California Court of Appeal May 14, 2019 No. E069607Published
Filed 5/14/19 CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E069607
v. (Super.Ct.No. RIF1701874)
RICHARD LORENZO ZAMORA, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Patrick F. Magers, Judge.
Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded with directions.
Benjamin Kington, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Eric A. Swenson and Felicity
Senoski, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
* Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 8.1105(b) and 8.1110, this opinion is certified for publication with the exception of part A of the DISCUSSION.
1
In the published portion of this opinion, we hold that the amendments to section
12022.5, subdivision (c), and section 12022.53, subdivision (h), of the Penal Code1
granting the trial court discretion to strike firearm enhancements apply retroactively to
cases not yet final at the time the amendments took effect. We further hold that the
recent amendments to section 667, subdivision (a), and section 1385, subdivision (b), also
apply retroactively to cases not yet final when those amendments took effect.
A jury convicted Richard Lorenzo Zamora of one count of attempted murder
(§§ 664, 187), one count of assault with a deadly weapon, to wit, a handgun (§ 245, subd.
(a)(1)), one count of robbery (§ 211), one count of criminal threats (§ 422), and two
counts of being a felon in possession of a firearm (§ 29800, subd. (a)(1)). The jury
further found true enhancement allegations for personally and intentionally discharging a
firearm and proximately causing great bodily injury during the attempted murder
(§ 12022.53, subd. (d)), personal infliction of great bodily injury during the assault with a
firearm (§ 12022.7, subd. (a)), and personal use of a firearm during the assault with a
deadly weapon, robbery, and making criminal threats (§ 12022.5, subd. (a)). In a
bifurcated proceeding, the court found true that Zamora had served four prior prison
terms (§ 667.5, subd. (b)), had been convicted of three prior serious felonies (§ 667, subd.
(a)), and had suffered three prior serious or violent felony convictions under the “Three
Strikes” law (§§ 1170.12, subd.(c)(2), 667, subds. (c) & (e)(2)(A), 667.5, subd. (b)). Two
of the prison priors were reduced to misdemeanors and stricken, and a third was stricken
1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.
2
for falling outside of the five-year rule. Zamora was sentenced to state prison for an
aggregate term of 20 years, plus 100 years to life.
Zamora appeals the attempted murder conviction, contending that there is
insufficient evidence to support the finding that he had the specific intent to kill. He
further contends that one of the serious felony priors must be stricken and that the case
should be remanded for resentencing under Senate Bills Nos. 620 and 1393 to permit the
trial court to exercise its newly granted discretion as to whether to strike the firearm
enhancements and to strike or dismiss the remaining serious felony conviction
enhancements. The People concede the points about the serious felony prior and the
enhancements. We affirm the conviction and remand for resentencing.
BACKGROUND
On the morning of May 22, 2017, Phillip K. returned to his apartment after
shopping for groceries to find Zamora at his apartment with an unidentified male
companion. Jasmine R. also was in the apartment at the time. The apartment Phillip
lived in was located in a converted garage behind the main house on the property he
owned. Zamora and Phillip were acquainted and had smoked methamphetamine
together.
While in Phillip’s apartment, Zamora demanded that Phillip return a broken
methamphetamine pipe that Zamora owned and believed Phillip had borrowed and was
hiding from Zamora. Phillip told Zamora that he did not have the pipe. Phillip turned
toward Zamora after placing his groceries on the counter and for the first time noticed
that Zamora was holding a gun. Zamora warned, “I’ll come back and put a bullet in you
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if you don’t find the pipe.” The threat was directed at both Phillip and Zamora’s
companion. In that moment, Phillip did not believe that Zamora would follow through
with the threat. Zamora exited the residence for approximately five minutes. Before
leaving, he threatened, “I’m going to go outside, and when I come back in, you better
have my meth pipe.”
When Zamora returned, he pointed the gun at Phillip and took Phillip’s cell phone,
which was lying on the coffee table. Phillip asked Zamora to give back his phone, but
Zamora refused to return it. With the gun pointed at him, Phillip took Zamora’s earlier
threat more seriously and was afraid to take the phone back. Once Zamora had Phillip’s
phone, he exited the apartment and left the property. The encounter lasted approximately
25 to 30 minutes.
Later that night, when Phillip was once again returning to his apartment, he was
struck in the head with a gun while opening the front door. He turned around and saw
Zamora holding a gun. Phillip cursed at Zamora, retreated into the apartment, and
grabbed the door handle in an attempt to close the door to keep Zamora out. Phillip
began pushing Zamora out of the apartment by exerting force with the door and his
hands. Although Zamora pushed back, Phillip successfully pushed Zamora out of the
apartment within approximately five seconds and locked the door. While still standing
partially in front of the door, Phillip then turned toward Jasmine, who was in the
apartment at the time, and told her to leave the room. Phillip was approximately one foot
away from the door and facing it, though at an angle. Five seconds later, a gunshot came
through the door, shattered a glass pane on the door, and hit Phillip in his left upper thigh.
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The door is a dual pane glass door with dustless blinds between the panes. The lights
were not on inside or outside of the apartment. Under those lighting conditions, Phillip
did not believe that someone standing outside could see his location inside the house.
At approximately 9:30 p.m. that night, Riverside police officers responded to a
call that there had been a shooting at Phillip’s residence and that the shooter had fled on
foot. A single .40-caliber shell casing was found on the ground approximately seven feet
away from the converted garage. An officer at the scene noted that there was a gunshot
hole in the glass in the middle portion of the front door above the door handle. There was
shattered glass on the ground inside the apartment. The bullet hole in the door was
approximately one foot higher than the entry wound on Phillip’s leg. An officer opined
that the differential meant that the bullet had travelled in a downward trajectory.
Two witnesses were present at the scene and were interviewed by the officers.
One of the witnesses, Gabriel M., said he witnessed a struggle between Phillip and
Zamora at the door but did not see who shot Phillip because he was in the bathroom by
that time. The female witness, Jasmine, did not provide the officers with any leads.
A police officer interviewed Phillip at the hospital later that night. Phillip did not
identify the shooter and did not say anything about the earlier confrontation with Zamora.
Phillip feared Zamora might retaliate against him or his family and friends because
Zamora had previously told Phillip that he was from the Casa Blanca neighborhood,
which Phillip associated as a neighborhood with “a lot of gangs.” In a later interview
with police at his home, Phillip identified Zamora as the shooter and disclosed what had
transpired with Zamora earlier during the day of the shooting.
5
The bullet did not exit Phillip’s leg and was not removed. By the time of trial, it
rested under the skin in his rear thigh approximately six inches lower than the entry
wound on the front of his leg. The bullet originally rested at a higher location and
migrated downward. Phillip did not undergo surgery or need stitches to close the entry
wound. Phillip further suffered a “little” bump on his head from being hit by the gun and
had marks on his chest from the shattered glass.
Three days after the shooting, Zamora was arrested. Police tracked the cell phone
Zamora had taken from Phillip. When arrested, Zamora was in possession of Phillip’s
phone, a loaded .40-caliber handgun, an additional magazine for the gun, and a box of
.40-caliber ammunition, which was the same brand as the shell casing found at the scene.
DISCUSSION
A. Attempted Murder
Zamora urges us to reverse his conviction for attempted murder, contending that there
was not sufficient evidence to establish that he had the specific intent to kill because he
did not threaten Phillip with lethal harm and, if he had intended to kill Phillip, Zamora
would have fired the gun more than once and not aimed downward toward Phillip’s leg.
These contentions lack merit.
In reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence claim, our role is limited. We review the
entire record to determine whether it discloses reasonable and credible evidence to allow
a rational trier of fact to determine guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. (People v. Smith
(2005) 37 Cal.4th 733, 738-739 (Smith).) All reasonable inferences are drawn in favor of
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the judgment. (Id. at p. 739) Matters of credibility of witnesses and the weight of the
evidence are “‘“the exclusive province”’” of the trier of fact. (Ibid.)
The elements of attempted murder are “specific intent to kill and the commission
of a direct but ineffectual act toward accomplishing the attempted killing.” (People v.
Lee (2003) 31 Cal.4th 613, 623.) “Intent to unlawfully kill and express malice are, in
essence, ‘one and the same.’” (Smith, supra, 37 Cal.4th at p. 739.) “Express malice
requires a showing that the assailant either desires the victim’s death or knows to a
substantial certainty that the victim’s death will occur.” (People v. Covarrubias (2016) 1
Cal.5th 838, 890.) Whether a defendant possessed the requisite intent is a question of
fact for the jury. (People v. Lashley (1991) 1 Cal.App.4th 938, 945-946 (Lashley).)
Because there is rarely direct evidence of a defendant’s intent, intent must usually be
shown from the circumstances of the attempt. (People v. Chinchilla (1997) 52
Cal.App.4th 683, 690 (Chinchilla).)
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment, there was
sufficient evidence from which the jury could find that Zamora harbored the requisite
intent to kill. After threatening “to put a bullet in” Phillip earlier in the day, Zamora
approached Phillip from behind, hit Phillip on the head with a gun, struggled with him,
and then shot at Phillip at close proximity through a closed door. “The act of firing
toward a victim at a close, but not point blank, range ‘in a manner that could have
inflicted a mortal wound had the bullet been on target is sufficient to support an inference
of intent to kill.’” (Chinchilla, supra, 52 Cal.App.4th at p. 690.)
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Moreover, the jury could reasonably infer from Zamora’s earlier threat to “put a
bullet in” Phillip that Zamora intended to kill Phillip. Contrary to Zamora’s assertion, the
threat did not need to be more precise to support an attempted murder conviction. Direct
evidence in the form of a specific threat—e.g., “I’m going to put a bullet in you and kill
you”—is rare and not necessary to establish specific intent. (Lashley, supra, 1
Cal.App.4th at p. 945 [“One who intentionally attempts to kill another does not often
declare his state of mind either before, at, or after the moment he shoots.”].) Given the
inherent lethality of a firearm, it would be reasonable for the jury to infer that the threat to
“put a bullet in” Phillip was a threat to kill him.
Zamora further contends that there was insufficient evidence of his intent to kill
because he fired only a single bullet. While evidence of multiple, rapid-fire gunshots
aimed at a victim could create a strong inference that the intent of the shooter was to kill
(see, e.g., People v. Vang (2001) 87 Cal.App.4th 554, 563-564), it is not the sole means
of proving intent. A single gunshot could have inflicted a mortal wound had Zamora’s
marksmanship been better. (Lashley, supra, 1 Cal.App.4th at p. 945.) We reject
Zamora’s attempt to distinguish Lashley on this point. The Lashley court reasoned that
“[t]he fact that the shooter may have fired only once and then abandoned his efforts out
of necessity or fear does not compel the conclusion that he lacked the animus to kill in
the first instance.” (Ibid.) In Lashley, the lone bullet pierced the victim’s lung, and the
resulting injuries were serious. (Id. at p. 943.) Although the evidence of intent may have
been stronger in Lashley than in the instant case, it does not follow that the evidence here
8
is insufficient. The reasoning of Lashley still applies: The single gunshot fired by
Zamora could have mortally wounded Phillip.
Furthermore, Zamora’s argument rests on the faulty premise that Zamora fired
only once because he was not trying to kill Phillip. But the jury could have reasonably
inferred, to the contrary, that Zamora fired only once because he thought he had
succeeded in killing Phillip.
We also are not persuaded by Zamora’s argument that there was insufficient
evidence of intent to kill because Phillip was shot in the leg and the bullet was headed in
a downward trajectory. There was no evidence that Zamora specifically aimed
downward to shoot Phillip in the leg in an attempt to inflict a nonfatal wound. In fact,
there was no evidence about where Zamora aimed at all. There also was not any
evidence that shooting someone in the leg necessarily results in a nonlethal wound. Nor
does the fact that Phillip’s injuries were not serious necessarily negate an intent to kill.
(People v. Avila (2009) 46 Cal.4th 680, 702 [“Of course, the degree of the resulting
injury is not dispositive of defendant's intent. Indeed, a defendant may properly be
convicted of attempted murder when no injury results.”].) While the jury could have
inferred from the location of the wound and the downward trajectory of the bullet that
Zamora specifically aimed downward to avoid killing Phillip, the jury also could have
reasonably inferred that the downward trajectory of the bullet was attributable to
Zamora’s poor marksmanship, which does not evince “a less culpable state of mind.”
(Lashley, supra, 1 Cal.App.4th at p. 945.)
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The fact that the evidence also could have supported a reasonable inference that
Zamora intended only to wound Phillip does not show that there was insufficient
evidence to support a contrary finding. Our “sole function is to determine if any rational
trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable
doubt.” (Lashley, supra, 1 Cal.App.4th at p. 946.) “[I]f the circumstances reasonably
justify the jury’s findings, the judgment may not be reversed simply because the
circumstances might also reasonably be reconciled with a contrary finding.” (People v.
Farnam (2002) 28 Cal.4th 107, 143.) We conclude that the jury had sufficient evidence
before it from which it could conclude that Zamora intended to kill Phillip when he shot
him.2
B. Sentence Enhancements
The trial court found true that Zamora had three prior convictions of serious
felonies under section 667, subdivision (a). Zamora received a five-year consecutive
sentence for each prior serious felony conviction.
For count 1 (attempted murder), the jury found true an enhancement allegation for
personally and intentionally discharging a firearm proximately causing great bodily
2 During closing argument, the prosecutor stated that Zamora had threatened, “‘I’m going to put a bullet in you, I’m going to kill you.’” Zamora contends that the misstatement of Phillip’s testimony—Phillip did not testify that Zamora said, “I’m going to kill you”—demonstrates the “paucity of evidence supporting an intent to kill.” We note that the prosecutor did not rely solely on the misstated quote as the only evidence that Zamora harbored the specific intent to kill. But assuming for the sake of argument that the prosecutor’s misstatement shows that the prosecutor believed the evidence was relatively weak, it does not follow that the conviction was not supported by substantial evidence.
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injury. (§ 12022.53, subd. (d).) Zamora received a 25 years to life sentence for this
enhancement. For counts 2 (assault with a deadly weapon), 3 (robbery), and 4 (criminal
threats), the jury found true enhancement allegations for personally using a firearm in the
commission of the offense. (§ 12022.5, subd. (a).) The sentences for the personal use
enhancements for counts 2 and 4 were stayed. For the personal use enhancement for
count 3, Zamora received a four-year sentence.
1. Serious Felony Enhancement
The court found that Zamora had three prior serious felonies under section 667,
subdivision (a): a 2004 robbery conviction, a 2004 conviction for actively participating
in a criminal street gang, and a 2012 conviction for actively participating in a criminal
street gang. The 2004 convictions were charged together under the same case number
and adjudicated in the same proceeding. But the trial court imposed two consecutive
five-year terms for those two offenses. As the parties correctly agree, the trial court erred
in doing so because each such five-year term can be imposed only when the “charges
[were] brought and tried separately,” and the 2004 offenses were brought and tried
together. (§ 667, subd. (a)(1); In re Harris (1989) 49 Cal.3d 131, 136 [“‘brought and
tried separately’” means “that the underlying proceedings must have been formally
distinct, from filing to adjudication of guilt”].) We therefore strike one of the five-year
terms.
2. Senate Bill No. 620—Now Discretionary to Strike Firearm Enhancements
Senate Bill No. 620 amended section 12022.5, subdivision (c), and section
12022.53, subdivision (h), as of January 1, 2018, to provide that “[t]he court may, in the
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interest of justice pursuant to [s]ection 1385 and at the time of sentencing, strike or
dismiss an enhancement” otherwise required to be imposed by section 12022.5 or section
12022.53. Before the enactment, at the time of Zamora’s sentencing in 2017, the
enhancements were mandatory, and the trial court did not have the discretion to strike or
that the change in law applies retroactively to defendants like him whose sentences were
not final at the time Senate Bill No. 620 became effective. The People concede the point.
We agree with the People and the other appellate courts that have addressed this issue.
(See People v. Chavez (2018) 22 Cal.App.5th 663, 707-708; People v. Arredondo (2018)
21 Cal.App.5th 493, 506-507 (Arredondo); People v. Vela (2018) 21 Cal.App.5th 1099,
1113-1114; People v. Woods (2018) 19 Cal.App.5th 1080, 1090-1091.)
When the Legislature has not made its intent clear about whether a criminal statute
operates prospectively or retroactively, we presume that the statute applies prospectively.
(§ 3; People v. Brown (2012) 54 Cal.4th 314, 319-320.) When the amendment lessens
the punishment or vests in the trial court the discretion to impose a lesser punishment, as
Senate Bill No. 620 does, however, we can infer that “the Legislature must have intended
that the new statute imposing the new lighter penalty now deemed to be sufficient should
apply to every case to which it constitutionally could apply”—i.e., every nonfinal case on
appeal. (In re Estrada (1965) 63 Cal.2d 740, 745 (Estrada); People v. Superior Court
(Lara) (2018) 4 Cal.5th 299, 308, fn. 5 [the presumption of retroactivity to nonfinal cases
created by Estrada means “that ordinarily it is reasonable to infer for purposes of
statutory construction the Legislature intended a reduction in punishment to apply
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retroactively”]; People v. Francis (1969) 71 Cal.2d 66, 75-76 (Francis) [applying
Estrada to an amendment allowing the trial court to exercise its discretion to impose a
lesser penalty].)
Neither section 12022.5 nor section 12022.53 contains a saving clause, nor is there
any express indication that they apply prospectively or retroactively. Nor are there other
indicia of legislative intent concerning their application to cases not yet final on appeal.
(See Stats. 2017, ch. 682, § 2, eff. Jan. 1, 2018.) Because the effect of the amendments
is to grant the trial court discretion not to impose penalties for these enhancements, we
can infer that the Legislature intended that offenders subject to the firearm enhancements
in section 12022.5, subdivision (c), and section 12022.53, subdivision (h), be afforded the
benefit of the amendments. (Francis, supra, 71 Cal.2d at p. 76.) This inference is
bolstered by the fact that both section 12022.5, subdivision (c), and section 12022.53,
subdivision (h), provide that the newly granted discretion to strike or dismiss an
enhancement under these subdivisions “applies to any resentencing that may occur
pursuant to any other law.” We agree with Arredondo, supra, 21 Cal.App.5th at page
507, that, “[b]y its express terms, this provision extends the benefits of Senate Bill [No.]
620 to defendants who have exhausted their rights to appeal and for whom a judgment of
conviction has been entered but who have obtained collateral relief by way of a state or
federal habeas proceeding.” Like Arredondo, we too cannot perceive a circumstance in
which the Legislature would grant relief to a defendant whose judgment is final and not
provide that same relief to defendants whose judgments are not yet final on appeal.
(Ibid.) It would be inefficient to deny relief immediately while on direct appeal but to
13
afford that relief to a successful habeas litigant later. We thus conclude that the
Legislature intended section 12022.5, subdivision (c), and section 12022.53, subdivision
(h), to apply retroactively to all cases not final when those provisions took effect.
We remand so that the trial court can exercise its discretion as to whether to strike
the firearm enhancements.
3. Senate Bill No. 1393—Now Discretionary to Strike Serious Felony
Enhancements
Zamora argues, the People agree, and we concur that the same analysis applies to
the more recently enacted Senate Bill No. 1393. Senate Bill No. 1393 amended section
667, subdivision (a), and section 1385, subdivision (b), as of January 1, 2019, to allow a
court to strike or dismiss a prior serious felony conviction for sentencing purposes.
(Stats. 2018, ch. 1013, § 2, eff. Jan. 1, 2019.) As with the firearm enhancements, at the
time of Zamora’s sentencing, the trial court did not have authority “to strike any prior
conviction of a serious felony for purposes of enhancement of a sentence under [s]ection
667.” (Former § 1385, subd. (b).) Instead, the trial court was required to impose a five-
year enhancement for each prior serious felony conviction. (Former § 667, subd. (a)(1).)
This change in law also applies retroactively to those like Zamora whose sentences were
not final when Senate Bill No. 1393 became effective. (See People v. Garcia (2018) 28
Cal.App.5th 961, 971-973.) We therefore remand so that the trial court can exercise its
newly gained discretion as to whether to dismiss or strike the two remaining serious
felony enhancements for sentencing purposes.
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DISPOSITION
The sentence is vacated and the matter is remanded to the trial court to: (1) strike
one of the five-year enhancements imposed under section 667, subdivision (a), for the
serious felony convictions that occurred in 2004; (2) exercise its discretion under section
12022.5, subdivision (c), and section 12022.53, subdivision (h), to determine whether to
strike the firearm enhancements imposed for counts 1 through 4; and (3) exercise its
discretion under section 667, subdivision (a), and section 1385, subdivision (b), to
determine whether to dismiss or strike the two remaining serious felony conviction
enhancements. The trial court shall resentence Zamora accordingly. In all other respects,
the judgment is affirmed.
CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION
MENETREZ J.
We concur:
MILLER Acting, P. J.
SLOUGH J.
15
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. Amendments granting trial courts discretion to strike firearm and serious felony enhancements apply retroactively to cases not yet final on appeal. The court also held that five-year enhancements for prior serious felonies must be based on charges brought and tried separately.
Issues
Does the amendment to Penal Code section 12022.5 and 12022.53 granting discretion to strike firearm enhancements apply retroactively?
Does the amendment to Penal Code section 667 and 1385 granting discretion to strike serious felony enhancements apply retroactively?
Did the trial court err in imposing multiple five-year enhancements for prior serious felonies that were brought and tried together?
Disposition. Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded.
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“We further hold that the recent amendments to section 667, subdivision (a), and section 1385, subdivision (b), also apply retroactively to cases not yet final when those amendments took effect.”
“each such five-year term can be imposed only when the “charges [were] brought and tried separately,” and the 2004 offenses were brought and tried together.”