Diego Local Agency Formation Commission (Commission) to dissolve the District. A
group of Julian residents (plaintiffs) sought to prevent the District's dissolution by
presenting a referendum petition to the District board (see Elec. Code, §§ 9144, 9340).
The District did not act on the referendum petition, and the trial court denied plaintiffs'
petition for writ of mandate to set an election on the District's resolution.
The issue presented in this appeal is whether the District's resolution to apply to
the Commission for a dissolution may be challenged through the voter referendum
process. We conclude the District's resolution is not subject to referendum because,
among other reasons, the Reorganization Act prescribes the exclusive method for
dissolving, and/or protesting the proposed dissolution of, a fire protection district (Health
& Saf. Code, § 13812; Gov. Code, §§ 56100, 56021) and the resolution was
2
administrative in nature under the Reorganization Act. Accordingly, the trial court did
not err, and the judgment is affirmed.
BACKGROUND
The District was formed pursuant to the Fire Protection District Law of 1987 (Fire
District Law; Health & Saf. Code, § 13800 et seq.), to provide fire protection and
emergency medical services to the unincorporated communities of Julian and Lake
Cuyamaca. Plaintiffs consist of volunteer firefighters, voters, and/or residents of Julian.
On April 10, 2018, the board of directors of the District passed a "resolution of
application" to dissolve the District (Resolution). The Resolution, which recites that it is
made "pursuant to the . . . Reorganization Act," authorizes an application to the
Commission for approval of a proposed dissolution plan wherein the territory served by
the District would be served by the County of San Diego upon the District's dissolution.
After adopting the Resolution, the District applied to the Commission to approve its
proposed dissolution plan, submitting the Resolution with its application materials.
Within 30 days of adopting the Resolution, the District received a referendum
petition to rescind the Resolution or have the Resolution set for an election under
California's referendum process (Referendum Petition). The Referendum Petition
ostensibly complied with voter signature requirements under the Elections Code.1 The
District took no action to rescind or withdraw the Resolution or set the matter for
election.
1 See Elections Code section 9141 et seq. 3
In May 2018, plaintiffs filed a petition for writ of mandate in superior court to
compel the District to either rescind the Resolution or set the matter for election. In June
2018, following a hearing, the court denied plaintiffs' petition for writ of mandate. The
court decided that the District's Resolution was "not subject to referendum" in light of the
state's system of regulation over district dissolutions. Judgment was entered accordingly,
and this appeal followed.2, 3
DISCUSSION
I. The Reorganization Act
A. Background and Legislative Intent
In the Reorganization Act, "the Legislature enacted a broad statutory scheme
covering changes of organization of districts as well as cities." (Las Tunas Beach
Geologic Hazard Abatement Dist. v. Superior Court (1995) 38 Cal.App.4th 1002, 1007
(Las Tunas Beach).) Government Code section 56100 states in pertinent part: "[T]his
division provides the sole and exclusive authority and procedure for the initiation,
2 In July 2018, plaintiffs also filed a petition for writ of mandate in this court to have the Resolution placed on the November 2018 general election ballot and to stay any further efforts to dissolve the District. Plaintiffs' petition for writ of mandate was denied.
3 While the appeal was pending, plaintiffs notified this court that they and the District had agreed to a tentative settlement that might obviate the need for our decision. None of the parties contend this case is moot, i.e., that no practical relief may be provided by a decision. Moreover, even when a case is technically moot, the court has inherent power to decide it where the issue presented is important and of continuing interest. (San Diego Housing Com. v. Public Employment Relations Bd. (2016) 246 Cal.App.4th 1, 7 fn. 4.) We find this case appropriate for us to retain and decide regardless of the parties' settlement status. 4
conduct, and completion of changes of organization and reorganization for cities and
districts." A change of organization is defined to include any of the following: city
incorporation and disincorporation, district formation and dissolution, annexation to or
detachment from a city or district, consolidation of cities or special districts, and a merger
or establishment of a subsidiary district. (Gov. Code, § 56021.) District dissolution is
defined as "the disincorporation, extinguishment, or termination of the existence of a
district and the cessation of all its corporate powers, except as the commission may
otherwise provide . . . or for the purpose of winding up the affairs of the district."
(Gov. Code, § 56035.)
The "Legislature has occupied the field with respect to changes of organizations of
districts, thereby preempting local law[.]" (Las Tunas Beach, supra, 38 Cal.App.4th
at p. 1009, italics omitted.) Preemption is based on "the policy of the state to encourage
orderly growth and development which are essential to the social, fiscal, and economic
well-being of the state." (Gov. Code, § 56001.) The Reorganization Act was designed to
halt the proliferation of special districts, contain urban sprawl, deal with annexations, and
"guard against wasteful duplication of services." (Friends of Mount Diablo v. County of
Contra Costa (1977) 72 Cal.App.3d 1006, 1011 (Friends of Mount Diablo).)
Under the Reorganization Act, a local agency formation commission (LAFCO)
exists within each county. (Gov. Code, §§ 56027, 56325.) It is LAFCO's duty to "review
and approve with or without amendment, wholly, partially, or conditionally, or
disapprove proposals for changes of organization or reorganization . . . ." (Gov. Code,
§ 56375, subd. (a)(1); see Fallbrook Sanitary Dist. v. San Diego Local Agency Formation
5
Com. (1989) 208 Cal.App.3d 753, 760 [LAFCO may make both additions and deletions
to proposals so long as the general nature of subject matter is unchanged].)
Proceedings before LAFCO "for a change of organization or a reorganization may
be initiated by petition or by resolution of application . . . ." (Gov. Code, § 56650.) A
resolution of application is a resolution adopted by the legislative body of an affected
local agency proposing a change of organization. (Gov. Code, § 56654.)
After approving a proposed change of organization, LAFCO conducts further
proceedings on the proposal, such as holding a noticed hearing. (Gov. Code, § 57000
et seq.) At the hearing, LAFCO receives any protests, objections, or evidence on the
proposal. (Gov. Code, § 57050, subd. (b).)
In the case of a proposed dissolution, LAFCO determines the value of written
protests that may have been filed, and if the protests are not in the majority, LAFCO, by
resolution, orders the dissolution, with or without the confirmation of voters depending
on whether certain requirements are met. (Gov. Code, §§ 57052, 57077.1, 57078.)
B. Reconciling the Reorganization Act with Other Statutory Schemes That Address Particular Types of Districts
The Reorganization Act "is not the sole statutory scheme pertaining to district
formation. It shares the field with other such statutory schemes applicable to particular
types of districts." (Las Tunas Beach, supra, 38 Cal.App.4th at p. 1009; id. at pp. 1009-
1010 [discussing statutory scheme found in Public Resources Code that authorizes the
formation of geologic hazard abatement districts].) When a statutory scheme contains its
own more specific district formation procedures, then, based on settled rules of statutory
6
construction, the special provisions control over the more general provisions of the
Reorganization Act relating to district formation. (Id. at pp. 1010-1011; but see
Gov. Code, § 56100, subd. (b) [if there is a conflict in procedural requirements, then the
Reorganization Act requirements prevail].) The Reorganization Act "co-exists with other
statutory schemes which specifically address the formation of particular types of
districts." (Las Tunas Beach, at p. 1011 [providing as examples, mosquito abatement and
vector control districts and sanitary districts].) Conversely, when a specified statutory
scheme does not contain its own dissolution provisions, "the dissolution procedures of
[the Reorganization Act], which pertain to districts generally, control . . . ." (Id.
at p. 1012.)
II. The Fire District Law Mandates Compliance with the Reorganization Act for any Change of Organization, Including Dissolutions
The Fire District Law authorizes the formation of fire protection districts to
provide for fire protection services on a local level. (Health & Saf. Code, §§ 13801,
13815 et seq.) The statute contains certain formation procedures that complement
procedures of the Reorganization Act. (See, e.g., Health & Saf. Code, §§ 13815 et seq.,
13819 [signed petition shall be filed with LAFCO], 13821 [resolution of application to
form a fire district shall be filed with LAFCO].)
However, the Fire District Law does not contain any specific provisions covering
dissolutions of fire protection districts, except to mandate compliance with the
Reorganization Act. Health and Safety Code section 13812 provides as follows:
"The . . . Reorganization Act . . . shall govern any change of organization or
7
reorganization of a district." As we have noted, a change of organization is defined to
include the dissolution of a district. (Gov. Code, § 56021.) The Legislature has thus
evidenced its intention that the Reorganization Act provides the exclusive method for
dissolving a fire protection district. (See Las Tunas Beach, supra, 38 Cal.App.4th
at p. 1012.)
III. The Right of Referendum
The California Constitution, article 2, section 9, subdivision (a) provides: "The
referendum is the power of the electors to approve or reject statutes or parts of statutes
except urgency statutes, statutes calling elections, and statutes providing for tax levies or
appropriations for usual current expenses of the State." Article 2, section 11,
subdivision (a) of the Constitution provides: "Initiative and referendum powers may be
exercised by the electors of each city or county under procedures that the Legislature
shall provide."
"It is the 'duty of the courts to jealously guard' the people's rights of initiative and
referendum. [Citation.] But a fundamental principle of referendum law is that a
referendum may be used to review only legislative acts and not executive or
administrative acts of a local government. [Citations.] 'Legislative acts . . . which
establish general policies and objectives, and the ways and means of accomplishing them,
are subject to the referendum process.' [Citation.]" (Worthington v. City Council of
Rohnert Park (2005) 130 Cal.App.4th 1132, 1140 (Worthington).)
Generally, an act is legislative in nature if it prescribes a new policy or plan; it is
administrative in nature if it merely pursues a plan already adopted by the legislative
8
body itself, or some power superior to it. (Worthington, supra, 130 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 1140-1141; Ferrini v. City of San Luis Obispo (1983) 150 Cal.App.3d 239, 249
(Ferrini) [decision to annex land to city could not be challenged by initiative process].)
"When implementing a plan adopted by a superior power, a city acts in an
administrative capacity. 'Acts of a local governing body which, in a purely local context,
would otherwise be legislative and subject to referendum may, however, become
administrative "in a situation in which the state's system of regulation over a matter of
statewide concern is so pervasive as to convert the local legislative body into an
administrative agent of the state." ' (Yost v. Thomas (1984) 36 Cal.3d 561, 570.) When a
local governments [sic] discretion is 'largely preempted' by statutory mandate its action is
administrative and not subject to referendum." (Worthington, supra, 130 Cal.App.4th
at p. 1141; Friends of Mount Diablo, supra, 72 Cal.App.3d at pp. 1010-1011.)
IV. The District's Resolution of Application to Dissolve the Julian-Cuyamaca Fire Protection District Is Not Subject to the Referendum Process
Based on the foregoing principles, we conclude the District's "resolution of
application" (Gov. Code, § 56650), which proposed a plan of dissolution for the
Commission to consider, is not subject to the referendum process.
As recognized many years ago in Friends of Mount Diablo, supra, 72 Cal.App.3d
at pages 1010-1011, state regulation over district dissolutions is pervasive. Although the
District's Resolution might be characterized as a legislative act in a purely local context,
it is not legislative when viewed in the context of the state's regulation over the
dissolution of districts. The District must apply to the Commission with a proposed
9
dissolution plan and cannot alter the plan without Commission approval. The
Commission—not the District—holds the power to "review and approve with or without
amendment, wholly, partially, or conditionally, or disapprove" the District's proposal.
(Gov. Code, § 56375, subd. (a)(1).) The Commission may itself initiate the dissolution of
a district. (Gov. Code, § 56375, subd. (a)(2)(B).) When viewed in context, the
Resolution is not a legislative act subject to referendum. (Friends of Mount Diablo,
supra, 72 Cal.App.3d at p. 1010 [the Reorganization Act is "an encompassing regulation
over a matter of such statewide concern as to convert the local legislative body into an
administrative agent of the state"].)
Moreover, the Reorganization Act contains detailed provisions regarding the
method of protesting a proposed dissolution of a district and when elections are required.
(See, e.g., Gov. Code, §§ 57051, 57077.1, 57078.) "Where the Legislature has enacted a
comprehensive regulatory system with express provisions for elections under limited
conditions we may infer a negation of election under all other circumstances." (Ferrini,
supra, 150 Cal.App.3d at p. 247.) If a district's resolution of application were subject to
referendum, opponents could thwart the Reorganization Act's method for considering and
challenging dissolution proposals. Use of the referendum process in the manner
proposed by plaintiffs "interferes with and frustrates state [dissolution] procedures and
cannot [be] sustained." (L.I.F.E. Committee v. City of Lodi (1989) 213 Cal.App.3d 1139,
1148 [local attempt to require a vote before commencement of annexation interfered with
state-established process for considerations of annexations].)
10
Plaintiffs argue that the District's "initial" decision to apply to the Commission for
dissolution is distinct from the process of applying to the Commission for dissolution and
that the initial decision should be subject to referendum. We are not persuaded by
plaintiffs' argument. A "resolution of application," like the one passed here by the
District, is one of two ways to initiate a proceeding before LAFCO (Gov. Code, § 56650)
and is included with the application filed with LAFCO (Gov. Code, § 56652, subd. (a)).
A resolution of application is thus part of LAFCO's process. (Gov. Code, § 56654.)
Even if it is theoretically possible to separate the District's "initial decision" to apply to
the Commission from the subsequent application, subjecting the "initial decision" to
referendum creates a dueling process that manifestly interferes with the Commission's
ability to act. (Friends of Mount Diablo, supra, 72 Cal.App.3d at p. 1013 [allowing
referendum would "destroy the efficient administration of government"].) Additionally,
although plaintiffs claim they are merely challenging the decision to apply to the
Commission for dissolution, they plainly seek to halt the actual dissolution. Yet the "sole
and exclusive" method for challenging a proposed dissolution is through the
Reorganization Act. (Gov. Code, § 56100.) Plaintiffs' use of the referendum process
would undermine the state's regulation over this field.
Plaintiffs also assert that "all doubts" as to whether the District exercised a
legislative act in passing the Resolution must be resolved in favor of the referendum
process. However, we have no doubt as to the Legislature's intention. Fire protection
districts are purely creatures of statute, from which they derive all of their rights and
powers. (Las Tunas Beach, supra, 38 Cal.App.4th at p. 1012.) With respect to
11
dissolving a fire protection district, the Legislature was clear—the Reorganization Act
"shall govern[.]" (Health & Saf. Code, § 13812; see City of Morgan Hill v. Bushey
(2018) 5 Cal.5th 1068, 1079-1080 [referendum is preempted if there is a " 'definite
indication' " or " ' "clear showing" ' " that Legislature intended to restrict the right].)
Under the Reorganization Act, a resolution of application is administrative in nature—a
prerequisite to obtaining a decision from the Commission, which holds the power to
approve or disapprove the proposed dissolution. (Friends of Mount Diablo, supra,
72 Cal.App.3d at p. 1012.) Accordingly, the District's Resolution is not subject to the
referendum process.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NARES, J.
WE CONCUR:
BENKE, Acting P. J.
IRION, J.
12
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that a fire protection district's resolution of application to dissolve is not subject to the voter referendum process because the Cortese-Knox-Hertzberg Local Government Reorganization Act provides the exclusive procedure for district dissolution and renders the resolution an administrative act.
Issues
Whether a fire protection district's resolution of application to dissolve may be challenged through the voter referendum process.
Disposition. Affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“We conclude the District's resolution is not subject to referendum because, among other reasons, the Reorganization Act prescribes the exclusive method for dissolving, and/or protesting the proposed dissolution of, a fire protection district”
“The Legislature has thus evidenced its intention that the Reorganization Act provides the exclusive method for dissolving a fire protection district.”
“Under the Reorganization Act, a resolution of application is administrative in nature—a prerequisite to obtaining a decision from the Commission, which holds the power to approve or disapprove the proposed dissolution.”