People v. Mitchell

McKinstry/J.: In his closing argument to~the jury the District Attorney was permitted by the Court—notwithstanding the objection and exception of defendant—to aver, and argue from, the existence of facts as to which no evidence had been offered or introduced.

The impropriety of the statements, and apparently their materiality, were conceded by the District Attorney and by the Court, but the Court held that the District Attorney was justified in departing from the testimony, because counsel for defendant had done the same thing. If the record showed (which it does not) that such statements had been made by counsel for defendant, the fact would not cure the error of the Court. The District Attorney might have objected to such statements on the part of defendant’s counsel when they were made, or have asked the Court specifically to charge the [412]jury that they were to he disregarded. But to say that because an impropriety on the one side has passed unrebuked, it ceases to be an impropriety when committed on the other, would lead to confusion worse confounded. The jury would have the allegations of fact of the respective counsel pitted against each other, and the fate of a defendant would, perhaps, be determined, not by the evidence in the case, but by the degree of confidence which the jury might repose in the honesty or intelligence—or both combined—of one or the other of the counsel. For counsel to state a fact not proven or sought to be proven, is, in effect, to place unsworn evidence before the jury; and when improper evidence is admitted without objection on the one side, this will not authorize improper evidence on the other. (Donelly v. Curran, 54 Cal. 282.) Only sworn testimony can go to the jury. (People v. Wheeler, 9 Pac. C. L. J. 581, and cases there cited; 41 N. H. 317; 66 Me. 564; 67 N. Y. 638; 22 Iowa, 504; 49 Ind. 33, 124; 51 id. 507; 15 Ga. 633; 25 id. 225; 33 Conn. 471; 75 N. C. 306.)

In Brown v. Swineford, 44 Wis. 291, Ryan, C. J., said: “It sufficiently appears in the present case that the learned counsel for plaintiff did not properly confine his closing argument to a reply. * * * The learned counsel went beyond the legitimate scope of all argument, by stating and commenting on facts not in evidence.” “ Enough appears to show, not only that the learned counsel commented on facts not in evidence, but in effect testified to facts himself.” * * * “ The appellant took his exception, and his counsel now supports it by numerous cases, some of which are—so far as they go—admirable discussions of professional ethics,” etc. “All of them support the rule now adopted by this Court, that it is error sufficient to reverse a judgment, for counsel, against objection, to state facts pertinent to the issue, and not in evidence, or to assume arguendo such facts to be in the case when they are not. Some of the cases go further, and reverse judgments for imputation by counsel of facts not pertinent to the issue, but calculated to prejudice the case. (Tucker v. Henniker, 41 N. H. 317; State v. Smith, 75 N. C. 306; Ferguson v. State, 49 Ind. 33; Hennies v. Vogel, Sup. Ct. Ill. 7 Cent. L. J. 18.” “ Doubtless the Circuit Court can, as it did in