People v. Long

Crockett, J., delivered the opinion of the Court.

The defendant was convicted of murder in the first degree, and has appealed from the judgment. On the trial the Court, after reading to the jury from the statute the definition of murder of the first and second degrees, charged as follows: “Murder, therefore, of the first degree has in it the ingredient of malice towards the person killed; and also a deliberate and premeditated intention to take life. In murder of the second degree there is the same degree of malice as in murder of the first degree, and the killing is done unlawfully, but Avitliout the intention to take life. ” After defining the crime of manslaughter, the Court then proceeds as folloAvs: “Thus you have the three grades of crime included in this indictment; first, murder of the first degree, which is an unlaAvful killing, accompanied by malice and by a premeditated intention to take life; murder of the second degree, which is the unlawful killing accompanied with malice, but in it was no intention of taking life, for the reason that as soon as that ingredient enters into the killing it becomes murder of the first degree.”

This charge was excepted to by the defendant, and is relied upon as error on the appeal.

The different degrees of murder are thus defined in the statute: “All murder which shall be perpetrated by means of poison, or lying in wait, torture, or by any other kind of wilful, deliberate or premeditated killing, or Avhich shall be committed in the perpetration or attempt to perpetrate any [696]arson, rape, robbery- or burglary, shall be deemed murder of the first degree; and all other kinds of murder shall be deemed murder in the second degree. (Statute concerning Crimes and Punishments, Section 21.) Section 19 of the Act defines murder to be “the unlawful killing of a human being, with malice aforethought, either express or implied. ” The Court, therefore, correctly charged the jury, that to constitute murder of either the first or second degree the killing must have been unlawful and accompanied with malice; and the charge that to constitute murder of the first degree, there must have been a deliberate and premeditated intention to take life, is perhaps not objectionable, as applied to the facts of the case, though not as broad as the statutory definition, which includes also a killing committed in the perpetration or attempt to perpetrate arson, rape, robbery or burglary. But the Court, in its definition of murder of the second degree, not only fails to define it correctly, but may have confused the jury in respect to the definition of murder in the first degree. The jury was told, in substance, that the only difference between murder of the first and of the second degree is, that in the former there must be an intention to take life, whilst in the latter there is not. But to constitute murder of the first degree there must be not only an intention to take life, but it must also be a “deliberate and premeditated killingnor is it true that in murder of the second degree there must, of necessity, be an absence of all intention to take life. On the contrary, the true distinction between the two grades of the offense is, that in murder of the first degree, unless it was committed in perpetrating or attempting to perpetrate arson, rape, robbery or burglary, the killing must be deliberate and premeditated, whilst in murder of the second degree the killing is not deliberate or premeditated. In the one case there is a deliberate, premeditated, preconceived design, though it may have been formed in the mind immediately before the mortal wound was given, to take life. In the other case there is no deliberation, premeditation, or preconceived design to kill. In both, however, the killing must have been unlawful and accompanied with malice. We think