kidnapping offenses. The sentences for robbery and carjacking were stayed under section
654. We agree with defendants and the People that carjacking is a necessarily included
lesser offense of kidnapping for the purpose of carjacking, and we therefore reverse
defendants’ convictions for carjacking. We further agree with both parties that the
abstracts of judgment must be amended and that defendants’ sentences need to be
clarified, so we remand for that purpose.
Johnson was 17 years old when he committed the offenses. Charges were
originally filed against him in criminal court. However, after voters enacted Proposition
57, the Public Safety and Rehabilitation Act of 2016 (Proposition 57) during the
pendency of the criminal proceeding, Johnson’s case was transferred to juvenile court to
determine whether he was fit to proceed as a juvenile or should be tried as an adult. At
the beginning of the juvenile fitness hearing, Johnson’s attorney stipulated, in Johnson’s
presence, that the case should proceed in criminal court based on the probation officer’s
report and recommendation. On appeal, Johnson argues that the statutory right to a
1 All further unlabeled statutory references are to the Penal Code.
2
juvenile fitness hearing could not be waived by his attorney on his behalf but rather
required a personal waiver from Johnson himself. We disagree.
Defendants also challenge the imposition of various fines and fees as due process
violations under People v. Dueñas (2019) 30 Cal.App.5th 1157 (Dueñas). We conclude
that some of those claims were forfeited, and as to the remainder any error was harmless.
We strike the $40 crime prevention fines as unauthorized, however, and order the trial
court to impose the statutorily mandated $10 fine instead. We otherwise affirm.
BACKGROUND
Late in the evening of August 28, 2014, the victim Christopher C. dropped off a
friend at the friend’s apartment complex in Victorville, California. In the parking lot, he
was approached by Hairston, Johnson, and a third person named Tommy. Hairston asked
Christopher C. if he had change for a $100 bill, which Christopher C. did not.
Christopher C. walked away from his car for some time and returned to discover that his
cell phone was missing from the car. When Christopher C. asked the three individuals if
they had taken it, Hairston demanded that Christopher C. give Hairston the keys to the
car. Christopher C. refused. Hairston pulled out a gun, put it near Christopher C.’s head,
and forced Christopher C. into the back seat of the car after Christopher C. gave Hairston
the keys.
All three individuals got into the car with Christopher C. and drove away. Tommy
sat in the back seat with Christopher C. and held the gun to Christopher C.’s head. All
three individuals warned Christopher C. to keep his head down and shut up.
3
The group picked up Johnson’s girlfriend, X.B. (a minor), at another apartment
building. At their next stop at a gas station, Hairston tased Christopher C. several times
on his face, shoulder, and upper thigh after Christopher C. lied about not having any
money available on his debit card. After leaving the gas station, they headed toward Las
Vegas, Nevada. They eventually stopped at a casino in Las Vegas. Everyone in the
vehicle went into the casino. Hairston and Tommy told Christopher C. that if he made
any moves they would shoot him in the casino and that they were not concerned about
getting caught.
When the group left the casino a short time later, everyone got back into
Christopher C.’s car and headed to a gas station. Upon arrival, everyone exited the
vehicle but Christopher C. and Tommy. Christopher C. noticed that the gun did not have
a magazine in it, jumped out of the car, and ran toward the nearest hotel or casino.
Christopher C. found a security guard. He later gave a statement to Las Vegas law
enforcement and to local law enforcement in Victorville.
On August 29, 2014, a deputy with the San Bernardino County Sheriff’s
Department located Christopher C.’s car parked in a motel parking lot. The deputy saw
someone exit a motel room, get into the car, and drive away. Johnson and X.B. were
found in the motel room and arrested. The car was recovered, and a BB gun that looked
like a semiautomatic handgun, a taser gun, a knife, and various other items were found in
the trunk. Hairston was arrested less than two weeks later, and Christopher C. identified
him in a photographic lineup.
4
DISCUSSION2
A. Johnson’s Stipulation to Proceed as an Adult
Johnson contends that the juvenile court prejudicially erred by failing to obtain a
personal waiver from him of his right to a juvenile fitness hearing. We disagree.
1. Proposition 57 and the Juvenile Fitness Hearing Requirement
Proposition 57 was enacted in November 2016 and eliminated a prosecutor’s
ability to file charges directly in criminal court against anyone who was 14 years or older
at the time of the alleged offense. (People v. Superior Court (Lara) (2018) 4 Cal.5th 299,
303 (Lara).) Proposition 57 mandates that prosecutors must instead commence the action
in the juvenile court, which then decides “whether the matter should remain in juvenile
court or be transferred to adult court.” (Ibid.; Welf. & Inst. Code, § 707, subd. (a).)
Proposition 57 applies retroactively to pending criminal proceedings. (Lara, supra, at
p. 309.)
Pursuant to section 707 of the Welfare and Institutions Code, the juvenile court
must hold a hearing and determine whether a minor who is 16 years or older and alleged
to have committed a felony is a “fit and proper subject to be dealt with” by the juvenile
court or should be transferred to criminal court. (Welf. & Inst. Code, §§ 606, 602, 707,
2 Hairston filed his opening brief months before Johnson did. Nevertheless, Hairston prospectively joined any arguments made by Johnson in his brief. The People contend that such a generalized joinder is not permitted. We need not address the issue because the only argument that Johnson makes that is different from the arguments already made by Hairston concerns Johnson’s status as a minor. That argument is not relevant to Hairston, who was an adult when the offenses were committed.
5
subd. (a)(1) & (3).) That determination must be based on five enumerated statutory
factors and a report submitted by a probation officer documenting “the behavioral
patterns and social history of the minor.” (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 707, subd. (a)(1) & (3).)
2. Johnson’s Juvenile Fitness Hearing
In January 2017, the superior court suspended criminal proceedings and certified
Johnson to the juvenile court to hold a hearing pursuant to section 707 of the Welfare and
Institutions Code to determine whether he should be prosecuted as an adult or was fit to
be treated as a juvenile. At the time of the hearing, Johnson was 19 years old. The
probation department prepared a report for the hearing and recommended that Johnson
was unsuitable for juvenile court based on the degree of criminal sophistication exhibited
by Johnson and the circumstances and the gravity of the offenses alleged.
At the beginning of the juvenile fitness hearing, Johnson’s attorney informed the
court: “Actually, we’re going to not have a hearing, we’re going to stipulate on the
report. [¶] I would indicate to the court that I’ve had a doctor appointed to interview
[Johnson], she did interview him and gives me no information that would facilitate him
staying in the juvenile system.” The court sought clarification and asked Johnson’s
attorney if the attorney was in fact stipulating that Johnson was “transferable to adult
court.” The attorney responded that he was so stipulating, and the prosecutor confirmed.
Johnson’s attorney acknowledged that the stipulation was based on the probation
officer’s report. The juvenile court accepted the stipulation. In so doing, the juvenile
court noted that it had “reviewed the transfer report” and was basing its decision to accept
6
the stipulation on that report too. Johnson’s attorney acknowledged that the stipulation
“ha[d] been discussed with the family, and [that Johnson] wishe[d] to proceed in adult
court.” Johnson, his mother, and his brother were present in court.
3. Personal Waiver of Right to a Juvenile Fitness Hearing Not Required
When an accused is represented by counsel, as Johnson was, “‘the accused
surrenders all but a handful of “fundamental” personal rights to counsel’s complete
control of defense strategies and tactics.’” (In re Horton (1991) 54 Cal.3d 82, 95
(Horton).) “The reason is that when, as here, the accused exercises his or her
constitutional right to representation by professional counsel, ‘“it is counsel, not
defendant, who is in charge of the case.”’” (People v. Hinton (2006) 37 Cal.4th 839,
873-874 (Hinton), quoting Horton, supra, at p. 95.) No clear set of criteria exists for
deciding whether a right is so fundamental in nature as to require a personal waiver by
the accused. (People v. Guzman (1988) 45 Cal.3d 915, 936, overruled on another ground
in Price v. Superior Court (2001) 25 Cal.4th 1046, 1069, fn. 13.) However, the rights for
which a personal waiver is required comprise a “narrow exception” to the general rule.
(Hinton, supra, at p. 874.)
Decisions falling within this “narrow exception” include (1) whether to plead
guilty, (2) whether to waive the right to trial by jury, (3) whether to waive the right to
counsel, (4) whether to waive the right to be free from self-incrimination, and (5) whether
to present a defense at the guilt phase of a capital case when the court is aware of an
express conflict between the defendant and the attorney. (Hinton, supra, 37 Cal.4th at
7
p. 874; Horton, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 95 [citing cases].) By contrast, some of the rights
that do not require a personal waiver from the accused include (1) the right to testify
(People v. Bradford (1997) 14 Cal.4th 1005, 1052-1053); (2) in a capital case based on a
prior-murder-conviction special-circumstance allegation, the right to have that allegation
determined in a separate proceeding following a finding of first degree murder (Hinton, at
p. 873); (3) the right to be present at pretrial conferences (People v. Riel (2000) 22
Cal.4th 1153, 1196); (4) in a capital case, the right to having a regularly appointed judge
(as opposed to a temporary judge) preside over the trial (Horton, at pp. 97-98); and (5)
the right to a jury trial in a proceeding to determine competence to stand trial, “even over
the defendant’s objection” (People v. Masterson (1994) 8 Cal.4th 965, 974).
No case law exists establishing that the right to a juvenile fitness hearing falls
within the narrow category of fundamental rights for which a personal waiver by an
accused is required. Johnson relies on Rucker v. Superior Court (1977) 75 Cal.App.3d
197, 200-201 (Rucker) as support for his claim that such a waiver is required by an
accused who has reached adulthood. Rucker is inapposite. The issue there was whether
an adult who was alleged to have committed the offense while a juvenile could personally
“waive the benefits of juvenile law and demand that [s]he be dealt with according to the
law of the land.” (Id. at pp. 200-201.) The accused moved for a finding of unfitness
before the probation officer had prepared a report, and the accused demanded that she be
treated as an adult. The People did not oppose the motion. (Id. at p. 199.) The juvenile
court denied the motion, concluding that a minor lacked the authority to move for a
8
declaration of unfitness. (Id. at p. 200.) The appellate court reversed, concluding that an
adult “may not be tried as a juvenile over [her] objection,” regardless of the apparent
benefits of being treated as a juvenile. (Id. at p. 202.) In concluding that the accused’s
waiver was valid, the court noted that “[t]he only factual issue for determination in
petitioner’s fitness hearing was whether petitioner knowingly, intelligently, and advisedly
waived her rights to the benefits of juvenile process,” which the record indicated had
happened. (Id. at p. 203.)
Rucker, supra, 75 Cal.App.3d 197 therefore stands for the proposition that an adult
who is alleged to have committed an offense as a juvenile may waive the right to proceed
in juvenile court. The validity of the waiver itself was at issue in Rucker, not the form
that the waiver must take or from whom the waiver must be obtained. Because the
accused’s waiver was personal, Rucker analyzed whether that waiver was knowing and
intelligent after the accused was given a proper advisement of rights. Rucker said
nothing about whether a personal waiver was required. “It is axiomatic, of course, that a
decision does not stand for a proposition not considered by the court.” (People v. Harris
(1989) 47 Cal.3d 1047, 1071.)
Johnson does not cite any other authority concerning when or how a juvenile may
waive the right to proceed in juvenile court. He nevertheless urges that the right to a
juvenile fitness hearing implicates a defendant’s “‘core autonomy interests’” that require
a personal waiver because of the drastic difference in penal consequences between the
treatment of a juvenile and an adult who have committed the same crime. There is no
9
question that “[t]he possibility of being treated as a juvenile in juvenile court—where
rehabilitation is the goal—rather than being tried and sentenced as an adult can result in
dramatically different and more lenient treatment.” (Lara, supra, 4 Cal.5th at p. 303.)
However, the gravity of the potential consequences that might result from the waiver of a
right is not determinative of whether the waiver must be personal. (Hinton, supra, 37
Cal.4th at pp. 873-874 [counsel can waive a capital defendant’s right to a separate
hearing on the truth of a prior-murder special-circumstance allegation despite the fact that
introduction of the inflammatory evidence could affect the finding of guilt and expose the
defendant to a death sentence].) Johnson cites no authority holding that the exposure to
potentially significant consequences in waiving a right dictates that the right must be
personally waived.
Johnson relies on People v. Trujillo (2015) 60 Cal.4th 850, 859 (Trujillo) for the
proposition that an express waiver by a defendant is required if a constitutional right or
“‘core autonomy interests”’ is at stake. Trujillo is not helpful. Trujillo described the
situations in which a personal waiver is required of the accused as involving “core
autonomy interests.” (Ibid.) The only cases it cited as examples involved constitutional
rights, such as “the constitutional rights relinquished by a plea of guilty,” “the right to
counsel,” and “the right to appeal.” (Ibid.) Trujillo did not explain what was meant by
“core autonomy interests.” The Court did conclude, however, that “no comparably
significant right” was implicated by the waiver of the statutory right to a court hearing on
the defendant’s ability to pay probation supervision and presentence investigation fees.
10
(Ibid.) The right to a juvenile fitness hearing is conferred by statute and thus is more like
the statutory right at issue in Trujillo than the constitutionally derived rights that Trujillo
described as requiring a waiver.
Relying on People v. Johnson (2002) 28 Cal.4th 1050 (Johnson), Johnson
contends that statutory rights also can be significant enough to require a personal waiver.
Johnson too is not helpful. In Johnson, the Court concluded that “a defendant may
expressly waive entitlement to section 2900.5 credits against an ultimate jail or prison
sentence for past and future days in custody.” (Johnson, supra, at pp. 1054-1055.) The
Court further stated: “As with the waiver of any significant right by a criminal defendant,
a defendant’s waiver of entitlement to section 2900.5 custody credits must, of course, be
knowing and intelligent.” (Id. at p. 1055.) The issue in Johnson was whether the
statutory right could be waived, not by whom it could be waived.
Johnson infers from the knowing and intelligent waiver requirement in Johnson,
supra, 28 Cal.4th at page 1055, that a defendant’s waiver to a significant statutory right—
such as to a juvenile fitness hearing, he contends—should be personal. We disagree. The
requirement that a waiver be knowing and intelligent is not synonymous with the
requirement that the waiver be made personally by the accused. The trial judge “may
safely assume that [an accused], who is ably represented” and who waives the right to a
juvenile fitness hearing is doing so “with the advice and under the direction of competent
trial counsel.” (People v. Bradford, supra, 14 Cal.4th at p. 1053 [constitutional right to
testify does not require a personal waiver].) “If that assumption is incorrect, defendant’s
11
remedy is not a personal waiver in open court, but a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel.” (Ibid.)
The statutory right to a juvenile fitness hearing does not qualify as the type of right
that cannot be waived by counsel. Unlike the fundamental matters for which counsel
cannot waive on behalf of his or her client, this right is “merely statutory, not
constitutional.” (Hinton, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 874; People v. Masterson, supra,
8 Cal.4th at pp. 969, 972.) The decision to waive the right to a juvenile fitness hearing
for an accused who has reached adulthood is a tactical decision that counsel can make on
behalf of his or her client. (Hinton, at p. 874.)
For all of these reasons, we conclude that the juvenile court did not err by failing
to secure an express personal waiver of the right to a juvenile fitness hearing from
Johnson.
B. Necessarily Included Lesser Offense
Defendants contend that their convictions for carjacking should be reversed
because carjacking is a necessarily included lesser offense of kidnapping for the purpose
of carjacking, of which they both were convicted. The People agree, and we concur.
Although a criminal defendant generally “may receive multiple convictions for offenses
arising out of a single act or course of conduct,” “multiple convictions may not be based
on necessarily included offenses.” (People v. Villa (2007) 157 Cal.App.4th 1429, 1434.)
As the parties correctly agree, “carjacking is a necessarily lesser included offense of
12
kidnap[ping] during a carjacking.” (People v. Montes (2014) 58 Cal.4th 809, 898.) We
therefore reverse defendants’ convictions for carjacking.
C. Hearing on Ability to Pay Fines, Fees, and Restitution
At sentencing for both Hairston and Johnson, the court ordered each defendant to
pay a $280 court operations and facilities fee (§ 1465.8, subd. (a)(1); Gov. Code,
§ 70373), and a crime prevention fine of $40 (§ 1202.5) with an attendant $1 DNA
penalty (Gov. Code, § 76104.6, subd. (a)(1)). In addition, Hairston was ordered to pay a
$10,000 restitution fine, and Johnson was ordered to pay a $2,100 restitution fine. In
supplemental briefing, both defendants argue that the court violated their constitutional
rights by assessing those amounts without holding a hearing to determine their ability to
pay. For this argument, they rely on Dueñas, supra, 30 Cal.App.5th 1157, which was
decided by another appellate district while these appeals were pending.
Dueñas held that it violates due process under the federal and state Constitutions
to impose the court operations and facilities fees without first determining the convicted
defendant’s ability to pay them. (Dueñas, supra, 30 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1168-1169.) In
addition, “to avoid serious constitutional questions” raised by the statutory restitution
scheme, the court must stay execution of the mandatory restitution fine unless the court
determines that the defendant has the ability to pay it. (Id. at p. 1172.) The same court
that decided Dueñas has since clarified that, at the ability to pay hearing, the defendant
bears the burden of showing his or her inability to pay, and the court “must consider all
13
relevant factors,” including “potential prison pay during the period of incarceration to be
served by the defendant.” (People v. Castellano (2019) 33 Cal.App.5th 485, 490.)3
Here, the People do not attack Dueñas’s due process analysis or argue that Dueñas
was wrongly decided with respect to the court operations and facilities fees. Rather, the
People contend that defendants forfeited any claim of error under Dueñas by failing to
make the argument in the trial court. This contention lacks merit with respect to the court
operations and facilities fees. (People v. Jones (2019) 36 Cal.App.5th 1028, 1033
(Jones).) Defendants’ sentencing occurred before Dueñas was decided. “[A] due process
objection would have been ‘futile or wholly unsupported by substantive law then in
existence.’” (Ibid.) And because “Dueñas was unforeseeable,” we decline to find
forfeiture as to the court operations and facilities fees. (Ibid.)
We do find forfeiture, however, as to the restitution fine and the crime prevention
fine. The restitution fine imposed for both defendants was greater than the statutory
minimum amount of $300. (§ 1202.4, subd. (b)(1).) For those fines, the law at the time
of sentencing would have permitted the court to consider Johnson’s or Hairston’s
inability to pay more than the minimum restitution fine. (§ 1202.4, subd. (c).) Similarly,
in imposing a crime prevention fine against a defendant convicted of an enumerated theft
3 The California Supreme Court has granted review of the issues presented by Dueñas in People v. Kopp (2019) 38 Cal.App.5th 47, review granted November 13, 2019, S257844. The Court will decide whether a court must “consider a defendant’s ability to pay before imposing or executing fines, fees, and assessments,” and if so, “which party bears the burden of proof regarding defendant’s inability to pay.” (People v. Kopp, review granted, Nov. 13, 2019, S257844 [2019 Cal. Lexis 8371].)
14
or robbery offense, the court is required to consider the defendant’s ability to pay.
(§ 1202.5, subd. (a).) Consequently, Hairston and Johnson forfeited their objections that
the court failed to consider their ability to pay the restitution and crime prevention fines.4
(People v. Taylor (2019) 43 Cal.App.5th 390, 399-400; People v. Gutierrez (2019) 35
Cal.App.5th 1027, 1033 [argument about restitution fine above the minimum forfeited];
People v. Crittle (2007) 154 Cal.App.4th 368, 371 (Crittle) [failure to object to a crime
prevention fee based on an inability to pay results in the forfeiture of any claimed error].)
The court imposed $280 in court operations and facilities fees on both defendants
without determining their ability to pay. That was error under Dueñas, as the People
concede. We therefore must remand for an ability to pay hearing unless the error was
harmless. (Jones, supra, 36 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1034-1035.) Dueñas determined that the
error was of constitutional magnitude, so we inquire whether the failure to conduct an
ability to pay hearing was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. (Id. at p. 1035.) We will
find Dueñas error harmless if the record demonstrates, beyond a reasonable doubt, that
the defendant cannot establish his or her inability to pay. (Ibid.; Chapman v. California
(1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24.)
Neither Johnson nor Hairston can make such a showing. To determine
defendants’ ability to pay, we can look at their future earning capacity, including prison
4 Given our conclusion that defendants forfeited their arguments about the restitution fine and the crime prevention fine, we need not address defendants’ argument that an Eighth Amendment analysis and not a due process analysis should apply with respect to those fines.
15
wages. (Jones, supra, 36 Cal.App.5th at p. 1035; People v. Johnson (2019) 35
Cal.App.5th 134, 139; People v. Hennessey (1995) 37 Cal.App.4th 1830, 1837.) Every
able-bodied prisoner in California is required to work. (§ 2700.) Monthly wages in
prison for full-time employment vary from a minimum of $12 to a maximum of $56.
There is no direct evidence in the record about whether defendants are able-bodied
and therefore among the class of prisoners required or able to work. However, we can
infer from the manner in which the crimes were committed that defendants were able-
bodied at that time. In addition, the presentencing probation officers’ reports prepared in
November 2017 confirm that Hairston and Johnson remained able-bodied at that time.
Johnson was listed in “fair” health with a diagnosis of asthma for which he had an
inhaler, and Hairston was listed in “good” health. From this evidence and defendants’
ages (20 years old for Johnson and 26 years old for Hairston) at the time of sentencing,
there is sufficient evidence from which we can infer that they are able-bodied to perform
work in prison.
Assuming that Johnson and Hairston earn the minimum monthly wage in prison
($12) and do not have any money added to their trust accounts, and that the entire
restitution fines ($10,000 for Hairston and $2,100 for Johnson) are outstanding, they will
16
have at least $5.40 per month to pay $280 in fees. At that rate, they will pay off the fees
in 52 months or four years and four months.
Hairston and Johnson were both sentenced to life with the possibility of parole.
The minimum parole eligibility date for life with the possibility of parole is seven years.
(§ 3046, subd. (a).) Because Hairston was sentenced under “The Three Strikes” law, his
minimum eligibility date is doubled. (§ 667, subd. (e)(1).) Hairston therefore will be
eligible for parole for the first time in 14 years.
Hairston received 1372 days of custody credit, which amounts to approximately
three years and nine months. Assuming that Hairston is released on his first eligibility
date, Hairston will have over 10 years in prison to pay the $280 in fees from his prison
wages, which is more than double the amount of time he should need if he earns only the
minimum amount throughout that period. Because Hairston will be able to pay the fees
with his prison wages alone, we conclude that the Dueñas error was harmless as to him.
Johnson received 1540 days of custody credit, which amounts to slightly less than
four years and three months. He therefore will be eligible for parole in approximately
two years and nine months. Assuming that Johnson is paroled on the earliest possible
date and that he earns the minimum monthly wage in prison throughout his period of
imprisonment, he will have less than $150 in fees to pay after being released from prison.
Hairston will be 27 or 28 years old at the time. It is reasonable to infer that he will be
able to gain some sort of lawful employment by which he will be able to pay the
remainder. On the other hand, if Johnson is not released on the earliest possible date, his
17
additional prison wages (plus postrelease employment, if necessary) will enable him to
pay the remainder.
For all of these reasons, we conclude that the failure to conduct an ability to pay
hearing for the court operations and facilities fees was harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt.5
D. Crime Prevention Fine
We requested supplemental briefs on whether the trial court erred by imposing
four $10 crime prevention assessment fines under subdivision (a) of section 1202.5 based
on the four convictions, instead of imposing one $10 fine for the entire case. Defendants
and the People agree that the court should have assessed a single $10 fine under section
1202.5 and not $10 per conviction. We concur. (Crittle, supra, 154 Cal.App.4th at
p. 371.) Section 1202.5 authorizes a $10 fine to be imposed “[i]n any case” in which a
defendant is convicted of any of the enumerated theft or robbery offenses. (§ 1202.5,
subd. (a).) The section does not authorize the imposition of a $10 fine per offense.
(Ibid.; Crittle, at p. 371.) Because only one $10 crime prevention fine was authorized
under section 1202.5, subdivision (a), we strike the three additional $10 fines assessed
under that section. (Crittle, at p. 371.)
5 Because we conclude that the Dueñas error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt with respect to the $280 court operations and facilities fees, it follows that the error is also harmless as applied to the new reduced fee of $210 that will apply now that the carjacking convictions are reversed.
18
E. Amendment of Abstracts of Judgment
Defendants contend that their abstracts of judgment should be corrected so that
they accurately reflect the sentences imposed. The People agree, and we concur.
“When there is a discrepancy between the oral pronouncement of judgment and
the minute order, the oral pronouncement controls.” (People v. Morales (2014) 224
Cal.App.4th 1587, 1594.) We have the inherent authority to correct an abstract of
judgment or a minute order that does not accurately reflect the oral judgment of the trial
court. (People v. Mitchell (2001) 26 Cal.4th 181, 185.)
1. Johnson’s Abstract of Judgment
For Johnson, the trial court initially stated: “Now, Counts 3 and 4, I’m going to
make concurrent.” However, in imposing the sentence, the trial court ordered: “I’m
going to sentence you—I’m going to deny probation. Sentence you to [t]he California
State Prison for the term of life with the possibility of parole. [¶] For Count 4,
kidnapping during a carjacking . . . . I’m going to sentence you to life with the
possib[ility] of parole. For Count 3, kidnapping for robbery, I’m going to order that will
be served concurrent with Count 4 pursuant to [section] 654.” The court then imposed a
three year sentence for count 1 (robbery) and a five year sentence for count 2
(carjacking), both of which it stayed under section 654.
The abstract of judgment incorrectly lists the sentences for life with the possibility
of parole as being imposed for counts 1 and 2, instead of counts 3 and 4. That is
incorrect. On a different page in the abstract of judgment, the sentence for count 1 is
19
listed as a five year sentence that is stayed. That too is incorrect and needs to be
corrected to reflect the sentence orally imposed by the court—three years.
In the abstract, the sentence for count 3 is listed as being concurrent to that for
count 4. However, the court indicated that it was imposing the concurrent sentence under
section 654, but section 654 is not applicable to concurrent sentences. We remand for the
trial court to clarify whether the sentences imposed for counts 3 and 4 are intended to be
concurrent or whether the court intended to stay the sentence for count 4 under section
654.
2. Hairston’s Abstract of Judgment
For Hairston, the trial court imposed the following sentence: “I’m going to order
probation is denied. I’m going to sentence you to the California State Prison for two—
it’s one life term doubled for two life terms.” The court further ordered: “I’m sentencing
you to life with the possibility of parole for Count 3 [kidnapping to commit robbery] and
Count 4 [kidnapping during carjacking]. I’m going to sentence you to 18 years for Count
2 [carjacking], and 10 years for Count 1 [robbery], but I’m ordering those stayed pursuant
to [section] 654.”
In the sentencing minute order and the abstract of judgment, the life sentences for
counts three and four are listed as running consecutively. The parties correctly agree that
the trial court did not order the life sentences to run consecutively. However, as the
parties also agree, it is not clear whether the trial court intended that the life sentences run
concurrently or that the sentence for count 4 be stayed under section 654.
20
While the oral pronouncement of judgment lacks clarity on the sentence imposed,
we concur that the trial court did not impose consecutive sentences for counts 3 and 4. At
no point during the sentencing hearing did the trial judge say the word “consecutive,” let
alone set forth a statement of reasons for imposing consecutive sentences. (Cal. Rules of
Court, rule 4.406(b)(5).) We therefore agree with the parties that the trial court did not
impose consecutive sentences for counts 3 and 4, so the minute order and the abstracts of
judgment are incorrect. Because it is not clear whether the trial court intended that the
sentence for count 4 run concurrently to the sentence for count 3 or be stayed, the matter
is remanded to the trial court for clarification of the sentence orally imposed for count 4.
The abstract of judgment for Hairston should be amended accordingly.
DISPOSITION
We reverse the convictions for carjacking (count 2) for Hairston and Johnson. For
both defendants, the trial court is directed to: (1) strike the $40 crime prevention fines
under section 1202.5, subdivision (a) and to impose a new fine under that statute of $10
for each defendant, and (2) strike the $280 court operations and facilities fees (§ 1465.8,
subd. (a)(1); Gov. Code, § 70373) and to impose a new fee of $210 for each defendant.
The trial court is directed to correct Johnson’s abstract of judgment to reflect that: (1) the
sentences of life with the possibility of parole were imposed for kidnapping for the
purpose of robbery (count 3) and kidnapping for the purpose of carjacking (count 4), and
(2) the sentence for robbery (count 1) is three years. For Hairston, the trial court is
directed to correct the abstract of judgment and the minute order from the sentencing
21
hearing to delete the statement that the sentences for counts 3 and 4 were imposed
consecutively. For both defendants, the trial court is further ordered to: (1) clarify
whether the sentences of life with the possibility of parole imposed for counts 3 and 4
were intended to run concurrently or whether the sentence for count 4 was intended to be
stayed pursuant to section 654, and (2) forward certified copies of the amended abstracts
of judgment to the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. The
judgments are otherwise affirmed.
MENETREZ J.
We concur:
RAMIREZ P. J.
MCKINSTER J.
22
Filed 2/11/20 CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E069732
v. (Super.Ct.No. FVI1403390)
TAJAY MARCELL JOHNSON et al., ORDER CERTIFYING OPINION FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION Defendants and Appellants.
THE COURT:
Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 8.1120(a), the Attorney General has made a request for partial publication of the nonpublished opinion in this matter that was filed on January 30, 2020. Specifically, the Attorney General has requested that the opinion be certified with the exception of sections B and C of the Discussion. We agree that section A of the Discussion meets the standards for publication as specified in California Rules of Court, rule 8.1105(c).
We therefore grant the request in part and order that this opinion be certified for partial publication pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 8.1105(b). The opinion filed in this matter on January 30, 2020, is therefore certified for publication with the exception of sections B through E of the Discussion.
CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION MENETREZ J.
We concur:
RAMIREZ P. J. McKINSTER J.
1
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that a defendant's attorney may waive the statutory right to a juvenile fitness hearing on the defendant's behalf and that carjacking is a necessarily included lesser offense of kidnapping for the purpose of carjacking.
Issues
Whether a juvenile fitness hearing requires a personal waiver by the defendant or may be waived by counsel.
Whether carjacking is a necessarily included lesser offense of kidnapping for the purpose of carjacking.
Whether the trial court erred by failing to conduct an ability-to-pay hearing for fines and fees under People v. Dueñas.
Disposition. Affirmed in part; reversed in part and remanded with directions.
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“The statutory right to a juvenile fitness hearing does not qualify as the type of right that cannot be waived by counsel.”
“We conclude that some of those claims were forfeited, and as to the remainder any error was harmless.”