Stockton Combine Harvester & Agricultural Works v. Glen's Falls Co. (1893) · DecisionDepot
Stockton Combine Harvester & Agricultural Works v. Glen's Falls Co.
California Supreme Court Jun 9, 1893 No. 14685Published
Before: Haven
Synopsis
Fibe Insúbanoe—Action upon Pbomise to Pat Shabe of Abpbaised Loss— Finding against Pbomise.—A ¿ause of action upon an agreement alleged to have been made by an insurance company with the plaintiff, after the amount of plaintiff’s entire loss by fire bad been appraised by arbitrators, to pay to plaintiff a certain proportionate share of such appraised loss, is distinct from a cause of action upon the policy of insurance; and where the complaint does not state a cause of action upon the policy, but upon the promise of the defendant to pay a share of such appraised loss, a finding that the defendant made no such promise is fatal to a judgment in favor of the plaintiff.
Id.—Defenses to Policy not Allowable—Waiver by Agreement to Pay.— In an action upon an agreement to pay a share of the appraised loss, the insurance company is not allowed to set up defenses which might be interposed in an action on the policy, the agreement being a waiver of a breach of all covenants or conditions of the policy, and of all defenses which might have been made except for such waiver.
Id.—Implied Promise—Award of Appraisers—Condition against Waiver. — The rule that the law implies a promise to perform an award under a general submission of a controversy, without an express promise to perform it, has no application when the award is merely qf appraisers upon the question of the amount of loss by fire, under insurance policies expressly providing that such appraisement or award should not operate or be taken as a waiver of any provision or condition of the policies.
Id.—Actions—Award of Appraisers—Express Promise—Election of Remedy —Pleading—Material Averment of Agreement.—No action can be maintained upon an award of appraisers under such limited submission standing alone; but if the insurer has expressly promised to pay it, the insurer may maintain an action either upon the policy, alleging the fact of the award to fig the amount of recovery, or he may sue upon the new agreement to pay it, in which case the averment of the agreement is material and must be proved, and cannot be disregarded, in order to treat the action as if it were upon the policy.
Id.—Award withoutJHeabing of Proofs—Fraudulent Concealment of Books —Vitiating Consent to Award.—Where it appears that the arbitrators did not hear proofs or appoint any time for the parties to be heard upon the matters submitted, and that the award was not made upon the independent judgment of the arbitrators, but under- an agreement between the insurance companies and one of the arbitrators, who represented that he had authority to act for plaintiff, by which the award was fixed at ninety thousand dollars, and that the consent to the award was obtained by reason of the concealment of certain books and inventories, which would have shown the amount of the loss to have been much less than the sum fixed by the award, the consent of the insurance companies to the award was vitiated thereby, and the award is not binding upon them.
De Haven, J. The complaint in this ease alleges in substance the issuance of a policy by the defendant insuring plaintiff in an amount not exceeding $2,500 against loss by fire upon certain described property, and that plaintiff had other insurance upon the same and other property, all of which insurance aggregated $127,000; that during the term of such insurance the said insured property was greatly damaged and partially destroyed by fire, and immediately after such lire plaintiff, in accordance with the terms of its policies, presented to defendant and all its other insurers, jointly, proofs of its loss, and claim for damages sustained thereby. The complaint further alleges that plaintiff and its insurers were unable to agree upon the amount of plaintiff’s damage, “and under and in accordance with the terms and conditions of said policies” the question of the amount of such loss was submitted to the arbitrament of two persons, who, being unable to agree, selected an umpire, as they were authorized to do, and that said arbitrators investigated plaintiff’s claim of loss and decided and reported to plaintiff and its insurers that the amount of plaintiff’s loss was $90,000, “and thereupon said loss was adjusted at [568]$90,000, and the said defendant and the said other insurers agreed to pay, and plaintiff herein agreed to accept said sum of $90,000 in full settlement of said loss.” The complaint then alleges that the proportionate amount of that sum to be paid by defendant was and is $1,859.25, and that defendant promised and agreed to pay the same to plaintiff on or before December 31, 1888, and demands judgment against defendant for that sum and costs. The defendant answered, and also filed what it termed a cross-complaint, in which cross-complaint defendant asked upon grounds, which will be hereafter noticed, that the award or decision of the arbitrators should be annulled. The issues arising upon this cross-complaint and plaintiff’s answer thereto were tried first, and the court filed its findings of fact and conclusions of law, denying the prayer of defendant’s cross-complaint, and, thereupon, on December 19, 1890, the-other issues in the case being undisposed of, entered a decree to the effect that defendant take nothing by reason of the matters alleged in its cross-complaint, “and that the cause, proceed to trial upon the complaint and answer thereto.” Thereafter the defendant filed an amended answer, in which it denied, among other things, the appointment of the umpire named in the complaint, and further denied that any of the arbitrators named in the complaint, investigated, determined, or reported the amount of plaintiff’s loss to be $90,000, or any other sum, and denied that plaintiff’s insurers ever agreed jointly to pay plaintiff $90,000, or any other sum, or that defendant ever agreed to pay plaintiff $1,859.20, or any other sum, as its proportion of plaintiff’s loss. The court found all the allegations of plaintiff’s complaint to be true, except those relating to the promise of defendant and the other insurers to pay the amount of the award referred to in the complaint, and in relation to this the court found; —
Id.—Fraudulent Inducement of Contract.—If fraudulent representations or concealments be such that, had not the fraud been practiced, the contract would not have been made, the fraud is material to the contract; nor is it necessary, „ to avoid the contract, that the representations or concealments should have been the sole inducement to the contract.
Id.—Fraudulent Concealment by Book-keeper—Disobedience of Instructions— Fraud Binding upon Corporation. — Where the book-keeper of an insured harvester and agricultural works was instructed by a director of the corporation, who had been appointed as agent to effect a settlement of the loss by fire, to permit the insurance companies to examine all the books relating to the property insured, did, in disobedience of his instructions, intentionally hold back and conceal those containing the inventories of material and estimate of cost made by himself under direction of the insured, and the agent of the corporation thereupon informed the insurers that the officers of the corporation did not know of any books containing the cost of construction, or the amount of such cost, whereupon the insurers consented to an award of an amount of loss exceeding the cost of the property, which they would not have consented to had they seen the books thus concealed, the fraud of the bookkeeper binds the corporation, and the consent to the award was thereby vitiated, and it is immaterial whether such inventories did or did not contain a correct statement of the cost or value of the property thus inventoried.
Id,—Fraud of Agent, when Binding upon Principal—Disobedience of Instructions—Benefit to Principal.—A principal is bound by the acts, omissions, or frauds of his agent when acting within the scope of his employment, though he may have disobeyed the instructions received, and cannot be permitted to derive any advantage from the fraud of the agent in the manner of transacting the business of the principal, upon the claim that the fraudulent conduct was not authorized, and that the principal was innocent of the fraud.
Id. — Final Judgment.—There can be but one final judgment in an action, and that is one which ends the suit in the court in which it is entered, and finally determines the rights of the parties in relation to the matter in controversy.
Intermediate Judgment Denying Belief upon Cross-complaint—Appeal_ Dismissal.—An intermediate judgment denying relief upon a cross-complaint, purporting to dispose of only one of the defenses to the action, is irregular as a judgment, and is not a final judgment from which an appeal can be taken, and an appeal therefrom before the rendition of final judgment in the action will be dismissed.
“ 9. That after said awards were rendered neither the defendant nor the other insurers ever expressly covenanted, agreed, or promised with the plaintiff as an adjustment of said loss to pay to said plaintiff the sum of $90,000, or any other sum”; and,—
“11. That after said award had been "made, defendant never expressly promised or agreed to pay to plaintiff $1,859.25, or any other sum.”
[569]Upon these findings, the court on January 7, 1891, entered a judgment for plaintiff in accordance with the prayer of its complaint. The defendant appeals both from this judgment and the so-called decree of December 19, 1890, denying to defendant the relief demanded in its cross-complaint.
1. The j udgment cannot be sustained upon the findings. The cause of action stated in the complaint is not upon the policy of insurance issued by defendant to plaintiff, nor upon an award in the nature of a judgment fixing the liability of defendant upon such policy, but is upon an agreement alleged to have been made by defendant with plaintiff after the amount of plaintiff’s entire loss had been appraised by arbitrators, and by which agreement it is alleged that defendant promised to pay to plaintiff a certain proportionate share of such appraised loss. (Saville v. Ætna. Co., 8 Mont. 419; Wagner v. Insurance Co., 143 Pa. St. 338.)
The finding of the court that such alleged agreement was never made is fatal to the judgment upon this appeal. The distinction between the cause of action stated in this complaint, or an action upon an award fixing the liability of an insurer under an insurance contract, and a cause of action upon a policy of insurance, is marked and important, not only by reason of the difference in the facts required to be shown in order to maintain the different actions, but also because of the fact that in an action like this the defendant is cut off from defenses which might be interposed to an action upon the policy. “Where an insurance company, after a loss, has adjusted the claim therefor, and has agreed to pay a certain sum in liquidation of the claim, it cannot in an action setting forth such facts, object that the action was not brought within the time limited in the policy. In such a case the action is not upon the policy, but upon the agreement to pay. Neither in such a case can it set up a breach of warranty, or of any of the conditions of the policy in defense, for adjusting the loss and promising to pay it is a waiver of all breaches on the part of the assured, and of all defenses which might have been made, except for such waiver.” (2 Wood on Fire Insurance, sec. 450; Smith v. Glen’s Falls Ins. Co., 62 N. Y. 85; Saville v. Ætna Ins. Co., 8 Mont. 419; Stache v. St. Paul Ins. Co., 49 Wis. 89; 35 Am. Rep. 772; Wagner v. Insurance Co., 143 Pa. St. 338.)
[570]The plaintiff claims, however, that it was not necessary for the court to find an express promise on the part of defendant to pay the award referred to in the complaint, because such promise is implied as a matter of law. But this is only true in the case of an award following a general submission of some controversy. In an action upon such an award, which is in the nature of an adjudication of the rights and liabilities of the parties thereto, it is not necessary to allege or prove that the defendant expressly promised to perform the award, for the law implies the promise to perform from the fact of such general submission. (Robinson v. Templar Lodge, 97 Cal. 62; Valentine v. Valentine, 2 Barb. Ch. 430.) But this is not such a case. The complaint does not allege any such general submission for the purpose of determining the liability of defendant upon the policy issued by it, nor does the court find the fact of any such submission or award. On the contrary, the complaint alleges that the matter submitted to the arbitrators was the question of the amount of the loss sustained by plaintiff, and the court so finds. In addition to this, the record shows that in the submission itself there was an express provision to the effect that the appraisement or award to be made thereunder should not operate or be taken as a waiver by the insurance companies, or any of them, of any provision or condition of their policies. An award in pursuance of such a submission does not fix the liability of the insurer to pay under the policy, but only determines the amount to be paid in the event that there is any liability at all, and no action can be maintained upon an award of this character, standing alone. (Soars v. Home Ins. Co., 140 Mass. 343; Whipple v. North British Ins. Co., 11 E. I. 139; 2 Wood on Fire Insurance, sec; 450.)
After an award has been made under such a limited submission, and the insurer has expressly promised to pay it, the insured may maintain an action, either upon the policy alleging the fact of the award for the purpose of fixing the amount of the recovery, or he may sue upon the new or subsequent agreement to pay, in which latter case the fact of the agreement is material, and must be proven.
It is urged, however, in one of the briefs filed in behalf of [571]p’aintiff, that this action can be treated, not only as based upon the award, but “ also upon the policy, so far as the policy forms the foundation and basis of the award.” The argument is in effect that the allegation of the complaint regarding defendant’s express promise to pay its proportion of the award may be disregarded, and in that event the finding of the court that such agreement was not made would not be material; but we are |Uot at liberty to construe the complaint as if this allegation did not appear therein. The matter alleged is not superfluous and without any relation to other parts of the complaint, but it is material, giving precision to the cause of action alleged, and showing that the complaint states a cause of action upon the new agreement, and not upon the policy.
2. The real question in the case, and which may become important upon another trial, if the complaint should be so amended as to state a cause of action upon the policy of insurance, and the evidence should be in accordance with the special findings contained in this record, relates to the binding force of the award given by the arbitrators selected to appraise the amount of plaintiff’s loss. The defendant alleges in its cross-complaint that this award was not the result of the judgment of the arbitrators, but was based solely upon the consent or agreement of the insurance companies to the effect that the arbitrators might fix the amount of plaintiff’s loss, in the sum stated in such award, without any examination, and without the exercise of any judgment of their own. The defendant further alleges that such consent was obtained by reason of plaintiff’s fraudulent concealment of certain books and inventories in its possession, and which would have shown the amount of its loss to have been much less than the sum fixed in the award. The submission to arbitration grew out of the fact that plaintiff and the insurance companies were unable to agree upon the amount of damage sustained by plaintiff, and undoubtedly contemplated that the award when made should be the result of the honest judgment of the arbitrators, after a full examination and investigation of the matters upon which the award was to be made, and after due consideration of all the proofs which should be submitted to them by the parties to the submission. The court does find that after such submission the arbitrators pro[572]ceeded to make such investigation, and made their decision and award under oath, as required by the terms of the submission; but the court also made special findings in conflict with this general finding, and to the effect that the arbitrators did not hear the proofs or appoint any time for the parties to be heard in relation to the matters submitted, and that in making the award they did not exercise any independent judgment of their own, and that the award was made under an agreement between the insurance companies and one of the arbitrators, who represented that he had authority to act for the plaintiff in the matter, and by which agreement the loss of plaintiff was fixed at $90,000, and the arbitrators authorized to render an award for that amount. If the facts are as stated in these specific findings, it is clear that the award can have no greater force than the agreement upon which it is based, and, if the consent of defendant and the other insurers to such agreement was not fairly obtained, then the award is not binding upon defendant.
The policy issued by defendant was upon a stock of agricultural implements manufactured and in process of construction by plaintiff, and the agreement of defendant was to make good to plaintiff such immediate damage to the property insured as might be caused by fire, the loss or damage to be estimated according to the actual cash value of the property, not exceeding the cost of replacement; and it was further agreed that in case of loss the plaintiff would, if required, produce and exhibit for examination by defendant its books of accounts and other vouchers. It will be easily perceived that this provision of the policy in relation to the production of books and vouchers was one of very great importance to the defendant, and was intended to aid the defendant in ascertaining the cost or value of the property insured in case of its destruction by fire; and the court below found that after the plaintiff had made its claim for the loss alleged to have been sustained by it, the defendant and the other insurance companies “requested an inspection of the books of the corporation plaintiff, for the alleged and avowed purpose of ascertaining the amount of plaintiff’s loss and damage by said fire”; and thereupon one Shippee, a director of plaintiff, who had been appointed as its agent to effect a settlement of plaintiff’s loss with defendant and the other insurance com[573]panies, gave directions to one Palmer, the principal book-keeper of plaintiff, and in charge of its business office and books of account, to permit the defendant and other insurers to examine all books of plaintiff. In accordance with this direction, certain books were produced by Palmer for the inspection of defendant and the other insurers, but none of them showing the cost of construction or value of the property destroyed. Upon being informed of this fact, Shippee stated to defendant and the other insurance companies that neither he nor any of plaintiff’s officers knew of any books showing the cost of construction, or had ever been able to ascertain the cost of construction of the property insured. This statement was made before the submission to arbitration, but was substantially repeated to the arbitrators at the time of their selection, that is, they were informed in the presence of Shippee that such statement had been made by Shippee, and that they must look elsewhere than to plaintiff for information as to the cost of constructing the property insured; and the court finds that “Shippee did not, nor did any of the officers of said plaintiff, know the cost of construction or value of said implements .... nor did they or any of them know of the existence of any* books showing such cost of construction or value,” and “that such representations were not falsely or fraudulently made for the purpose of defrauding or deceiving defendant or any of the other insurers.” But, in this connection, the court below also found that prior to the destruction of plaintiff’s property by fire, Palmer, by direction of plaintiff’s board of directors, had caused to be prepared inventories of the amount of material in the various harvester machines destroyed by fire, and had caused “estimates of the cost of said machines to be made, all for the purpose of informing the directors of plaintiff of the cost of construction of said machines, and the said estimates as aforesaid had been written out in the books of plaintiff .... and said books- containing said estimates were in said office, and in the care and custody of said Palmer at the time that he was directed to show to the defendant and plaintiff’s other insurers all the books as aforesaid,” and that Palmer had also, prior to the fire, caused to be made and recorded in the books of plaintiff inventories purporting to show the value of plaintiff’s [574]stock on hand, and the said books were in the office of plaintiff in the custody of Palmer when he was directed to show to defendant and the other insurers, the books of plaintiff; but that “said Palmer did not exhibit or produce for the examination and inspection of the defendant, or any of the said other insurers, any of the books containing the estimates of the cost of construction or inventories purporting to show values as aforesaid, but expressly and intentionally withheld the same from their inspection and examination, for the purpose and with the intention that they should not see that the cost of construction and value of the said machines above mentioned, as shown by said books, were less than the cost of construction and value of the same as stated in the claim of loss by plaintiff presented to defendant, as hereinbefore found.”
The court below also found that defendant and the other insurers consented that the arbitrators might find the amount of plaintiff’s loss to be $90,000, “ because of the absence of any book or books of account kept by plaintiff showing the cost of construction or value, and the previous inability of the arbitrators .... to agree upon an umpire, and of the inability of the insurance companies to establish a less amount than $90,000 as the loss, and rather than go to a lawsuit, and acting upon the statements theretofore made to them that there were no books showing cost of construction or value,” and “ that, if defendant and plaintiff’s other insurers had known of the books in the possession of plaintiff showing cost of construction and value,” they would not have given such consent. We think, also, the findings show that the actual value of the property destroyed, and which was insured by defendant, was very much less than the amount fixed by the award.
It would seem very clear from these facts that the conduct of Palmer in concealing from defendant the books and inventories referred to, and which conduct was the same in effect as a representation that there were no such books and inventories in existence, was a substantial inducement to the action of defendant in waiving its right to have an appraisement of plaintiff’s loss in accordance with the terms of its policy, and in consenting that such loss might be fixed at $90,000, without any examination or exercise of judgment upon the part of the arbitrators.
[575]In determining whether fraudulent representations or concealments are material to the contract sought to be avoided therefor, the supreme court of Maryland, in the case of MoAleer v. Horsey, 35 Md. 439, says: “ No better rule can be given for deciding the question than this—if the fraud be such that had it not been practiced the contract could not have been made or tl>e transaction completed, then it is material to it, but if it be shown or made probable that the same thing would have been done in the same way, if the fraud had not been practiced, it cannot be deemed material.” This same rule is also embodied in section 1569 of the Civil Code of this state; nor is it necessary, in order to avoid a contract for false representations, that such representations should have been the sole inducement to the contract; others may have concurred, and yet the party upon whom the deceit was practiced be entitled to relief. (2 Pomeroy’s Equity Jurisprudence, 2d ed., sec. 890; Addington v. Allen, 11 Wend. 375; Reynell v. Sprye, 1 De Gex, M. & G. 660; Safford v. Grout, 120 Mass. 20; James v. Hodsden, 47 Vt. 127; Bigelow on Fraud, p. 6.)
The facts as found by the court below and hereinbefore stated, bring this case squarely within the rule of the foregoing cases and entitle the defendant to be released from its consent to the formal award, if plaintiff is affected by the fraudulent conduct of Palmer. The plaintiff insists that the fraudulent concealment, of which defendant complains, was the unauthorized, w’iful act of Palmer alone, and in violation of the instructions given him by plaintiff in the matter of exhibiting its books, and that for this reason the plaintiff should not be held responsible for such concealment. In support of this contention, cases are cited to the effect that where the acts of an agent are wilful and beyond the scope or limit of his employment, the principal is not bound thereby; but this case does not fall within the principle thus invoked. Palmer was the agent and representative of plaintiff. He was plaintiff’s chief book-keeper, in charge of its office and books, and was the person to whom defendant was referred by plaintiff when a demand was made for an inspection of the books. The plaintiff could only act in the matter through the agency of some living person, and Palmer was the person selected for that purpose, and in all that he did or omitted to [576]do in the matter thus referred to him, he was acting within the scope of his employment, and the plaintiff, as his principal, is bound by his acts and omissions in the performance of the duty entrusted to him, notwithstanding he may have disobeyed the instructions which he received. (Story on Agency, p. 452; Mecliam on Agency, sec. 743; Wolfe v. Pugh, 101 Ind. 293.) And most certainly the plaintiff cannot be permitted to derive any advantage from the fraud of its agent in the manner of transacting its business, upon the claim that such conduct was not authorized by it. (Bennett v. Judson, 21 N. Y. 239; Mecham on Agency, sec. 148.) The finding of the court below, therefore, that Shippee and the other directors of plaintiff were innocent of any personal participation in the fraud of Palmer, and did not themselves make any representations or concealments, with intent to deceive and defraud defendant and the other insurers, is immaterial and does not give to plaintiff the right to enforce an agreement which the court finds would not have been made but for the fraud of Palmer.
It is lastly claimed by plaintiff that the books and inventories concealed were only the estimates of Palmer, and were incorrect, and had never been approved by plaintiff, and that for this reason the defendant was not injured by their non-production. The court below found “that the estimates of the cost of construction of the said machines, as entered in said books, did not include an allowance for interest upon investment in the plant of plaintiff, nor for salaries paid to its superintendent and other principal employees, nor for power, wastage, or tools; but did include an allowance of ten per cent over and above estimated cost, intended to cover the wear and tear upon the plant of plaintiff.” It is not material to the question under consideration to determine whether any or all of the matters referred to in this finding would properly enter into the cost of the construction of the property destroyed, although it is plain that some of them would not. It is sufficient to say that the estimate of such cost was made by the person selected by the plaintiff for that purpose, and the court finds that such estimate was made pursuant to the directions of its directors, and was entered in the books of plaintiff, and kept and retained by it in its business office. This being so, it was the duty of [577]the plaintiff to exhibit the books containing such inventories and estimates, when requested by defendant, and it could then have accompanied the same with such explanation as it deemed necessary in regard to the method adopted in arriving at such estimated cost, and it would then have been a matter for the consideration of the parties whether or not such estimate was based upon all the items of cost which should have been included therein. The books would have afforded some information to the defendant, and to that information it was entitled, not only under the terms of the policy issued by it, but also upon the plainest principles of right and fair dealing; and the plaintiff cannot be permitted to enforce an agreement which the court found would never have been made but for the fraud of plaintiff’s agent in withholding such information from the defendant—an agreement by which, under the findings of the court, as we construe them, the defendant agreed to pay more than the value of the property destroyed.
3. The judgment or decree of December 19,-1890, denying to defendant the relief demanded in what is termed its cross-complaint, was not a final judgment, and the attempted separate appeal therefrom must be dismissed. There can be but one final judgment in an action, and that is one which in effect ends the suit in the court in which it, is - entered, and finally determines the rights of the parties in relation to the matter in controversy. (Elliott’s Appellate Procedure, secs. 90, 91; Western Union Tel. Co. v. Locke, 107 Ind. 9.)
This the decree of December 19, 1890, did not attempt to do, but only purported to dispose of one of the defenses' to the action. Such a judgment is, to say the least, irregular, but as it is merged in the final judgment, the reversal of the latter will also operate to vacate the former.
The appeal from the so-called decree of December 19, 1890, Is dismissed, and the appeal from the final judgment in the action entered on January 7, 1891, will be reversed.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded for a new trial.
McFarland, J., Garoxjtte, J.; and Harrison, concurred.
Rehearing denied.
AI Brief
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Holding. The court held that an action based on an alleged post-loss agreement to pay an appraised amount cannot be sustained when the trial court finds that no such agreement was made. Furthermore, an award obtained through the fraudulent concealment of material evidence by the insured's agent is not binding on the insurer.
Issues
Whether a cause of action for a new agreement to pay an appraised loss can be sustained without proof of an express promise to pay.
Whether an award obtained through the fraudulent concealment of material books and inventories by the insured's agent is binding on the insurer.
Whether a decree disposing of only a cross-complaint constitutes a final judgment subject to separate appeal.
Disposition. reversed and remanded
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“The finding of the court that such alleged agreement was never made is fatal to the judgment upon this appeal.”
“An award in pursuance of such a submission does not fix the liability of the insurer to pay under the policy, but only determines the amount to be paid in the event that there is any liability at all”
“the award can have no greater force than the agreement upon which it is based, and, if the consent of defendant and the other insurers to such agreement was not fairly obtained, then the award is not binding upon defendant.”