The People contend the trial court erred in granting defendant’s writ petition
because (1) defendant’s juvenile carjacking adjudication qualifies as a strike under 2006
law, (2) the trial court erred in applying People v. Gallardo (2017) 4 Cal.5th 120
(Gallardo), retroactively, (3) the trial court exceeded its jurisdiction by vacating the
carjacking strike entered in Los Angeles (case No. VA 076709) and Orange County (case
No. 03NF1824) cases, (4) defendant’s trial counsel was not ineffective, because the
record of conviction established defendant’s carjacking adjudication qualified as a strike,
and (5) defendant’s delay in filing his writ petition prejudiced the People’s ability to
oppose it.
We conclude the trial court did not err in applying Gallardo retroactively and
granting defendant’s writ petition on the ground defendant’s juvenile carjacking
adjudication does not qualify as a strike. We therefore need not address the People’s
additional IAC challenge. We further reject the People’s other objections and affirm the
writ petition order and judgment.
2
II.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. Prior Los Angeles Juvenile Court Carjacking Adjudication
On October 2, 2001, the People filed in Los Angeles County juvenile court
(LAJC), a petition under Welfare and Institutions Code section 602 (case No. VJ22377).
The People alleged in count 1 that on September 29, 2001, when defendant was 17 years
old, he committed the crime of carjacking (Pen. Code, § 215, subd. (a)) by unlawfully
taking the victim’s car by force or fear. The People alleged in count 2 that on the same
date as the count 1 offense, defendant committed the crime of unlawful driving or taking
of a vehicle (Veh. Code, § 10851, subd. (a)) by unlawfully driving and taking a vehicle
without the consent of the owner and with intent to permanently or temporarily deprive
the owner of title to and possession of the vehicle.
On October 3, 2001, the court referred the LAJC matter to the probation
department for a section 654 pre-plea report, with the matter continued to October 17,
2001. The Los Angeles County probation report dated October 17, 2001, summarized the
facts of the carjacking offense. The report also included a victim statement, a statement
of defendant’s criminal history as a juvenile, defendant’s personal history, interested
party statements, a statement evaluating defendant’s conduct under supervision, and a
statement of the probation officer’s analysis and recommended plan for defendant of
placement with the California Youth Authority (CYA).
3
During the December 18, 2001, adjudication and disposition hearing, the LAJC
sustained the juvenile petition, after defendant admitted both counts. The minute order
states that the LAJC “read and considered the Probation Officer’s Report filed herein and
said report is admitted into evidence by reference.” The LAJC ordered defendant
detained in juvenile hall pending suitable placement. In April 2002, after the LAJC
reviewed the probation report, the LAJC ordered defendant placed in a six-month camp
program.
B. Defendant’s 2003 Crime Spree
After defendant’s release, defendant committed numerous crimes as an adult in
March, April, and May 2003, in the counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino,
and Riverside.1
On August 8, 2003, defendant pled guilty and was convicted as an adult in Los
Angeles County Superior Court (LASC) of two counts of second degree robbery
committed in 2003 (LASC case No. VA 076709). The LASC sentenced defendant on
October 20, 2003, to 12 years in prison, with the court finding defendant had one or more
strikes. One of the alleged strikes was for the juvenile carjacking adjudication.
1 Defendant also pled guilty and was convicted in Riverside Superior Court (RCSC) in 2007, of one count of second degree robbery committed in 2003 (RCSC case No. RIF110773) and was sentenced in 2007 to 13 years in prison. The Riverside case is not relevant to this appeal because, unlike the other criminal cases mentioned in this appeal, the juvenile carjacking adjudication was not included as a strike in the Riverside criminal case.
4
On April 27, 2004, defendant pled guilty and was convicted in Orange County
Superior Court (OCSC) of two counts of second degree robbery committed in 2003
(OCSC case No. 03NF1824). On May 20, 2004, the OCSC sentenced defendant to two
years in prison, with the court finding defendant had one or more strikes. One of the
alleged strikes was for the juvenile carjacking adjudication.
C. San Bernardino Superior Court Case
In San Bernardino Superior Court (SBSC) case No. FSB039762, the People filed
an information in July 2004, charging defendant as an adult with carjacking on March 27,
2003 (Pen. Code, § 215, subd. (a); count 1), attempted second degree robbery on April
16, 2003, and May 15, 2003 (Pen. Code, §§ 664, 211; counts 2, 8), and second degree
robbery on May 1, 4, and 15, 2003 (Pen. Code, § 211; counts 3-7, 9-10). The information
further alleged as to count 1, that defendant personally used a deadly weapon (Pen. Code,
§ 12022, subd. (b)(2)). The information also alleged defendant suffered a prior serious
and or violent felony conviction (Pen. Code, §§ 667, subd. (d), 1170.12, subd. (b)). The
alleged strike was for the juvenile carjacking adjudication committed in Los Angeles, in
2001 (LAJC case No. VJ22377).
1. Guilty Plea in the SBSC Case
On May 12, 2006, defendant withdrew his not guilty plea in the SBSC case and
entered a guilty plea to counts 1 through 8, and 10 of the information. Defendant also
admitted the enhancement allegations. Defendant and his attorney, Earl Carter, signed a
plea agreement form, agreeing to an aggregate sentence of 20 years eight months, to run
5
consecutive to a four-year term imposed in LASC case No. VA076709, for a total prison
term of 24 years eight months.
2. Sentencing in the SBSC Case
On June 5, 2006, the SBSC sentenced defendant on counts 1 through 8, and 10, to
an aggregate term of 24 years eight months, in accordance with defendant’s guilty plea
on May 12, 2006, with the court finding defendant had two strikes (Pen. Code,
did not admit using a weapon when committing the crime, and there was no such
allegation in the LAJC petition. Higgins further noted that defendant’s plea agreement in
the SBSC case showed that defendant pled to the entire complaint and admitted that he
suffered a strike prior. In addition, defendant’s sentence for the charges appeared to be
miscalculated. Upon investigating the matter further, Higgins discovered the December
27, 2016, CDCR letter. Both the CDCR and Higgins concluded the court miscalculated
defendant’s sentence. The court, nevertheless, concluded there was no error and
therefore did not amend the abstract of judgment.
Defendant thereafter moved to modify his sentence. The trial court ordered
transcripts of the 2006 SBSC hearings but was informed that the transcripts were
unavailable or no longer existed. The matter was continued and the court obtained a copy
of the transcript of the June 5, 2006, sentencing hearing but was told there was no
transcript of the May 12, 2006, plea hearing. After numerous continuances, in July 2017,
the trial court heard defendant’s motion to modify his sentence. During the hearing, the
court and parties concluded defense counsel should proceed with seeking modification of
defendant’s sentence by filing a writ petition.
D. Defendant’s Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus
On January 5, 2018, defendant filed in SBSC a petition for writ of habeas corpus
(case No. WHC1800004), alleging sentencing error was committed in SBSC case No.
FSB039762. Defendant challenged the trial court’s determination that his juvenile
7
carjacking adjudication qualified as a strike. Defendant alleged the juvenile carjacking
adjudication did not qualify as a strike because there was no showing or admission that
the carjacking offense was committed with a dangerous or deadly weapon. Defendant
also argued his attorney provided IAC by failing to challenge the strike. Defendant
requested the trial court to vacate his plea, conviction, and resulting sentence, and release
him or, alternatively, conduct an evidentiary hearing on the strike.
Defendant attached to his writ petition a computer printout of the trial court’s
register of actions; a reporter’s transcript of the June 5, 2006, sentencing hearing in the
SBSC case; the LAJC petition; the December 27, 2016, CDCR letter notifying the court
that defendant’s sentence in the SBSC case appeared to be improper; the February 1,
2017, public defender memorandum concluding defendant’s sentence was improper
because defendant’s juvenile carjacking adjudication did not qualify as a strike; and
defendant’s declaration supporting his writ petition.
Defendant stated in his supporting declaration that after consulting with his
attorney on May 12, 2006, and upon his attorney’s advice, defendant pled guilty in the
SBSC case and admitted the juvenile carjacking strike allegation. In discussing the
proposed plea bargain, defendant’s attorney advised him that it made no difference that
he was a juvenile when he committed the carjacking prior. It still qualified as a strike,
and if defendant went to trial, he would be exposed to a maximum sentence of 45 years
and four months. For these reasons, defendant accepted the plea deal.
8
Defendant further stated in his declaration that it was not until recently that
defendant was told his juvenile carjacking strike might be improper. Upon learning this,
defendant immediately sought legal assistance. His previous attorney never told him that
his juvenile carjacking adjudication did not qualify as a strike unless it was alleged and
proven that defendant was armed with a dangerous or deadly weapon when he committed
the carjacking. Around December 27, 2016, defendant received the CDCR letter
indicating there were discrepancies in his sentence. Defendant immediately contacted the
San Bernardino County Public Defender’s Office. Deputy Public Defender Higgins told
defendant on February 1, 2017, that his juvenile carjacking adjudication did not qualify
as a strike because there had been no allegation or proof that he used a dangerous or
deadly weapon during the juvenile carjacking offense.
In April 2018, the SBSC issued an order to show cause (OSC) as to why defendant
should not be allowed to withdraw his plea in the SBSC case. The court’s order detailing
the basis of its OSC states that “[t]he oral pronouncement of judgment is confusing as set
forth in the reporter’s transcript. The trial court made several mathematical mistakes and
misspoke regarding the Los Angeles case number. . . . The abstract is in agreement with
the plea as to the total of 24 years eight months, but has other obvious errors that do not
conform with the trial court’s oral pronouncement and appear in violation of Penal Code
section 1170.1, subdivision (a). The abstract makes no mention of [defendant’s] Los
Angeles case, case [N]o VA076709.”
9
In addition, the court ordered the People to show cause as to why defendant should
not be allowed to withdraw his plea in the SBSC case or alternatively be resentenced as if
he did not have a strike, on IAC grounds and because defendant did not enter his plea
voluntarily and knowingly with the full understanding of its consequences.
E. The People’s Return to Defendant’s Writ Petition
In June 2018, the People filed a return (Return) to the writ petition, asserting that
defendant provided an incomplete record, defendant’s juvenile carjacking prior qualified
as a strike, defendant’s IAC objection lacked merit, defendant’s guilty plea was knowing
and voluntary, and defendant’s writ petition was untimely and barred by laches. The
People attached to their Return a copy of the probation report dated October 17, 2001,
filed in the LAJC juvenile carjacking case.
The People also filed a declaration by defendant’s previous attorney, Earl Carter,
stating that he did not recall his investigation in the SBSC case or his advisements to
defendant regarding defendant’s maximum exposure in the case. Carter added that it was
his custom and practice to investigate the validity of all allegations, advise his clients of
them, and advise his clients regarding their maximum exposure when they were offered a
plea bargain. Carter further stated he gave his case files and notes to defendant’s current
defense attorney.
Also attached to the People’s Return were affidavits of unavailability of the
reporter’s transcript in the juvenile carjacking case, for the LAJC hearing on December
10
18, 2001; and the reporter’s transcripts in the SBSC case, for hearings on January 6,
2006, April 19, 2006, and May 12, 2006.
F. Defendant’s Traverse to the People’s Return
In July 2018, defendant filed a traverse to the People’s Return, denying that
defendant’s juvenile carjacking adjudication qualified as a strike, because there was no
admission or allegation that defendant was armed or used a dangerous or deadly weapon
during commission of the carjacking. Defendant further objected to the court considering
the LAJC probation report because it constituted inadmissible hearsay and was not part of
the record of conviction or plea in the juvenile carjacking case. Defendant also argued
IAC and that his guilty plea and admissions in the SBSC case were not made knowingly
and intelligently.
G. The Trial Court’s Ruling on Defendant’s Writ Petition
After reviewing the writ petition, return, and traverse, the trial court concluded an
evidentiary hearing on defendant’s writ petition was not required. On August 31, 2018,
the trial court heard oral argument on defendant’s writ petition for modification of his
sentence. After hearing oral argument, the trial court granted defendant’s writ petition
and stayed the ruling for one week to allow the People time to decide how they wished to
proceed. The following week, on September 5, 2018, the trial court again granted
defendant’s writ petition and ordered defendant to be resentenced in the SBSC case based
on the terms of defendant’s original plea, with the exception that resentencing was not to
include sentencing on the juvenile carjacking strike.
11
The SBSC explained in a detailed written order that defendant’s writ petition was
granted on the following grounds: (1) defendant’s attorney committed IAC by failing to
object to the juvenile carjacking strike; (2) Gallardo, supra, 4 Cal.5th 120, applied
retroactively to the instant case; (3) the trial court could not rely on the probation report
when determining whether defendant’s juvenile carjacking adjudication qualified as a
strike; (4) even if the probation report could be considered, it did not provide proof
beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant used a weapon when committing the juvenile
carjacking offense; and (5) the People’s untimeliness/laches argument lacked merit
because there was no prejudice caused by defendant’s delay in seeking writ relief.
H. Resentencing
On September 7, 2018, the trial court in the SBSC case resentenced defendant in
accordance with the trial court order granting defendant’s writ petition. Because the
court found that the juvenile carjacking adjudication did not qualify as a strike,
defendant’s sentence was reduced from 24 years eight months to 16 years eight months.
The trial court resentenced defendant to an aggregate term of 11 years in the SBSC case
(case No. FSB039762), and five years eight months for the two subordinate cases (LASC
case No. VA 076709 and OCSC case No. 03NF1824), upon finding the juvenile
carjacking adjudication also did not qualify as a strike in the LASC and OCSC cases.
12
III.
LAW APPLICABLE TO RULING ON A WRIT PETITION
Defendant requested the trial court to issue a writ of habeas corpus vacating his
guilty plea, juvenile carjacking strike, enhancement admissions, and sentence imposed in
the SBSC case. The People appeal the trial court’s ruling granting defendant’s writ
petition request to vacate the strike and resentence defendant.
Under our state Constitution, a person improperly deprived of his or her liberty has
the right to petition for a writ of habeas corpus. (Cal. Const., art. I, § 11; People v.
Duvall (1995) 9 Cal.4th 464, 474 (Duvall).) A petition for a writ of habeas corpus
collaterally challenges a presumptively final criminal judgment. Therefore, the petitioner
bears a heavy burden to plead grounds for relief, and later to prove them. (Duvall, supra,
at p. 474.)
When reviewing such a petition, the trial court “evaluates it by asking whether,
assuming the petition’s factual allegations are true, the petitioner would be entitled to
relief. [Citations.] If no prima facie case for relief is stated, the court will summarily
deny the petition.” (Duvall, supra, 9 Cal.4th at pp. 474-475.) If the court finds the
factual allegations establish a prima facie case for relief, the court will issue an OSC. (Id.
at p. 475.) When an OSC issues, it is limited to the claims raised in the writ petition and
the factual bases for those claims. Issuance of an OSC indicates the court’s preliminary
assessment that the petitioner would be entitled to relief if the petitioner’s factual
allegations are proved. (Ibid.)
13
The custodian of the confined person, the People, shall then file a responsive
pleading, called a return, justifying the confinement. (Pen. Code, § 1480; Duvall, supra,
9 Cal.4th at p. 475.) The return shall allege facts establishing the legality of the
petitioner’s custody and respond to the petition allegations that the confinement is
unlawful. (Duvall, supra, at p. 476.) In addition, the return should also “provide such
documentary evidence, affidavits, or other materials as will enable the court to determine
which issues are truly disputed.” (In re Lewallen (1979) 23 Cal.3d 274, 278, fn. 2;
accord, Duvall, supra, at p. 476.) In response to the return, the petitioner may file a
traverse, which either admits or disputes the return’s factual allegations responsive to the
petition. (Duvall, supra, at p. 477.)
In the instant case, the parties and trial court followed these procedures. The trial
court concluded that an evidentiary hearing was not required. After reviewing the
pleadings and attached exhibits, and listening to oral argument, the court granted
defendant writ relief.
IV.
DEFENDANT’S JUVENILE CARJACKING
ADJUDICATION STRIKE
The People argue the trial court erred in ruling that defendant’s juvenile carjacking
adjudication does not qualify as a strike. The primary issue here is whether the court may
rely on the contents of the probation report in finding that the juvenile carjacking
adjudication qualifies as a strike.
14
A. Law Applicable to Strikes Based on Juvenile Adjudications
Under paragraph (B) of Penal Code section 667, subdivision (d)(3), “[a] prior
juvenile adjudication shall constitute a prior felony conviction for Three Strikes purposes
only if the prior offense is listed in Welfare and Institutions Code section 707
[subdivision] (b)” and is classified as a “serious” felony under Penal Code section
1192.7, subdivision (c), or as a “violent” felony under Penal Code section 667.5,
subdivision (c). (People v. Garcia (1999) 21 Cal.4th 1, 13.)
In the instant case, defendant was charged in 2001, as a juvenile, with carjacking
(Pen. Code, § 215, subd. (a)) and unlawful driving or taking of a vehicle (Pen. Code,
§ 10851, subd. (a)). These crimes are not included in the Welfare and Institutions Code
section 707, subdivision (b), list of offenses that qualify as a strike. After the LAJC
admitted into evidence the probation report, defendant admitted the charges and the
juvenile court sustained the juvenile petition charges.
The People agree that carjacking, alone, when committed by a juvenile, does not
qualify as a strike. However, the People argue defendant’s juvenile carjacking
adjudication qualifies as a strike under Welfare and Institutions Code section 707,
subdivision (b)(25), because the facts stated in the probation report establish that
defendant committed the crime of “Carjacking, as described in [s]ection 215 of the Penal
Code, while armed with a dangerous or deadly weapon.” (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 707,
subd. (b)(25), italics added.) Such a crime is included in the list of juvenile crimes
qualifying as a strike. (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 707, subd. (b).) The trial court hearing
15
defendant’s writ petition rejected the People’s argument, concluding that under the recent
decision of Gallardo, supra, 4 Cal.5th 120, the trial court could not make the factual
weapon-use finding based on the probation report.
B. Gallardo
The People acknowledge that the California Supreme Court in Gallardo, supra, 4
Cal.5th 120, held that, when determining whether a prior conviction is a serious felony
for purposes of increasing a sentence, the trial court is limited to “those facts that were
established by virtue of the conviction itself—that is, facts the jury was necessarily
required to find to render a guilty verdict, or that the defendant admitted as the factual
basis for a guilty plea.” (Id. at p. 136; see also id. at p. 134.) Such a determination about
the nature of a prior conviction thus is to be made by the court solely based on the record
of conviction. (Id. at p. 138.) Where there has been a plea, the determination of whether
the plea encompassed a relevant admission about the nature of the crime, is limited to the
record of the conviction entered on the plea. (Id. at pp. 138-139.) The California
Supreme Court thus concluded the trial court in Gallardo had engaged in constitutionally
prohibited factfinding by looking beyond the defendant’s record of conviction to find that
a prior conviction qualified as a strike. (Id. at pp. 134-137.)
16
Here, as in Gallardo, the trial court made a determination regarding the underlying
disputed facts of defendant’s prior juvenile carjacking adjudication, when sentencing
defendant in 2006. In finding defendant’s juvenile carjacking adjudication qualified as a
strike, the trial court engaged in the kind of factfinding that the Gallardo court prohibited.
The trial court looked beyond the record of conviction. The People argue Gallardo does
not apply retroactively to defendant’s 2006 sentence, in which the trial court found
defendant’s juvenile carjacking adjudication qualified as a strike.
C. Gallardo Applies Retroactively to Defendant’s Unauthorized Sentence
Gallardo, supra, 4 Cal.5th 120 applies retroactively here because defendant’s
sentence constitutes an unauthorized sentence as to his juvenile carjacking strike. It is
unclear from the record on appeal whether the court and parties were aware during
sentencing in 2006, that defendant’s 2001 juvenile carjacking adjudication did not qualify
as a strike, unless he committed the carjacking with a dangerous and deadly weapon. The
record does not disclose the basis for the trial court’s determination that the carjacking
adjudication qualified as a strike. The record on appeal demonstrates that the only way
the court could have reached such a conclusion was to rely on facts outside the record of
conviction, which is improper under Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000) 530 U.S. 466,
Descamps v. United States (2013) 570 U.S. 254, Gallardo, and the Sixth Amendment.
Because there were no facts upon which the sentencing court could have properly found
defendant was armed or used a gun when committing the carjacking prior, imposition of
the juvenile carjacking strike was unlawful, resulting in an unauthorized sentence.
17
It is settled law in California that an unauthorized sentence can be challenged and
corrected at any time. (People v. Scott (1994) 9 Cal.4th 331, 354; Montgomery v.
Louisiana (2016) ––– U.S. ––––, 136 S.Ct. 718, 723 [defendant permitted to challenge
sentence as cruel and unusual punishment 50 years after his arrest]; People v. Sanchez
(2016) 245 Cal.App.4th 1409, 1417.) Habeas corpus relief is thus proper here where
defendant was sentenced to serve an illegal or unauthorized sentence. (In re Harris
(1993) 5 Cal.4th 813, 839.) Writ relief may be granted when “the sentencing court acted
in excess of its jurisdiction by imposing a sentence on the petitioner that was longer than
that permitted by law.” (In re Harris, supra, 5 Cal.4th at p. 839; see also ibid. [“We
again invoked this rule in a case in which a habeas corpus petitioner claimed two
enhancement provisions were improperly applied to lengthen his overall sentence.”].)
Habeas corpus will also lie “‘to correct a misinterpretation of [a] statute resulting in
confinement “in excess of the time allowed by law” [citation].’” (In re Harris (1989) 49
Cal.3d 131, 134, fn. 2, quoting In re Huffman (1986) 42 Cal.3d 552, 555.)
The unauthorized sentence exception to the general rule precluding relief after a
judgment is final, applies here. Defendant’s sentence is unauthorized, either because the
sentencing court in 2006 simply overlooked the fact the carjacking strike was based on a
juvenile adjudication which does not qualify as a strike, or the court improperly found the
prior qualified as a strike based on facts outside the record of conviction. Either way,
defendant’s 2001 juvenile carjacking adjudication does not qualify as a strike. Therefore,
18
the trial court properly granted defendant’s petition for habeas corpus writ relief and
vacated defendant’s carjacking strike.
D. Gallardo Applies Retroactively Under the California Retroactivity Standard
We further conclude Gallardo, supra, 4 Cal.5th 120 applies retroactively here
based on California’s retroactivity standard for assessing retroactivity of judicial
decisions. The People assert that this court should apply the federal, rather than state,
retroactivity standard, because the Gallardo holding is based on federal Sixth
Amendment principles. The federal retroactivity standard is narrower and thus is
generally more difficult to meet than the state standard. (In re Ruedas (2018) 23
Cal.App.5th 777, 799 (Ruedas); see also In re Thomas (2018) 30 Cal.App.5th 744, 757
(Thomas); In re Johnson (1970) 3 Cal.3d 404, 413 [“the states are free to give greater
retroactive impact to a decision than the federal courts choose to give”].) The People
acknowledge that under Danforth v. Minnesota (2008) 552 U.S. 264 and In re Gomez
(2009) 45 Cal.4th 650, 655, California courts may apply the state retroactivity standard
regarding new judicial opinions, such as Gallardo, which address federal constitutional
principles.2
2 The People acknowledge there is a split of opinion among state appellate courts as to whether the federal or state retroactivity standard applies. The California Supreme Court has not resolved this controversy. In Thomas, supra, 30 Cal.App.5th at pp. 749, 760-761, this court concluded the state retroactivity standard applies in writ petitions filed in state court. The California Supreme Court in Gomez suggested that this court may, but is not required to, apply the state retroactivity standard, rather than the federal standard, when determining retroactivity of a judicial decision founded on federal constitutional principles. (In re Gomez, supra, 45 Cal.4th at p. 655, fn. 3; but see Thomas, supra, at p. 761.) The Gomez court explained that this freedom to apply the
19
Because we conclude, as discussed below, Gallardo applies retroactively under
the state retroactivity standard, we need not consider whether Gallardo applies
retroactively under the federal retroactivity standard. (Ruedas, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at
pp. 798-799; In re Gomez, supra, 45 Cal.4th at p. 655, fn. 3.)
1. Gallardo Created a New Rule
The threshold inquiry in determining retroactivity is whether a judicial holding
constitutes a “new rule.” (Ruedas, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at p. 799.) Defendant argues
Gallardo does not create a new rule and therefore Gallardo can be applied as decisional
precedent, without considering either the state or federal retroactivity standards. The
People, on the other hand, argue Gallardo is a new rule. We agree.
A judicial decision constitutes a “new rule” under state law when the judicial
decision “(1) explicitly overrule[s] a precedent of the California Supreme Court, or (2)
disapprove[s] a practice implicitly sanctioned by prior decisions of the Supreme Court, or
(3) disapprove[s] a long-standing and widespread practice expressly approved by a near-
unanimous body of lower court authorities.” (Thomas, supra, 30 Cal.App.5th at p. 761;
In re Lucero (2011) 200 Cal.App.4th 38, 45, citing People v. Guerra (1984) 37 Cal.3d
385, 401; see also Ruedas, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at pp. 799-800.)
state standard is because “California is free to adopt its own standard and rules regarding the retroactivity of new judicial opinions. [Citation.] This freedom stems from the recognition that states are ‘independent sovereigns with plenary authority to make and enforce their own laws as long as they do not infringe on federal constitutional guarantees.’ [Citation.]” (Ruedas, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at pp. 798-799, citing In re Gomez, supra, 45 Cal.4th at p. 655, fn. 3, and quoting Danforth v. Minnesota, supra, 552 U.S. at p. 280.)
20
Under this definition of a “new rule,” the Gallardo decision created a new rule of
law by explicitly overruling the firmly established case precedent of People v. McGee
(2006) 38 Cal.4th 682. McGee provided controlling Supreme Court precedent on the trial
court’s authority to make factual findings when determining whether a prior conviction
qualifies as a strike. (In re Lucero, supra, 200 Cal.App.4th at p. 45.) In overruling
McGee, the Gallardo court held that McGee “is no longer tenable insofar as it authorizes
trial courts to make findings about the conduct that ‘realistically’ gave rise to a
defendant’s prior conviction. The trial court’s role is limited to determining the facts that
were necessarily found in the course of entering the conviction. To do more is to engage
in ‘judicial factfinding that goes far beyond the recognition of a prior conviction.’”
(Gallardo, supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 134, quoting in part Descamps v. United States, supra,
570 U.S. at p. 255.)
2. The Gallardo Rule is a Procedural Rule
Defendant argues that the Gallardo new rule applies retroactively to his 2006
sentence because the Gallardo rule is a substantive rule, not procedural. Under state law,
a substantive new rule, which changes a criminal law, will generally be given retroactive
effect. (In re Martinez (2017) 3 Cal.5th 1216, 1222-1223.) A rule is substantive when “it
alters the range of conduct or the class of persons that the law punishes, or it modifies the
elements of the offense.” (Id. at p. 1222; see also In re Lopez (2016) 246 Cal.App.4th
350, 357.)
21
The Gallardo rule is procedural, not substantive, because it does not alter the
range of conduct or persons the law punishes, or modify the elements of an offense.
Rather, Gallardo holds the trial court is generally barred from making disputed factual
findings when determining whether a prior conviction qualifies as a strike. (Gallardo,
supra, 4 Cal.5th at pp. 136-139.) This procedural rule thus cannot be applied
retroactively unless it qualifies under either the state or federal retroactivity standard.
3. Application of the State Retroactivity Standard
The state retroactivity standard, applicable to a procedural new rule such as the
Gallardo rule, is articulated in In re Johnson, supra, 3 Cal.3d at page 410. Under the
state standard, “the retroactivity of a new rule ‘is to be determined by “‘(a) the purpose to
be served by the new standards, (b) the extent of the reliance by law enforcement
authorities on the old standards, and (c) the effect on the administration of justice of a
retroactive application of the new standards.’”’ [Citation.]” (In re Lucero, supra, 200
Cal.App.4th at p. 45, quoting In re Johnson, supra, at p. 413.)
The first factor is of primary importance and will generally be deemed controlling
if the new rule’s purpose plainly favors retroactive or prospective application. (Ruedas,
supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at p. 800.) “[T]he factors of reliance and burden on the
administration of justice are of significant relevance only when the question of
retroactivity is a close one after the purpose of the new rule is considered.” (In re
Johnson, supra, 3 Cal.3d at p. 410.)
22
Under the state retroactivity test, “the more directly the new rule in question serves
to preclude the conviction of innocent persons, the more likely it is that the rule will be
afforded retrospective application. Further, if the rule relates to characteristics of the
judicial system which are essential to minimizing convictions of the innocent, it will
apply retroactively regardless of the reliance of prosecutors on former law, and regardless
of the burden which retroactivity will place upon the judicial system.” (In re Johnson,
supra, 3 Cal.3d at p. 413; accord, In re Lucero, supra, 200 Cal.App.4th at p. 45.) “[T]he
most consistent application of this principle [of applying new rules retroactively] has
been in cases in which the primary purpose of the new rule is to promote reliable
determinations of guilt or innocence.” (People v. Guerra, supra, 37 Cal.3d at p. 402;
accord In re Lucero, supra, at p. 45.) As we noted in Thomas, “[i]f the new rule aims to
deter future misconduct or to define procedural rights merely incidental to a fair
determination of guilt or innocence, it will generally not be given retroactive effect.
[Citations.] On the other hand, if a decision goes to the integrity of the factfinding
process [citation], or ‘implicates questions of guilt and innocence’ [citation], retroactivity
is the norm.” (Thomas, supra, 30 Cal.App.5th at p. 763.)
Here, the new rule in Gallardo bars the trial court from making disputed factual
findings regarding the defendant’s conduct underlying a prior conviction, based on facts
outside the record of conviction or facts that were not admitted by the defendant during
his plea or found true by the jury. The Gallardo rule thus goes to the integrity of the
factfinding process when the court determines whether a prior conviction qualifies as a
23
strike. The primary purpose of the Gallardo rule is to promote reliable determinations of
a defendant’s guilt or innocence in committing underlying acts, apart from the elements
of a conviction, required to impose a strike.
Because the purpose of Gallardo “relates to characteristics of the judicial system
which are essential to minimizing convictions of the innocent” used to increase a
defendant’s sentence (In re Johnson, supra, 3 Cal.3d at p. 413), the purpose of the
Gallardo rule weighs heavily in favor of retroactive application. (In re Johnson, supra,
at p. 413; accord, In re Lucero, supra, 200 Cal.App.4th at p. 45.) We are not convinced
that the other less weighty factors, such as the prosecutors’ reliance on the former law
and the burden retroactivity will place upon the judicial system, outweigh the purpose of
the Gallardo rule, which ensures that a defendant is sentenced fairly, in adherence to
constitutional factfinding procedures, consistent with a defendant’s Sixth amendment and
due process rights.
Citing Thomas in their appellate reply brief, the People argue that Gallardo should
not be applied retroactively under either the state or federal retroactivity standard. The
defendant in Thomas filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus, asserting his conviction
for active participation in a criminal street gang was invalid based on the Sanchez rule.
In People v. Sanchez (2016) 63 Cal.4th 665 (Sanchez), the California Supreme Court held
that introducing case-specific, testimonial hearsay statements through expert witness
testimony violates the Sixth Amendment confrontation clause, unless (1) the person who
made the hearsay statements is unavailable and (2) the defendant had an opportunity to
24
cross-examine the declarant or forfeited that right by wrongdoing. (Sanchez, supra, at
p. 686.) In Thomas, this court held that the Sanchez rule does not apply retroactively
under the state retroactivity standard. (Thomas, supra, 30 Cal.App.5th at p. 749.)
Thomas is inapposite. It involves a different new rule, the Sanchez rule, which
concerns admissibility of hearsay trial testimony provided by expert witnesses (Sanchez,
supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 686). In Thomas this court stated that the purpose of the Sanchez
rule relates to the integrity of the factfinding process which implicates questions of guilt
and innocence. (Thomas, supra, 30 Cal.App.5th at p. 765) Nevertheless, this court held
the Sanchez rule was not retroactive under the state retroactivity test. We concluded in
Thomas that the harm to the administration of justice, especially in the face of law
enforcement and prosecutorial reliance on the old rule, outweighs the benefit of
employing the new rule to fix past wrongful convictions. (Thomas, supra, at pp. 765-
766.) This court concluded in Thomas that the “connection between the Sanchez rule
and avoiding wrongful convictions is significant, but not strong.” (Thomas, supra, at p.
765.) This is because the effect of the Sanchez rule would not have prevented
prosecutors from introducing expert testimony. Expert testimony was merely weakened
by excluding the expert’s hearsay statements supporting the expert opinion’s testimony.
Furthermore, the impact of excluding hearsay statements was not strong because the facts
provided by the excluded evidence in most instances could be established by alternative
evidence. (Thomas, supra, at pp. 765-766.)
25
This court further reasoned in Thomas that the burden on the administration of
justice, of applying the Sanchez rule retroactively to cases already final, would be
immense, because doing so “would result in reopening thousands of cases in which the
prosecution used a shortcut even though it could have obtained a conviction using other
evidence.” (Thomas, supra, 30 Cal.App.5th at p. 766.) In addition, “applying the new
rule retroactively to final cases would be too disruptive and costly. The alternative
evidence prosecutors could have used in cases tried years and even decades ago likely has
gone stale. That means many of the people who would receive relief would be offenders
who could have been convicted using the Sanchez rule originally, but could not be
convicted using the same rule today, though not because of innocence. We must also
consider the raw cost to the court system of reopening these thousands of final cases for
retrial and subsequent appeals. We conclude the benefits of applying the new rule
retroactively do not justify the disruption to the administration of justice.” (Thomas,
supra, at pp. 766-767.)
Thomas is distinguishable from the instant case not only because Thomas concerns
a different new rule than the new rule in this case.3 In addition, the Gallardo rule
concerns a new procedural rule affecting sentencing, whereas the Sanchez rule in Thomas
concerns a new evidentiary rule applied during a trial, which, if applied retroactively,
could result in overturning thousands of criminal convictions. In contrast, the Gallardo
rule does not affect criminal convictions. Rather, it ensures proper judicial factfinding in
3 Reudas, in which the Fourth District, Third Division of the Court of Appeal also addressed the retroactivity of the Sanchez rule, is similarly distinguishable.
26
the context of sentencing, in determining if a prior conviction qualifies as a strike. The
Gallardo rule’s purpose is fundamental and significant in that it directly affects the
defendant’s sentence, as opposed to the Sanchez rule affecting admissibility of hearsay
testimony relied on by an expert in forming expert opinion. The Gallardo rule strongly
relates to characteristics of the judicial system which are essential to minimizing
convictions of the innocent and avoiding over-sentencing. Unlike in Sanchez, the
purpose of the Gallardo rule weighs heavily in favor of retroactive application.
Furthermore, the burden on the judicial system of applying Gallardo retroactively
is unclear. It may result in requiring resentencing in numerous cases, in which the trial
court has improperly found a prior conviction qualified as a strike based on the court’s
own factual findings. Applying the Gallardo rule retroactively to final cases may be
disruptive and costly but not to the same extent as anticipated in applying the Sanchez
rule retroactively.
Here, defendant challenges his 2006 sentence but not his criminal convictions.
We conclude that under the state retroactivity standard, the trial court properly applied
Gallardo retroactively, and in doing so, did not abuse its discretion in granting
defendant’s writ petition on the ground defendant’s juvenile carjacking strike did not
qualify as a strike.
27
E. In re Milton (2019) 42 Cal.App.5th 977 (Milton)
After oral argument in this matter in November 2019, and after the parties
submitted on the matter, but before this court issued its decision, the Second District
Court, Division 7, published Milton, supra, 42 Cal.App.5th 977 on December 3, 2019
(petition for rev. filed Jan. 3, 2020). Milton is the first published case to address the issue
of whether Gallardo applies retroactively to a sentence under the Three Strikes law
imposed many years before the 2017 Gallardo decision. The court in Milton held that
Gallardo should be applied prospectively to cases that are already final. (Milton, supra,
at p. 981.)
The day after Milton was decided, the People filed a motion to vacate submission
and allow supplemental briefing on Milton. This court granted the People’s motion and
the parties filed supplemental briefs addressing Milton. The People argue in their
supplemental brief that this court should adopt the reasoning and holding in Milton, and
hold that Gallardo does not apply retroactively to the instant case under the state and
federal retroactivity standards. The People further argue that Milton supports the
People’s contention that the probation report, entered into evidence during defendant’s
juvenile plea, is sufficient to establish that his juvenile carjacking adjudication qualifies
as a strike.
Defendant argues in his supplemental brief that Milton was erroneously decided
and should be disregarded. Defendant further argues that, even if Gallardo does not
apply retroactively, he is entitled to habeas corpus relief because the probation report was
28
not part of the record of conviction and there was no admissible evidence establishing
that his prior carjacking qualified as a strike.
Before Milton was decided, defendant and the People raised essentially the same
arguments argued Milton. We have thus already addressed those arguments, as discussed
above. We agree with Milton to the extent it concludes that under the federal and state
retroactivity standards, Gallardo established a procedural new rule. (Milton, supra, 42
Cal.App.5th at pp. 991, 993, 997.) However, as discussed above in our opinion, we
respectfully disagree with the Milton court’s conclusion that Gallardo does not apply
retroactively under the state retroactivity standard. The court in Milton reasoned (1)
Gallardo did not vindicate a right essential to the reliability of the factfinding process and
(2) applying Gallardo retroactively would be disruptive. (Milton, supra, at pp. 998-999.)
We are not persuaded that these two grounds justify depriving defendants of
retroactive application of Gallardo. We recognize that the factfinding process might not
be any less reliable if conducted by the sentencing judge, and might even be better. We
recognize that applying Gallardo retroactively will be disruptive and burdensome to the
courts. Nevertheless we conclude these factors do not outweigh a defendant’s
constitutional right to a jury determination of facts upon which a strike is based when the
strike is founded on a crime statute that does not categorically match the predicate prior
crime. (Gallardo, supra, 4 Cal.5th at pp. 135-136.) We conclude Gallardo applies
retroactively under the state retroactivity standard.
29
F. Court Reliance on Facts in the Probation Report
The People contend that, regardless of whether Gallardo applies retroactively, the
trial court could rely on the facts in the probation report when determining whether the
juvenile carjacking adjudication qualified as a strike, because defendant failed to object
to the juvenile court admitting into evidence the probation report. The People argue
defendant’s failure to object constitutes an adoptive admission of all of the facts stated in
the probation report. The People therefore conclude that the probation report statements
indicating defendant may have used a firearm when committing the carjacking provide a
sufficient factual basis for the court to find that defendant’s juvenile carjacking
adjudication qualifies as a strike. We disagree.
The absence of an objection to the probation report does not constitute an adoptive
admission by defendant of the hearsay statements contained in the probation report. We
recognize that the defendant’s “‘“silence, evasion, or equivocation may be considered as
a tacit admission of the statements made in his presence.”’” (People v. Jennings (2010)
50 Cal.4th 616, 661; accord, People v. Sample (2011) 200 Cal.App.4th 1253, 1262.)
However, in order for such a statement to be an adoptive admission, there must be
sufficient evidence that “(1) the defendant heard and understood the statement under
circumstances normally calling for a response, and (2) the defendant adopted the
statement as true by the defendant’s words or conduct.” (People v. Sample, supra, at
p. 1262 (italics added); accord, People v. Jennings, supra, at p. 661; see also Evid. Code,
§ 1221.)
30
Here, the fact that defendant did not object to the probation report during the
juvenile jurisdictional hearing does not constitute “‘“‘circumstances that would normally
call for a response if the statement were untrue.’”’” (People v. Sample, supra, 200
Cal.App.4th at p. 1262.) The weapon-related statements in the probation report were not
read aloud during the jurisdictional hearing, did not establish an element of the juvenile
carjacking crime, and were not mentioned during the hearing when defendant admitted
the juvenile carjacking charge. Under such circumstances, defendant did not have any
reason or motive to contest or object to the weapon-related facts in the probation report.
We thus conclude that merely not objecting to the probation report does not constitute an
adoptive admission by defendant that all of the weapon-related facts stated in the
probation report are true.
As a consequence, it was improper for the SBSC during sentencing to rely solely
on the probation report to supply weapon-use facts for the strike, particularly when those
facts were not relevant to the elements of the juvenile carjacking offense. (People v.
Oehmigen (2014) 232 Cal.App.4th 1, 5, 10; see also People v. Burnes (2015) 242
Cal.App.4th 1452, 1458-1459.) We thus conclude defendant and his attorney’s silence in
response to the court admitting into evidence the probation report does not constitute an
adoptive admission of the weapon-use facts. (People v. Sample, supra, 200 Cal.App.4th
at p. 1262.)
The People’s reliance on People v. Reed (1996) 13 Cal.4th 217 for the proposition
the probation report’s hearsay statements are admissible under the public records hearsay
31
exception (Evid. Code, § 1280) is misplaced. Reed was decided before Gallardo, which
held that the sentencing court cannot make factual findings on whether a prior conviction
qualifies as a strike. (Gallardo, supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 136.) Thus, even assuming the
sentencing court could consider the facts in the probation report, it would be improper for
the SBSC under Gallardo to make a factual finding that defendant actually used a
weapon to commit the carjacking based on the facts in the probation report.
In addition, the probation report does not state that defendant used a firearm to
commit the carjacking offense, and the factual hearsay statements in the probation report
do not constitute proof beyond a reasonable doubt that he did so. (Gallardo, supra, 4
Cal.5th at p. 138.) The probation report states that, according to the police report, the
victim told a police officer, who reported to the scene, that when she heard defendant tell
her to give him her car, she turned toward defendant and noticed he had a handgun in his
waistband. Out of fear, the victim gave defendant her car keys and defendant took her
car. The probation report further states that the victim told the reporting probation officer
she believed she was held at gunpoint when defendant “struck something against her
back” during the incident. The victim also said that she saw the black tip of an object in
defendant’s waistband when his shirt was raised. These facts do not establish beyond a
reasonable doubt that defendant used a weapon during the carjacking.
Even assuming these facts are sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that
defendant used a dangerous or deadly weapon during the commission of the carjacking,
under Gallardo, the trial court was precluded from making such a factual determination
32
during the SBSC sentencing hearing. In determining whether defendant’s juvenile
carjacking adjudication qualified as a strike, the trial court could only rely on “those facts
that were established by virtue of the conviction itself—that is, facts the jury was
necessarily required to find to render a guilty verdict, or that the defendant admitted as
the factual basis for a guilty plea.” (Gallardo, supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 136.)
In the instant case, when determining whether defendant’s juvenile carjacking
adjudication qualified as a strike, the SBSC was limited to the facts the juvenile court was
necessarily required to find to render the carjacking adjudication and to facts defendant
admitted as the factual basis for the carjacking adjudication. Those facts do not include
all of the facts stated in the probation report, even though the probation report was
admitted into evidence without objection during the juvenile jurisdictional hearing.
When sentencing defendant under Gallardo, it was improper for the trial court to make a
factual finding as to whether the probation report facts were sufficient to make a
weapons-use finding when neither the juvenile court made such a finding nor did
defendant admit such facts. When deciding defendant’s writ petition, the trial court thus
appropriately disregarded the weapon-related facts stated in the probation report when
ruling the juvenile carjacking adjudication did not qualify as a strike.
Because we conclude the trial court did not err in granting defendant’s writ
petition on the ground defendant’s juvenile carjacking adjudication does not qualify as a
strike, we need not address the People’s objection to the trial court granting the writ
33
petition based on the ground defendant’s attorney committed IAC by failing to object to
the strike.
V.
LACHES
The People contend defendant’s writ petition was untimely and the delay in
bringing it prejudiced the People’s ability to challenge the writ petition, because
reporters’ transcripts of relevant proceedings were no longer available and defendant’s
attorney could not remember the proceedings.
As explained in In re Robbins (1998) 18 Cal.4th 770, 777, “California law also
recognizes that in some circumstances there may be matters that undermine the validity
of a judgment or the legality of a defendant’s confinement or sentence, but which are not
apparent from the record on appeal, and that such circumstances may provide a basis for
a collateral challenge to the judgment through a writ of habeas corpus.” A variety of
procedural rules have been recognized that govern such writ relief, including the
requirement that claims raised in a habeas corpus petition must be timely filed. (In re
Robbins, supra, at p. 778.) Unjustified delay in presenting habeas corpus writ petition
claims bars consideration of the merits of the petition. (In re Clark (1993) 5 Cal.4th 750,
759; People v. Miller (1992) 6 Cal.App.4th 873, 881-882.)
In order “to avoid the bar of untimeliness with respect to each claim, the petitioner
has the burden of establishing (i) absence of substantial delay, (ii) good cause for the
34
delay, or (iii) that the claim falls within an exception to the bar of untimeliness.” (In re
Robbins, supra, 18 Cal.4th at p. 780.)
Here, regardless of any delay, the trial court properly granted defendant’s writ
petition challenging defendant’s 2006 sentence, because the juvenile carjacking
adjudication does not qualify as a strike. Writ relief “will always issue to review an
invalid sentence, when, without the redetermination of any facts, the judgment may be
corrected to accord with the proper determination of the circumstances.” (In re Estrada
(1965) 63 Cal.2d 740, 750.) As in the instant case, writ relief has been issued “where the
trial court has sentenced a defendant to a term in excess of the maximum provided by
law.” (Ibid.)
Furthermore, the record shows good cause for defendant delaying filing his writ
petition until January 5, 2018. Defendant was not told the juvenile carjacking strike was
invalid, and had no way of knowing this until after the CDCR notified the public
defender’s office on December 27, 2016, that defendant’s sentence appeared to be
improper, and the public defender thereafter reviewed the matter and concluded on
February 1, 2017, that defendant’s juvenile carjacking adjudication did not qualify as a
strike. It was not until defendant was advised of this that defendant had any reason to
know the strike was improper and take action to correct it.
On March 23, 2017, defendant requested the SBSC to modify his sentence. When
the trial court heard the matter on July 21, 2017, after numerous continuances, the parties
and the court agreed defendant should proceed by filing a writ petition. After Gallardo
35
was decided in December 2017, defendant filed his writ petition in the trial court on
January 5, 2018.
Under these circumstances, defendant moved reasonably expeditiously in
challenging the juvenile carjacking strike. The record shows that the significant delay in
seeking such collateral relief was justified. Although some of the relevant reporter’s
transcripts were no longer available, this was not due to any fault on defendant’s part.
Although the unavailable reporter’s transcripts might have been helpful in
reviewing the court proceedings leading to defendant’s writ petition, the People have not
shown any prejudice by their absence. Defendant remains convicted of all of the charged
crimes in the SBSC case based on his guilty plea in that case, and it is highly unlikely
that any of the missing transcripts and notes would have made any difference in the trial
court’s ruling on defendant’s writ petition.
VI.
JURISDICTION OVER LOS ANGELES
AND ORANGE COUNTY CASES
The People contend the SBSC exceeded its jurisdiction under Penal Code section
1170.1 by vacating the juvenile carjacking strikes in defendant’s Los Angeles and Orange
County cases (LASC case No. VA076709 and OCSC case No. 03NF1824). We disagree.
The SBSC had authority to vacate the juvenile carjacking strike from those cases, as it
did in the SBSC case, because, at the time of resentencing in the SBSC case, the court
was required to impose a single aggregate sentence on all three cases. In doing so, the
36
SBSC was required to vacate the juvenile carjacking strike in each of the three cases
because the juvenile carjacking adjudication did not qualify as a strike.
When the trial court granted habeas writ relief, the SBSC was thereafter required
to consider the entire sentencing scheme and reconsider all sentencing choices, as to all
pending determinate cases. (People v. Hill (1986) 185 Cal.App.3d 831, 834.) This is
“because an aggregate prison term is not a series of separate independent terms, but one
term made up of interdependent components. The invalidity of one component infects the
entire scheme.” (Ibid.)
“[Penal Code] [s]ection 1170.1 generally governs the calculation and imposition
of a determinate sentence when a defendant has been convicted of more than one felony
offense.” (People v. Williams (2004) 34 Cal.4th 397, 402.) Under Penal Code section
1170.1, subdivision (a), “Except as otherwise provided by law, and subject to [Penal
Code] [s]ection 654, when any person is convicted of two or more felonies, whether in
the same proceeding or court or in different proceedings or courts, and whether by
judgment rendered by the same or by a different court, and a consecutive term of
imprisonment is imposed under [Penal Code] [s]ections 669 and 1170, the aggregate term
of imprisonment for all these convictions shall be the sum of the principal term, the
subordinate term, and any additional term imposed for applicable enhancements for prior
California Rules of Court, rule 4.452 further provides: “If a determinate sentence
is imposed under [Penal Code] section 1170.1[,] [subdivision] (a) consecutive to one or
37
more determinate sentences imposed previously in the same court or in other courts, the
court in the current case must pronounce a single aggregate term, as defined in [Penal
Code] section 1170.1[,] [subdivision] (a), stating the result of combining the previous and
current sentences. In those situations: [¶] (1) The sentences on all determinately
sentenced counts in all of the cases on which a sentence was or is being imposed must be
combined as though they were all counts in the current case.” (Italics added.) In doing
so, status enhancements can be applied only once when imposing an aggregate sentence.
(People v. Edwards (2011) 195 Cal.App.4th 1051, 1057, 1060; People v. Williams, supra,
34 Cal.4th at p. 402.) The juvenile carjacking strike is a status enhancement. (People v.
Edwards, supra, at p. 1057.)
In the instant case, after the trial court granted writ relief, the SBSC was required
to impose a single aggregate determinate sentence for the SBSC, LASC, and OCSC
cases. Because the original sentences in each of those cases included sentencing on the
juvenile carjacking strike, which did not qualify as a strike, the SBSC acted within its
jurisdiction to vacate the invalid strike in all three cases. Upon properly finding the
juvenile carjacking strike did not qualify as a strike in the SBSC case, the trial court
properly made the same finding as to the same strike in the other two cases. To do
otherwise would have resulted in inconsistent findings and sentencing on the same
juvenile carjacking strike, where the record established that the strike was invalid.
38
We therefore reject the People’s contention that SBSC did not have jurisdiction to
vacate the juvenile carjacking strike in the LASC and OCSC cases when imposing an
aggregate sentence on the three cases.
VII.
DISPOSITION
The writ petition order and judgment are affirmed.
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
CODRINGTON J.
I concur:
MILLER Acting P. J.
39
[In re Brandon Craig Brown, E071401]
MENETREZ, J., Dissenting.
I believe that People v. Gallardo (2017) 4 Cal.5th 120 (Gallardo) does not apply
retroactively to cases that are already final on appeal. Division Seven of the Court of
Appeal, Second Appellate District recently reached the same conclusion. (In re Milton
(2019) 42 Cal.App.5th 977, 982.) I therefore respectfully dissent.
In order to determine whether Gallardo is retroactive, we first need to identify the
applicable retroactivity standard. Just over one year ago, in a unanimous, published
opinion, our division held that for purposes of habeas corpus petitions in California
courts, the retroactivity of California appellate court decisions must be evaluated under
the state law standard of In re Johnson (1970) 3 Cal.3d 404 (Johnson), not the federal law
standard of Teague v. Lane (1989) 489 U.S. 288. (In re Thomas (2018) 30 Cal.App.5th
744, 749 (Thomas).) I am not aware of any reason for us to depart from our recent
holding in Thomas. No party has offered one,1 and the majority does not articulate one.
We should therefore follow Thomas and evaluate the retroactivity of Gallardo under the
state law standard established in Johnson. (Estate of Sapp (2019) 36 Cal.App.5th 86,
109, fn. 9.)
The next question is whether Gallardo created a new rule for purposes of
retroactivity analysis. It did, because it overruled People v. McGee (2006) 38 Cal.4th 682
1 The appellant’s opening brief and the respondent’s brief were filed before we decided Thomas, supra, 30 Cal.App.5th 744. The appellant’s reply brief discusses Thomas and does not urge us to depart from it. At oral argument as well, no party expressed any criticism of Thomas.
1
(McGee). (Gallardo, supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 125 [“We disapprove [McGee] insofar as it
suggests that the trial court’s factfinding was constitutionally permissible”]; see Thomas,
supra, 30 Cal.App.5th at p. 761 [an appellate decision announces a new rule if it
“explicitly overrule[s] a precedent of the California Supreme Court”].) And the new rule
is procedural, not substantive, because it neither “alters the range of conduct or the class
of persons that the law punishes” nor “modifies the elements of [an] offense.” (In re
Martinez (2017) 3 Cal.5th 1216, 1222.)
Brown argues that the Gallardo rule is neither new nor procedural, but his
arguments are meritless. He contends that Gallardo is not new because it was dictated by
Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000) 530 U.S. 466 (Apprendi). But the Gallardo rule is new
regardless of whether it was dictated by Apprendi, because Gallardo overruled McGee
(which also postdated Apprendi). (In re Lucero (2011) 200 Cal.App.4th 38, 45; Thomas,
supra, 30 Cal.App.5th at p. 761.) And Brown presents the following argument (and
others like it) that the Gallardo rule is substantive: “Gallardo alters the range of conduct
or class of persons that the law punishes by making increased punishment for habitual
offenders unavailable under any procedure for persons whose prior guilty pleas or
verdicts do not themselves necessarily include facts required for habitual offender
punishment.” The argument fails because a procedural rule does not become substantive
merely by being rewritten as a rule about the class of persons to whom the procedural
rule applies. The Gallardo rule is essentially an evidentiary rule—it limits the sources on
which a sentencing judge can rely in determining whether a prior conviction qualifies as a
2
strike. It does not alter the elements of any offense or the range of conduct or class of
persons that the law punishes. Rather, it alters the procedure by which sentencing judges
determine which persons are in which classes.
Given that Gallardo creates a new rule and is procedural, in order to determine
whether the rule applies retroactively under Johnson we must consider “(a) the purpose to
be served by the new rule, (b) the extent of reliance by law enforcement authorities on the
old rule, and (c) the effect on the administration of justice of applying the new rule
retroactively. (Johnson, supra, 3 Cal.3d at p. 410.) That is, we weigh the new rule’s
importance and impact against the disruption that would be caused by applying the new
rule to final cases where law enforcement, including prosecutors, relied on the old rule in
investigating and prosecuting those cases originally.” (Thomas, supra, 30 Cal.App.5th at
p. 763.)
The Johnson standard is somewhat vague and difficult to apply. (See Thomas,
supra, 30 Cal.App.5th at pp.756-758 [discussing criticism of Linkletter v. Walker (1965)
381 U.S. 618, on which Johnson was based].) But the case law does provide some useful
guideposts. “If the new rule aims to deter future misconduct or to define procedural
rights merely incidental to a fair determination of guilt or innocence, it will generally not
be given retroactive effect. [Citations.] On the other hand, if a decision goes to the
integrity of the factfinding process [citation], or ‘implicates questions of guilt and
innocence’ [citation], retroactivity is the norm.” (Thomas, at p. 763.)
3
Gallardo is merely an application of the rule, first announced in Apprendi, that
“any fact, other than the fact of a prior conviction, that increases the statutorily authorized
penalty for a crime must be found by a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Gallardo,
supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 123.) The Apprendi rule itself derives from the right to jury trial
under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. (Gallardo, p. 123.) And
the United States Supreme Court has explained that the evidence concerning the relative
accuracy of judges and juries as factfinders is “equivocal.” (Schriro v. Summerlin (2004)
542 U.S. 348, 356 [“for every argument why juries are more accurate factfinders, there is
another why they are less accurate”].)
Moreover, the effect of Gallardo is to limit the sources on which a sentencing
judge may rely in determining whether a prior conviction qualifies as a strike—the judge
must look only to the record of conviction and not to extraneous sources such as
preliminary hearing transcripts or probation reports (as in the instant case). (Gallardo,
supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 137.) Because Gallardo thus shrinks the universe of evidence that
can be used to determine that prior convictions were strikes, it is reasonable to infer that,
as a result of Gallardo, fewer prior convictions will be found to be strikes. It is
theoretically possible that some erroneous factfinding will thereby be avoided. That is, it
is possible that there are cases in which a prior conviction that is not found to be a strike
under Gallardo would have erroneously been found to be a strike under McGee. But the
opposite result would appear to be considerably more likely. That is, the effect of
Gallardo’s limitation on the evidence available to sentencing judges might actually be to
4
increase the risk of erroneous factfinding at sentencing, because a sentencing judge might
be prevented from determining that a prior conviction was a strike when, in fact, it was.
Accordingly, I do not see how Gallardo can be characterized as a decision that
goes to the integrity of the factfinding process or implicates questions of guilt or
innocence in a manner that warrants retroactive application. Rather, it appears to define
procedural rights that are merely incidental to a fair determination of guilt or innocence.
Gallardo consequently would not appear to be retroactive.
More detailed consideration of the Johnson factors supports that conclusion. In
evaluating the first factor, we consider the purpose of the new rule and “its relationship to
the reliability and integrity of the factfinding process at trial.” (Thomas, supra, 30
Cal.App.5th at p. 764.) The purpose of the Gallardo rule, like the purpose of the
Apprendi rule from which it derives, is to respect the Sixth Amendment right to jury trial.
The Supreme Court has described the constitutional right to trial by jury as “‘the great
bulwark of [our] civil and political liberties’” and as affording protection “‘against a
spirit of oppression and tyranny on the part of rulers.’” (Apprendi, supra, 530 U.S. at
p. 477.) But as I have already noted, the high court has rejected the suggestion that
factfinding by juries is inherently more accurate than factfinding by judges (Schriro v.
Summerlin, supra, 542 U.S. at p. 356), and Gallardo might actually have a detrimental
rather than beneficial effect on the accuracy of judicial factfinding at sentencing. Thus,
insofar as there is a connection between the Gallardo rule and avoiding wrongful
convictions or promoting accurate factfinding, it would not appear to be a strong one.
5
The second and third factors are, respectively, the extent of law enforcement’s
reliance on the old rule and the effect on the administration of justice of applying the new
rule retroactively. (Thomas, supra, 30 Cal.App.5th at p. 763.) Both factors weigh
heavily against retroactive application of Gallardo.
In the 11 years from McGee to Gallardo, California lawyers and lower courts
universally and reasonably relied on McGee, because it was a decision of the California
Supreme Court and hence binding on all lower courts. (Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v.
Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 455.) And retroactive application of Gallardo
could have an enormously disruptive and costly impact on the administration of justice
by licensing challenges to sentences imposed in countless felony cases resolved by plea,
like Brown’s. In fiscal year 2017-2018, for example, California courts resolved 156,149
felony cases before trial, of which 66 percent (or just over 100,000) resulted in felony
convictions. (Judicial Council of California, 2019 Court Statistics Report, p. 69.) It is
reasonable to infer that if Gallardo were applied retroactively, the sentences rendered
vulnerable to attack would number in the hundreds of thousands.
On balance, then, I see no way of avoiding the conclusion that Gallardo is not
retroactive under Johnson. The purpose of the Gallardo rule is (at most) weakly
connected to avoidance of wrongful convictions, the reliance by law enforcement on the
6
old rule was universal, and the negative impact of retroactivity on the administration of
justice is likely to be huge.2
In addition to analyzing the retroactivity issue under Johnson, the majority also
appears to argue that Gallardo applies retroactively here because (1) a legally
unauthorized sentence may be challenged at any time, and (2) Brown’s sentence is legally
unauthorized under Gallardo. (Maj. opn., ante, p. 17 [Gallardo “applies retroactively
here because defendant’s sentence constitutes an unauthorized sentence as to his juvenile
carjacking strike”].) The argument is obviously circular. When Brown was sentenced,
his sentence was legally authorized under then-existing California law. If Gallardo is not
retroactive, then his sentence is still legally authorized. We cannot apply Gallardo
retroactively to render the sentence legally unauthorized and then infer from that lack of
legal authorization that Gallardo must be retroactive.
Because I conclude that Gallardo is not retroactive, I would reverse the trial
court’s order with directions to deny Brown’s petition. I therefore respectfully dissent.
MENETREZ J.
2 Were we to apply the federal standard, we would have to conclude that Gallardo is not retroactive under Teague v. Lane, supra, 489 U.S. 288. The United States Supreme Court has held that Ring v. Arizona (2002) 536 U.S. 584, 603-609—which applied Apprendi to conclude that aggravating factors necessary for imposition of the death penalty must be found by a jury, not by a judge—is not retroactive. (Schriro v. Summerlin, supra, 542 U.S. at p. 358.) It is impossible to reconcile that holding with the conclusion that Gallardo is retroactive under Teague v. Lane, supra, at p. 288.
7
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that a juvenile carjacking adjudication does not qualify as a strike under the Three Strikes law unless the record of conviction establishes the offense was committed with a dangerous or deadly weapon, and that the trial court properly applied People v. Gallardo (2017) 4 Cal.5th 120 retroactively to correct an unauthorized sentence.
Issues
Whether a juvenile carjacking adjudication qualifies as a strike under Welfare and Institutions Code section 707, subdivision (b).
Whether the trial court may rely on a probation report to establish facts for a strike enhancement not found in the record of conviction.
Whether People v. Gallardo (2017) 4 Cal.5th 120 applies retroactively to a final judgment involving an unauthorized sentence.
Disposition. Affirmed.
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“The trial court granted his writ petition because his strike for carjacking as a juvenile does not qualify as a strike under Welfare and Institutions Code section 707, subdivision (b) and Penal Code section 667, subdivision (d)(3).”
“The trial court engaged in the kind of factfinding that the Gallardo court prohibited. The trial court looked beyond the record of conviction.”
“Gallardo, supra, 4 Cal.5th 120 applies retroactively here because defendant’s sentence constitutes an unauthorized sentence as to his juvenile carjacking strike.”