard, (1945) supra, 69 Cal.App.2d 164), larceny of $35 (In re Thompson (1946) supra, 72 Cal.App.2d 747), and obtaining $10 by false pretenses (In re Kingsbury (1946) supra, 74 Cal.App.2d 959, 962).
In re Harincar (1946) 29 Cal.2d 403, 406, fn. 2 [176 P.2d 58] ; In re Pearson (1947) supra, 30 Cal.2d 871, 876; In re Bramble (1947) 31 Cal.2d 43, 52 [187 P.2d 411] ; In re Galloway (1947) 78 Cal.App.2d 880 [178 P.2d 469] ; In re Lamey (1948) 85 Cal.App.2d 284, 288-289 [193 P.2d 66] ; In re Mead (1949) 92 Cal.App.2d 536, 537 [206 P.2d 1091] ; In re Page (1950) 99 Cal.App.2d 218 [221 P.2d 167] ; In re Martin (1952) 115 Cal.App.2d 188, 191 [251 P.2d 745].
In re Wolfson (1947) supra, 30 Cal.2d 20; In re Tedford (1948) 31 Cal.2d 693, 695 [192 P.2d 3]; In re Norcutt (1948) supra, 31 Cal.2d 743, 744; In re Schunke (1947) 81 Cal.App.2d 588, 590 [184 P.2d 700].
Betired Associate Justice of the Supreme Court sitting under assignment by the Chairman of the Judicial Council.
AI Brief
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Holding. The court held that a habeas corpus petitioner may challenge an habitual criminal adjudication by demonstrating that the minimum adjudicated elements of a foreign prior conviction do not satisfy the requirements of the corresponding California felony statute. The court declined to overrule the McVickers-Seeley line of cases, which permits this collateral review of foreign convictions.
Issues
Whether a habeas corpus petitioner may challenge an habitual criminal adjudication by showing that a foreign prior conviction does not meet the elements of a California felony.
Whether the court should overrule the McVickers-Seeley line of cases regarding the scope of habeas corpus review for habitual criminal adjudications.
Disposition. denied
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“the writ can consistently be made available to a prisoner who has been adjudged an habitual criminal although in truth and fact he is not”