respond; if the objection is sustained, the question or request goes unanswered.
But what if the inquiring party somehow obtains an answer to the inquiry before
the court has an opportunity to rule on the privilege question, and it is later determined
that the privilege applies such that the objection would have been sustained? In many
instances, the only available remedy that will preserve the integrity of the process and
public respect for the administration of justice would be to disqualify counsel for the
inquiring party in conjunction with ordering return of privileged documents and/or
sealing of transcripts. Does it make a difference, however, if the answer obtained by the
inquiring party included no information likely to affect the ongoing litigation? To put it
another way, is disqualification of counsel necessarily the remedy even if the violation of
the attorney-client privilege resulted in no actual disclosure of relevant information?
In this case, as part of an internal affairs investigation regarding the unauthorized
disclosure of a confidential police report, the San Diego Police Department (Department)
questioned plaintiff/real party Dana Hoover, a detective for the Department, regarding the
content of communications between Hoover and an attorney representing her in an
employment-related lawsuit against defendant/petitioner City of San Diego. Although
2
Hoover invoked the privilege, the Department directed her to answer the internal affairs
questions or face discipline and/or termination of employment. The trial court properly
concluded that the City violated the attorney-client privilege when Department
investigators insisted Hoover respond to questions despite her invocation of the privilege.
A deputy city attorney attending the interview as an observer also violated the California
State Bar Rules of Professional Conduct when she began questioning Hoover about her
lawsuit without the permission of her lawyer in the case (Rules Prof. Conduct, rule 2-
100).1
Disqualification of counsel, however—particularly the elected City Attorney—is a
drastic remedy that should be ordered only where the violation of the privilege or other
misconduct has a "substantial continuing effect on future judicial proceedings." (Gregori
v. Bank of America (1989) 207 Cal.App.3d 291, 309 (Gregori).) There must be a
"reasonable probability" and "genuine likelihood" that opposing counsel has "obtained
information the court believes would likely be used advantageously against an adverse
party during the course of the litigation." (Ibid.) Here, the transcript of the internal
affairs interview2 demonstrates that although relevant confidential information could in
theory have been elicited in response to the internal affairs questions, in fact no such
information was disclosed. Under these circumstances, because "a disqualification order
must be prophylactic, not punitive" (id. at pp. 308–309), the drastic remedy of depriving
1 All further rule references are to the California State Bar Rules of Professional Conduct unless otherwise indicated.
2 Filed under seal with both the trial court and this court. 3
a party of its counsel of choice was unwarranted. We therefore issue the writ as
requested by the City.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In May 2014 Hoover filed a lawsuit against the City, her employer, alleging
claims of employment-related harassment and retaliation. In particular, she claimed she
suffered harassment and retaliation based on complaints she made about perceived
investigative failures by the Department's homicide unit, of which she had been a
member. In June 2015, Hoover was represented in her lawsuit by attorney Daniel M.
Gilleon.
In late 2017, Gilleon agreed to represent a different client—the mother of a minor
sexual assault victim—in a separate claim against the City. On behalf of this new client,
Gilleon alleged that the Department failed to properly investigate the assault and then
covered it up. Media outlets reported the claim. In particular, a March 2018 article in the
Voice of San Diego referenced a "police report" obtained by the Internet news service.
The Voice of San Diego article prompted an investigation by the Department's
internal affairs unit seeking to determine if and how the media obtained a confidential
police investigative report. Suspicion focused on Hoover, and investigators scheduled an
interview with her to determine whether she was the source of the leak. An initial
interview was conducted by Sergeants Robert Gassman and John Huys on March 14,
2018. Hoover was accompanied by her union representative, Officer Mark Brenner. She
was ordered to respond to the investigators' questions and was told at the outset that any
4
refusal to answer could be treated as insubordination, subjecting her to discipline up to
and including termination.
Although she had no involvement in the sexual assault case, Hoover admitted to
accessing and reviewing the report. She denied, however, providing the report to or
discussing its contents with anyone. At some point the investigators began to inquire
about communications between Hoover and Gilleon. Brenner objected based on the
attorney-client privilege. Recalling the earlier threats of discipline if she failed to
cooperate, Hoover nonetheless began answering the questions.3 Brenner again objected
and advised Hoover not to answer any further questions about the content of
communications with her lawyer. At that point the investigators took a break and
contacted their supervisor; when the questioning resumed they did not make any further
inquiries about communications with Gilleon.
Later that same day, Sergeant Huys contacted Hoover, telling her that the City
Attorney's office had concluded that the attorney-client privilege did not preclude
questions about her conversations with attorney Gilleon as they related to the sexual
assault investigation and the leaked police report. Hoover was ordered to return for a
follow-up interview on March 22.
3 Hoover's declaration is unclear in describing how she responded on March 14, if at all, to questions regarding the content of any communications with Gilleon. Gilleon's later e-mail to the deputy city attorney on the case indicates that Hoover "rightfully refused" to answer any such questions. Nothing in the transcript of the March 22 interview suggests that any confidential communication was revealed on March 14. 5
Meanwhile Gilleon learned of the internal affairs investigation and on March 16
sent an e-mail to Deputy City Attorney Michael J. McGowan complaining about the
alleged violation of the attorney-client privilege. McGowan responded that he had just
"inherited" the case from another attorney, but based on "very limited information" he did
not believe the questions were sufficiently "related to the lawsuit." He nonetheless
offered to meet with Gilleon before the rescheduled interview to discuss the matter.
Gilleon sent another e-mail, this time also copying the San Diego City Attorney Mara
Elliot, warning that if the City proceeded to question Hoover about conversations she had
with Gilleon, he would "take immediate legal action including but not limited to not
limited to: 1) restraining orders; 2) sanctions motion; 3) motion to disqualify; and 4) a
report to the State Bar." Neither Gilleon nor the City made any attempt to seek input or
guidance from the trial court.
Hoover's interview with the same two internal affairs investigators resumed on
March 22. Hoover was accompanied by attorney Rick Pinckard, counsel provided by the
police officers' association. Deputy City Attorney Christina Milligan observed the
interview but also engaged with Pinckard in occasional discussions of legal issues
regarding the attorney-client privilege.
A transcript of that interview has been filed under seal and is part of the record.4
In it Hoover described receiving a group text message from Gilleon that referred to the
sexual assault investigation. She later contacted him by phone about a different issue, but
4 Here we refer to the sealed transcript only for the purpose of describing facts that do not involve potentially privileged communications between Hoover and her attorney. 6
the sexual assault investigation came up during the discussion. Later, Hoover decided to
look at the police report concerning the sexual assault incident out of "professional
curiosity." She printed a copy, read the report, then immediately placed it in a "secured
shred bin." She specifically denied giving a copy of the report to anyone or discussing its
contents with anyone, including any member of the press.
When the investigators sought to inquire about the content of the phone
conversation with Gilleon that preceded Hoover accessing the report, Pinckard reasserted
the attorney-client privilege. In response to a clarifying question by Deputy City
Attorney Milligan, Hoover stated that her lawsuit against the City "absolutely" dealt with
claims of negligent investigation and a failure to properly investigate. Milligan followed
up by asking whether the sexual assault investigation was "encompassed" in Hoover's
case, to which she replied, "No." But Pinckard then pointed out that "how that claim
might in some way support or relate to the claims that are asserted in her action and any
discussions that she's had with her attorney . . . regarding how this incident may or may
not fit into that litigation, that would be privileged."
The questioning by the internal affairs officers resumed. Hoover denied giving
Gilleon any information about the sexual assault case. Sergeant Huys pressed her for
details of what information Gilleon provided her during the conversation. Hoover
summarized what she recalled Gilleon telling her, but admitted she had learned a great
deal about the sexual assault case from "media reports" and could not be sure which
details she first learned from Gilleon. Huys then asked if and how the sexual assault
investigation was related to her case against the City.
7
Within a few weeks of the March 22 interview, Hoover filed a motion to
disqualify the City Attorney in her harassment and retaliation action. The motion
claimed that the internal affairs interview violated both the attorney-client privilege and
Rule 2-100, which generally prohibits a lawyer from contacted a litigant known to be
represented by counsel. According to Hoover's motion, the only appropriate remedy was
disqualification of the entire Office of the City Attorney.
The trial court agreed. It found that the City and the City Attorney's office "(1)
forced plaintiff to reveal confidential attorney-client communications, and
(2) communicated with plaintiff about the subject matter of the litigation without her
counsel's consent." The court rejected the City's argument that the privilege was not
violated because the disclosed communications between Gilleon and Hoover did not
relate to the lawsuit, noting that a court " 'may not review the contents of a
communication to determine whether the attorney-client privilege protects that
Relying on cases involving the inadvertent disclosure and receipt of privileged
information, the court noted that disqualification is often necessary as a prophylactic rule.
In this case, however, the receipt of privileged information was not inadvertent. Indeed,
the court noted, it would have been a simple matter for the City to have raised the issue
with the court in an ex parte application before the resumed March 22 interview. Under
these circumstances, disqualification was warranted "to preserve the public's trust in the
integrity of the judicial process and to prevent future prejudice to the plaintiff."
8
After the City filed a petition for writ of mandate/prohibition, we issued an order
to show cause.
DISCUSSION
In addressing this writ petition we face two separate issues. First, did the
investigators' interview of Hoover invade the attorney-client privilege? A corollary
inquiry is whether the deputy city attorney present at the March 22 interview violated
Rule 2-100 by communicating with Hoover about the subject of her lawsuit against the
City without the consent of her attorney Gilleon? Second, if the answer to either or both
of these preliminary questions is "yes," does the transgression require disqualification of
the Office of the City Attorney?
1.a. Forcing Hoover to divulge the contents of a conversation with her attorney violated the attorney-client privilege.
As codified in Evidence Code section 954, the attorney-client privilege protects
from disclosure confidential communications between lawyer and client.5 (Los Angeles
County Bd. of Supervisors v. Superior Court (2016) 2 Cal.5th 282, 292 (Los Angeles
County Bd.).) A "confidential communication" in this regard "means information
transmitted between a client and his or her lawyer in the course of that relationship and in
confidence . . . ." (§ 952.) It "includes a legal opinion formed and the advice given by
the lawyer in the course of that relationship." (Ibid.)
"The party claiming the privilege has the burden of establishing the preliminary
facts necessary to support its exercise, i.e., a communication made in the course of an
5 All statutory references are to the Evidence Code unless otherwise indicated. 9
attorney-client relationship." (Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Superior Court of San
Francisco (2009) 47 Cal.4th 725, 733 (Costco). Where there are conflicting facts, we
will affirm a trial court's finding if it is supported by substantial evidence. (D. I.
Chadbourne, Inc. v. Superior Court of San Francisco (1964) 60 Cal.2d 723, 729.) Once
the party claiming the privilege "establishes facts necessary to support a prima facie
claim of privilege, the communication is presumed to have been made in confidence and
the opponent of the claim of privilege has the burden of proof to establish the
communication was not confidential or that the privilege does not for other reasons
apply." (Costco, at p. 733; § 917, subd. (a).)
Here, there is no dispute that Gilleon had an attorney-client relationship with
Hoover. Indeed, Hoover told the investigators during the interview that Gilleon had been
her attorney for three years at the time of the phone call. She stated that she called
Gilleon to discuss something. As the trial court found, this was sufficient to meet
Hoover's initial burden of establishing that the discussion in the ensuing phone call was
"in the course of" the attorney-client relationship. The burden then shifted to the City to
show that the privilege did not apply.
Hoover does not object to questions by the investigators about the initial group
text from Gilleon that mentioned the sexual assault investigation. Although this was
clearly a "communication between client and lawyer" (§ 954), it was presumably not
"confidential" because Hoover knew it was shared with a number of other individuals.
(See § 952 [communication is made "in confidence" if transmitted "by a means which, so
far as the client is aware, discloses the information to no third persons . . . ."].) She
10
instead focuses on the investigators' inquiries regarding her subsequent phone call to
Gilleon.
The trial court correctly concluded that when the two sergeants from the internal
affairs division questioned Hoover over her objection about the content of her phone
conversation with Gilleon, they invaded the attorney-client privilege both procedurally
and substantively. Procedurally, when the attorney-client privilege is invoked, questions
concerning the applicability of the privilege require a hearing by the court before the
allegedly confidential communication is disclosed to the opposing party. (See Titmas v.
Superior Court (2001) 87 Cal.App.4th 738, 740.) Here, as the trial judge noted, it was
not for the Department or the City Attorney to determine unilaterally whether the
privilege applied. That was a task for the court to perform, and the court had ex parte
procedures in place to address precisely this type of time-sensitive matter. When a
facially colorable claim of privilege was raised, the internal affairs questioning on that
topic should have been suspended until the matter could be raised with the court. Indeed,
that appears to have happened during the initial interview on March 14. There was more
than sufficient time between that date and the resumed questioning on March 22 for the
City Attorney to have brought the matter to the court's attention on its ex parte calendar
and obtained a ruling as to the applicability of the privilege.
Substantively as well, the City's approach to the privilege issue is flawed. The
City relies primarily on the fact that Gilleon's initial group text was sent to third parties as
support for the proposition that the entire subject of the sexual assault investigation was
never intended to be confidential. The fact that the sexual assault case was first discussed
11
in a group text certainly suggests that the text itself was not confidential, but it hardly
follows that Hoover's subsequent private conversation with Gilleon was not in
confidence. In this regard it is significant that the text was sent by Gilleon, but the phone
call was initiated by Hoover to discuss something other than the sexual assault case.
It is unclear whether and, if so, how the sexual assault investigation was connected
to Hoover's harassment and retaliation case. But the fact that it plausibly could be is
enough because the burden is on the City to show that a communication made in the
course of an attorney-client relationship was not privileged. While the purpose for
Hoover's phone call to Gilleon was, appropriately, not disclosed, there is no evidence
they were exchanging recipes or movie recommendations. Their relationship was
attorney and client; they had no other relationship. In deciding whether a communication
is privileged, it is well settled that we do not require disclosure of the assertedly
privileged statements. (§ 915, subd. (a); see Costco, supra, 47 Cal.4th at pp. 737, 739.)
And plainly, as the trial court observed, it is not for the opposing party to compel
disclosure of the attorney-client communications in order to determine whether it
believes the privilege properly applies.6
At the internal affairs interview Deputy City Attorney Milligan took the position
that she was entitled to inquire into whether and how the sexual assault investigation was
6 This is not a situation where the character of the attorney-client communication itself reveals it was not made "for the purpose of legal consultation." (Los Angeles County Bd., supra, 2 Cal.5th 282, 295 [billing invoices].) Here, Hoover made a phone call for the purpose of consulting her attorney.
12
related to or "encompassed in" Hoover's lawsuit against the City. But this is precisely the
type of inquiry the privilege is designed to preclude. A client may not know why a
lawyer is relating certain information or asking a particular question. She may not
perceive how the information or her answers will further her case. Yet the information
and the question may reveal something about the lawyer's litigation strategy. The
attorney-client privilege places the contents of these lawyer-client discussions
presumptively off limits to opposing counsel absent a showing that the privilege does not
apply. The City made no such showing here.
1.b. The Rules of Professional Conduct precluded the deputy city attorney from directly questioning Hoover during the interview without the consent of attorney Gilleon.
At the outset of the March 22 interview, Sergeant Huys introduced the
participants, including attorney Pinckard representing Hoover for purposes of the
interview. Huys also introduced Deputy City Attorney Milligan and a legal intern from
the City Attorney's office, but indicated they "are here only as observers." He added,
"[O]nly Internal Affairs Detective Sergeant Gassman and I will direct any questions to
Detective Hoover."
During the course of the interview, however, attorney Milligan asked several
questions of Hoover. Prior to the interview no one in the City Attorney's office contacted
13
attorney Gilleon and obtained his consent. Nor did Milligan ask permission of attorney
Pinckard before asking the questions.7
The Rules of Professional Conduct govern the conduct of members of the State
Bar of California. Nothing in those rules affected the ability of the Department to
question Hoover about the suspected unauthorized disclosure to the press of a
confidential police report. But the lawyers employed by the City Attorney's office are a
different matter. They, like other members of the California State Bar, are bound by the
Rules of Professional Conduct. Rule 2-100(A) provides: "While representing a client, a
member shall not communicate directly or indirectly about the subject of the
representation with a party the member knows to be represented by another lawyer in the
matter, unless the member has the consent of the other lawyer."
By terms of Rule 2-100, Milligan could not communicate "directly or indirectly"
with Hoover about anything having to do with her lawsuit against the City unless she first
obtained consent from attorney Gilleon, who represented her in that lawsuit. Here,
although it was represented she was only present as an observer, Milligan took over
questioning at one point in the interview, making several inquiries about the scope of
Hoover's claims in her lawsuit. These questions were indisputably "about the subject of
[Gilleon's] representation," yet Gilleon's permission was never obtained and he was never
consulted. Although we appreciate that Milligan may only have been trying to expedite
7 Even if there was such a request, Rule 2-100 requires consent by the "other lawyer," i.e., the lawyer representing the client in the underlying litigation. Here, there is no dispute that Gilleon was Hoover's lawyer in her action against the City. 14
the interview process, her direct questioning of Hoover—rather than pausing to advise
Huys and Gassman—violated Rule 2-100.
2. Because there is no reasonable likelihood that the misconduct in this case will give the City any unfair advantage, disqualification of the City Attorney is not appropriate.
Having determined that both the attorney-client privilege and Rule 2-100 were
violated, the critical question is whether these errors, singly or taken together, require or
permit disqualification of the City Attorney's office. A court's authority to disqualify a
lawyer in a pending proceeding derives from its inherent power to regulate the conduct of
court officers, including attorneys, in furtherance of the sound administration of justice.
(City and County of San Francisco v. Cobra Solutions, Inc. (2006) 38 Cal.4th 839, 846
(Cobra Solutions); Code Civ. Proc., § 128, subd. (a)(5).) Although the right to counsel of
one's choice is an important one, it "must yield to ethical considerations that affect the
fundamental principles of our judicial process." (People ex rel. Dept. of Corporations v.
SpeeDee Oil Change Systems, Inc. (1999) 20 Cal.4th 1135, 1145.)
At the same time, courts have recognized that a disqualification order is not
without cost. "[I]t must be kept in mind that disqualification usually imposes a
substantial hardship on the disqualified attorney's innocent client, who must bear the
monetary and other costs of finding a replacement." (Gregori, supra, 207 Cal.App.3d at
p. 300.) And there are additional and different costs when the disqualified attorney is a
public law office, such as the popularly elected San Diego City Attorney in this case.
"When an entire government law office is disqualified, the government inevitably incurs
the added cost of retaining private counsel [citation], the delay such substitution entails,
15
and in certain types of litigation it may also lose the specialized expertise of its in-house
attorneys, hampering its ability to protect the public's interest." (Cobra Solutions, supra,
38 Cal.4th at p. 851.)
Deciding whether disqualification is the appropriate remedy thus involves a
delicate balancing of competing policy considerations. Where the trial court weighs the
proper factors, the resulting decision on a motion to disqualify counsel is generally
reviewed for abuse of the court's discretion. (La Jolla Cove Motel & Hotel Apartments,
Inc. v. Superior Court (2004) 121 Cal.App.4th 773, 782.) But where, as here, there are
no material factual disputes, we review the decision to disqualify counsel as a question of
law. (Cobra Solutions, supra, 38 Cal.4th at p. 848.)
We do not disqualify a lawyer from representing a client to punish the lawyer's
mistakes or even bad behavior. (Neal v. Health Net, Inc. (2002) 100 Cal.App.4th 831,
844; Gregori, supra, 207 Cal.App.3d at p. 309 [not every instance of unprofessional
conduct or bad judgment by an attorney warrants disqualification].) The discipline of
lawyers in California is a function reserved to the State Bar. (Myerchin v. Family
Benefits, Inc. (2008) 162 Cal.App.4th 1526, 1538, disapproved on a different ground
in Village Northridge Homeowners Assn. v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co. (2010) 50
Cal.4th 913, 929, fn. 6; see also Gregori, at p. 309.) Rather, disqualification of counsel is
a prophylactic remedy designed to mitigate the unfair advantage a party might otherwise
obtain if the lawyer were allowed to continue representing the client. (Clark v. Superior
Court (2011) 196 Cal.App.4th 37, 55.)
16
As early as its decision in Chronometrics, Inc. v. Sysgen, Inc. (1980) 110
Cal.App.3d 597, the court was able to "detect a common theme" in California
disqualification cases: "If the status or misconduct which is urged as a ground for
disqualification will have a continuing effect on the judicial proceedings which are before
the court, it is justified in refusing to permit the lawyer to participate in such proceedings.
. . . If, on the other hand, the court's purpose is to punish a transgression which has no
substantial continuing effect on the judicial proceedings to occur in the future, neither the
court's inherent power to control its proceedings nor Code of Civil Procedure section 128
can be stretched to support the disqualification." (Id. at p. 607.)
This theme was amplified and explicated in Gregori, which has become one of the
seminal California decisions addressing these issues. In that case, one of plaintiff's
attorneys initiated a "social relationship" with a secretary employed by a law firm
representing the defendants. (207 Cal.App.3d at p. 295.) The secretary admitted
discussing " 'personalities involved in the litigation' " but denied disclosing any
confidential information. (Id. at p. 296.) The trial court denied the motion to disqualify
plaintiff's counsel. Although it characterized the conduct of the plaintiff's attorney as
" 'the essence of unprofessionalism and poor judgment,' " it ultimately concluded there
was no evidence to suggest plaintiff " 'might gain any unfair advantage' " as a result of
the contact between the attorney and the secretary. (Id. at p. 299.)
The Court of Appeal in Gregori affirmed. After acknowledging the competing
policy considerations that must be balanced when a motion to disqualify counsel is
brought (207 Cal.App.3d at pp. 300–301), Justice Kline's opinion explained that the
17
prophylactic nature of the disqualification remedy means the focus of the analysis must
be on "whether there exists a genuine likelihood that the status or misconduct of the
attorney in question will affect the outcome of the proceedings before the court." (Id. at
p. 309.) "Thus, disqualification is proper where, as a result of a prior representation or
through improper means, there is a reasonable probability counsel has obtained
information the court believes would likely be used advantageously against an adverse
party during the course of the litigation. . . . Disqualification is inappropriate, however,
simply to punish a dereliction that will likely have no substantial continuing effect on
future judicial proceedings. [Citation.] There are other sanctions which in that situation
must suffice, including imposition of attorneys fees and costs incurred by the other side
as a result of the misconduct (Code Civ. Proc., § 128) and reporting of the misconduct to
the State Bar of California so that it may determine whether disciplinary action is
appropriate . . . ." (Ibid.)
Gregori and the "substantial continuing effect" inquiry has been regularly cited as
the proper standard in addressing a request to disqualify counsel in a variety of contexts.
(See, e.g., California Self-Insurers' Security Fund v. Superior Court (2018) 19
Cal.App.5th 1065, 1079; McDermott Will & Emery LLP v. Superior Court (2017) 10
Cal.App.5th 1083, 1120; In re Marriage of Murchison (2016) 245 Cal.App.4th 847, 852;
Oaks Management Corporation v. Superior Court (2006) 145 Cal.App.4th 453, 467;
Hetos Investments, Ltd. v. Kurtin (2003) 110 Cal.App.4th 36, 49; Cal Pak Delivery, Inc.
v. United Parcel Service, Inc. (1997) 52 Cal.App.4th 1, 12.) Under this test, there must
be a "genuine likelihood" that the attorney's status or misconduct "will affect the outcome
18
of the proceedings before the court." (Gregori, supra, 207 Cal.App.3d at p. 309; accord
Kennedy v. Eldridge (2011) 201 Cal.App.4th 1197, 1205.)
This case presents a somewhat unique set of circumstances. Unlike some others
(compare In re Complex Asbestos Litigation (1991) 232 Cal.App.3d 572, 592), here we
know exactly what was and was not disclosed when the City elected to question Hoover
regarding her phone call with attorney Gilleon. We have the transcript of the March 22
interview. Reviewing that transcript, there is nothing Hoover said during the interview
that could "likely be used advantageously against" her in her case against the City.
(Gregori, supra, 207 Cal.App.3d at p. 309.) Hoover told the investigators she gave
Gilleon no information about the sexual assault case. And although she acknowledged
that Gilleon provided her with some information, she could not specifically identify what
that information was because she had learned so many more details from the public press,
particularly the Voice of San Diego article.
Hoover cites the principle that we cannot generally look at the contents of a
communication to determine whether it is privileged. (Costco, supra, 47 Cal.4th at
p. 739.) Here, however, we are not looking at the transcript to decide if the privilege
applied. We have already concluded that it did. Rather we are reviewing facts known to
all the relevant parties—Hoover, the City and the trial court—to determine whether any
information disclosed during the interview will have a "substantial continuing effect on
future judicial proceedings." (Gregori, supra, 207 Cal.App.3d at p. 309.) Under these
circumstances, we can confidently say there is no "reasonable probability" or "genuine
19
likelihood" that the City's misconduct will provide it with an unfair advantage or in any
other way "affect the outcome of the proceedings before the court."8 (Ibid.)
DISPOSITION
Let a writ of mandate issue directing the respondent court to vacate its order
granting Hoover's motion to disqualify the San Diego City Attorney and enter a new
order denying the motion. The stay issued May 11, 2018 will be vacated when the
opinion is final as to this court. In the interests of justice, each party shall bear its own
costs.
DATO, J.
WE CONCUR:
HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.
HALLER, J.
8 We express no opinion on potential sanctions or other responses to the City's conduct in this case that the trial court may wish to consider. 20
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that while the City violated the attorney-client privilege and Rule 2-100, disqualification of the City Attorney's office was an unwarranted, punitive remedy because the misconduct resulted in no disclosure of relevant information and had no substantial continuing effect on the litigation.
Issues
Did the internal affairs interview of the plaintiff invade the attorney-client privilege?
Did the deputy city attorney violate Rule 2-100 by communicating with the plaintiff without her counsel's consent?
Does the violation of the attorney-client privilege or Rule 2-100 require the disqualification of the City Attorney's office?
Disposition. Petition granted.
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“We do not disqualify a lawyer from representing a client to punish the lawyer's mistakes or even bad behavior.”