Clarke v. Ransom (1875) · DecisionDepot

Clarke v. Ransom

Name: California Superior Court Tentative Rulings
Creator: DecisionDepot
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

California Supreme Court Jul 1, 1875 No. No. 4587Published

Before: Crockett, Wallace

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Holding. The court held that an informal document written in the testatrix's own hand, which expressed an intent to provide a gift after death, constitutes a valid olographic will when supported by evidence of testamentary intent, even if it does not explicitly state it is revoking a prior will.

Issues

Whether an informal written instrument expressing a desire to give property after death qualifies as an olographic will.
Whether the instrument effectively revoked or altered a prior will under the applicable Civil Code sections.

Disposition. affirmed

Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion

“if it shall appear under all the circumstances that the instrument was intended to be testamentary, the court will give effect to the intention, if it can be done consistently with the language of the instrument”

“the court was justified by the evidence in holding that the instrument was intended to be testamentary.”

Synopsis

Proof that an Instrument is Testamentary.—Parol testimony will be received for the purpose of showing whether an instrument propounded as a will, which is not upon its face testamentary in its character, is such; and if it appears from the surrounding circumstances that the instrument was intended to he testamentary, the Court will give effect to the intention, and in such case the particular form of the instrument is immaterial.

Idem,—Under the foregoing rule, the following instrument held to he testamentary in its character and admitted to probate: “ Dear old Nance: I wish to give you my watch, two shawls, and also five thousand dollars. Tour old friend, E. A. Gordon.”

Altering a Will.—It is not necessary that a second will, altering a former one, should state in terms that it is intended thereby to alter such former will.

Opinion — Crockett

By the Court, Crockett, J. : The question to be determined is, whether the paper propounded by Miss Bansom, and which is entirely in the handwriting of the late Mrs. Gordon, and was written during her last illness, is entitled to probate as an olographic will. It is not denied that at the time when it was written Mrs. Gordon was of sound mind, and wrote it under the belief that her death was near at hand, as in fact it was. The point chiefly discussed by counsel is, whether the paper is or was designed to be testamentary in character. It was dated June 23, 1874, a few days before Mrs. Gordon’s death, and is in these words:

“ Dear Old Nance: I wish to give you my watch, two shawls, and also five thousand dollars.

“Tour old friend,

“E. A. Gordon.”

On its face there is nothing to indicate that it was intended to be testamentary. The full name of the beneficiary is not mentioned, nor is there any reference to the antici-

[600]pated death of Mrs. Gordon. Aside from the surrounding circumstances, as developed by the oral testimony, the instrument on its face simply expresses a desire, or at most an intention, on the part of Mrs. Gordon, to give to the person designated as “Dear Old Nance” the watch and shawls, together with $5000. It clearly appears, however, from the testimony, without contradiction, that Miss Ransom is the person designated as “Dear Old Nance.” It is well settled in this country and in England, first, that in determining whether the instrument propounded was intended to be testamentary, reference will be had to the surrounding circumstances, and the language will be construed in the light of these circumstances. Second, that if it shall appear under all the circumstances that the instrument was intended to be testamentary, the court will give effect to the intention, if it can be done consistently with the language of the instrument; and in such cases the particular form of the instrument is immaterial. These propositions are supported by numerous authorities, among which are the following: 1 Jarman on Wills, 363; 1 Redfield on Wills, 174-5; Outlaw v. Hurdle, 1 Jones (N. C.) Law R. 151; Succession of Ehrenberg, 21 La. Ann. 280; Jones v. Nicolay, 2 Robertson Ecc. R. 288; Todd’s Will, 2 Watts & Serg. 145; Maxwell v. Maxwell, 3 Metc. (Ky.) R. 100; Robnett v. Ashlock, 49 Mo. 172; 1 Williams on Exrs. 90; Wotton v. Redd’s Ex’r, 12 Grattan, 205; McGrath v. Reynolds, 116 Mass. 566.

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The next inquiry is, under what circumstances the paper in question was made and executed by Mrs. Gordon. It appeared in evidence that for some years Mrs. Gordon and Miss Ransom had been on terms of intimacy. Mrs. Gordon was a widow, with a large estate and without children living. She had before executed a will in due form, by which she had devised to her brother (the appellant) the whole of the estate, with the exception of several specific legacies, one of which was to Miss Ransom for $1000, and the brother was nominated as one of the executors. It further appears that after the will had been duly made and executed, Mrs. Gordon desired to make a further provision for Miss Ransom; and for that purpose drew up, wholly in [601]her own handwriting, and delivered to Miss Bansom, the paper propounded as a will. The Court finds that when this instrument was executed and delivered, Mrs. Gordon was of sound mind, and was cognizant of the fact that she was in her last illness, and was in expectation of death; that she was not under duress, restraint or undue influence, and delivered the paper, “intending that the same should take effect after her death;” and further, that Miss Bansom was the person designated in the instrument as “Dear Old Nance.” Upon these facts the court below admitted the instrument to probate. But it has been suggested that it appears from the testimony of Miss Bansom herself, that the instrument was not intended to be testamentary, but merely as a written request to Clarke, the residuary devisee, and as indicating the desire of Mrs. Gordon (which she believed he would respect) that he would give Miss Bansom. the watch and shawls and the §5000. But I think such an inference is not fairly deducible from Miss Bansom’s testimony, taken as a whole. It is true she says Mrs. Gordon requested her not to exhibit the paper to Clarke until after her death; nor then unless he should refuse on her verbal request to give her the §5000 and the watch and shawls. But she also testifies that in case he refused to comply with the request, Mrs. Gordon instructed her “to give the paper to Mr. Doyle and have it effected after her death.” This would seem to indicate very clearly that she did not intend it should be optional with Clarke whether Miss Bansom should receive the benefit of her bounty. But without going into further detail, it will suffice to say on this point, that in my opinion the court was justified by the evidence in holding that the instrument was intended to be testamentary. But it is urged in argument that under section 1292 of the Civil Code, and section 1970 of the Code of Civil Procedure, then in force, this instrument is inoperative to change, modify or revoke, pro tanto, the former will. As these two sections then stood, they were identical in legal effect, and provide that a written will cannot be revoked or altered, in whole or in part, except “by a written will or other writing of the testator declaring such revocation or alteration, and [602]executed with the same formalities with which a will should be executed by such testator.” The instrument propounded being wholly in the handwriting of the testatrix, was executed with the requisite formality, but does not on its face declare that it was thereby intended to revoke or alter the former will; nor was it necessary that it should. The words “declaring such revocation or alteration,” as employed in the statute, mean nothing more than that it shall appear from the provisions of the last will, that it was intended to alter or revoke the former, in whole or in part. |

Dissent — Wallace

Wallace, C. J., dissenting: The instrument in question is not in form a testamentary disposition. It is the mere expression of a wish that the proponent should, after the death of Mrs. Gordon, have the sum of money, and the articles therein mentioned. The instrument, therefore, cannot be considered either as a will or codicil entitling it to be admitted to probate as such, unless from the circumstances attending its execution it can be held to be such, and this is conceded by my associates. But the circumstances in evidence, so far from showing that Mrs. Gordon intended the instrument as a will or codicil, affirmatively show the contrary. It appears that the purpose of Mrs. Gordon was merely to charge Clarke, as being her general devisee and legatee, with the payment of the money and delivery of the articles mentioned in the instrument. She and the proponent, at the time the instrument was prepared, discussed the probabilities as to Clarke’s respecting her verbal wishes in that respect, expressed by her on previous occasions. The conclusion arrived at was that he would not do so. The instrument was then prepared and delivered to the proponent, upon her express promise that she would not exhibit it to Clarke during the lifetime of Mrs. Gordon, and that even after her death it should not be shown to Clarke, if he should prove willing to carry out the wishes of Mrs. Gordon in respect to the proponent. Ko significance in this connection is due to the [603]direction of Mrs. Gordon, that if Clarke should prove impracticable, a lawyer should be consulted, and the instrument “ effected after her death.” This would be to do nothing-more than was done in Laurencel v. De Boom (48 Cal. 581), where a trust, under circumstances somewhat similar, was enforced upon the conscience of the general devisee of Jean Corneille De Boom. The precise purposes had in view by Mrs. Gordon in executing the instrument are thus distinctively shown, and notwithstanding the courts both in England and America have notoriously gone to extreme lengths in construing almost any form of instrument to be a will, I think that not one can be produced which, in its attendant circumstances, will support the conclusion arrived at by the court below in this case and now affirmed here:

I, therefore, dissent from the opinion and judgment of my associates, and am of opinion that the judgment rendered below should be reversed.

Mr. Justice McKimstry did not express an opinion.

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Synopsis

Opinion — Crockett

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Dissent — Wallace

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