On June 22, 2017, City of Rialto police detective Joseph Maltese was driving in
his patrol car with his narcotics-certified dog. On Riverside Avenue in Rialto, Maltese
observed a vehicle driving with windows that were illegally tinted, in violation of
California Vehicle Code section 26708, subdivision (a). Maltese directed the vehicle to
stop, and both vehicles pulled into a lot and parked.
When Maltese approached the vehicle on foot from behind, he could not see
through the rear window because it was so darkly tinted; the driver, Vera, was visible
only through the driver’s side rearview mirror. Maltese asked Vera to drop the rear
window, but Vera would not do so. For Maltese’s safety, he ordered Vera out of the car.
Maltese ordered Vera to walk to Maltese’s patrol car, turn around, and put his
hands on his head. Maltese patted Vera down for weapons, finding a knife in Vera’s
pocket. The knife appeared to be a switchblade.
Maltese asked Vera to sit on a curb, and he did. He asked for Vera’s driver’s
license, and Vera said it was in the glove compartment of his car. Maltese asked for and
received permission to retrieve the license, and he found it in the car. Maltese also found
the vehicle registration.
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Around that time, another officer, Garcia, arrived. Garcia happened to be in the
same parking lot and came as backup without being called. Maltese performed a records
check on Vera, finding no warrants. Maltese also examined the knife and determined that
it was not an illegal switchblade. During this time, Garcia made sure Vera was not going
to run away or harm Maltese.
Maltese then asked Garcia to write the citation for the window tint violation and
Garcia said “sure.” Over the next 32 seconds, Maltese went to his patrol car, obtained
both his citation book and his dog, and handed the citation book to Garcia. (The record
contains a video from a body camera on Maltese that covers this time period.) After
Maltese handed Garcia the citation book, Garcia began writing the citation. While
Maltese retrieved his citation book and dog, and for about 40 seconds thereafter, Maltese
repeatedly asked Vera for consent to search his car. Vera repeatedly said no. At the
vehicle, the dog alerted on the trunk, and then alerted again on the interior dashboard. At
the time that the dog was examining the car, Garcia was still writing the citation.
Maltese opened the trunk of Vera’s car and found a blue duffle bag, to which the
dog alerted. In the bag, Maltese found various bags of a substance that appeared to be
methamphetamine, and he found additional bags in the center console of the car behind
air vents. He weighed the substance in the duffle bag at over 4.5 kilograms, and he
received a positive result upon field testing it for methamphetamine.
Vera was charged with felony possession for sale of a controlled substance, and he
filed a written motion to suppress the drug evidence under Penal Code section 1538.5.
Vera argued, among other things, that his traffic stop was unreasonably prolonged under
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Rodriguez. After hearing testimony from Maltese and viewing the excerpt of the video of
the stop from Maltese’s body camera, the trial court denied the motion.
Vera later pled no contest to an amended information alleging possession of one
kilogram of a controlled substance, reserving his right to appeal. He received a custody
term of five years, of which two years were suspended and mandatory supervision by the
probation department imposed.
II. DISCUSSION
Vera’s sole argument on appeal is that the methamphetamine found in his car must
be suppressed because his traffic stop was unreasonably prolonged by the dog sniff, in
violation of Rodriguez. We therefore explain Rodriguez and then apply it to the facts of
this case. Because the relevant facts are not disputed, we exercise de novo review.
(People v. Stanley (2017) 18 Cal.App. 5th 398, 402.) Ultimately, we reject Vera’s claim
and affirm.
A. Rodriguez
Because the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution forbids only
unreasonable searches and seizures, “an officer may stop and detain a motorist on
reasonable suspicion that the driver has violated the law.” (People v. Wells (2006) 38
Cal.4th 1078, 1082-1083; see, e.g., Arizona v. Johnson (2009) 555 U.S. 323, 330-331
[discussing United States Supreme Court cases permitting detention during traffic stops].)
During the execution of a lawful traffic stop, the police may have a trained dog
sniff the driver’s vehicle, typically to detect the presence of drugs. Even if they lack any
reason to believe that the dog will alert, police officers may conduct a dog sniff without
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implicating the Fourth Amendment, because a dog sniff is not a search at all. (Illinois v.
Caballes (2005) 543 U.S. 405, 409 (Caballes); see People v. Mayberry (1982) 31 Cal.3d
335, 337 [dog sniff of luggage at airport not a search prohibited by Fourth Amendment].)
However, the Fourth Amendment nevertheless provides a limitation on a dog sniff
performed in conjunction with a traffic stop. A detention that is justified solely by the
governmental interest in issuing a traffic ticket to the driver “can become unlawful if it is
prolonged” by the dog sniff “beyond the time reasonably required” to complete the
mission of the traffic stop. (Caballes, supra, 543 U.S. at p. 407.)
In Rodriguez, supra, 135 S.Ct. at pages 1610-1613, the United States Supreme
Court addressed a case where a dog sniff prolonged a lawful traffic stop by seven to eight
minutes beyond the point at which the stop otherwise was complete. A police officer
observed a vehicle being driven for one or two seconds onto the shoulder of a highway,
in violation of state law. After stopping the vehicle for that traffic infraction, the officer
questioned the driver about the incident; gathered his driver’s license, registration, and
proof of insurance; ran a records check; and then returned all the documents to the driver
with a written warning. After that point, a second officer arrived with a trained dog that
sniffed the vehicle, alerting to drugs seven or eight minutes after the warning was issued.
On these facts, the federal court of appeals held that the extension of the stop was
“de minimis” and thus did not violate the Fourth Amendment. The Supreme Court,
however, reversed, holding “that a police stop exceeding the time needed to handle the
matter for which the stop was made violates the Constitution’s shield against
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unreasonable seizures.” (Rodriguez, supra, 135 S.Ct. at p. 1612.) The Court allowed no
“de minimis” exception. (Id. at pp. 1615-1616.)
Central to the Court’s analysis was its explanation of the “‘mission’” of a traffic
stop, which is “to address the traffic violation that warranted the stop . . . and attend to
related safety concerns.” (Rodriguez, supra, 135 S.Ct. at p. 1614.) The mission includes
“determining whether to issue a traffic ticket” and “‘ordinary inquiries incident to [the]
stop.’” (Id. at p. 1615, quoting Caballes, supra, 543 U.S. at p. 408.) These “inquiries
involve checking the driver’s license, determining whether there are outstanding warrants
against the driver, and inspecting the automobile’s registration and proof of insurance.”
(Rodriguez, supra, at p. 1615.) The mission involves activities that serve the purpose of
“enforcement of the traffic code” (id. at p. 1615) and the “safety precautions” that
officers may need to take while doing so (id. at p. 1616).
A dog sniff is outside the mission of the traffic stop because it is a measure “aimed
at ‘detect[ing] evidence of ordinary criminal wrongdoing.’” (Rodriguez, supra, 135 S.Ct.
at 1615, quoting City of Indianapolis v. Edmond (2000) 531 U.S. 32, 40-41.) A dog sniff
“is not fairly categorized as part of the officer’s traffic mission.” (Rodriguez, supra, at p.
1615.) “Highway and officer safety are interests different in kind from the Government’s
endeavor to detect crime in general or drug trafficking in particular.” (Id. at p. 1616.)
Because a traffic stop may “‘last no longer than is necessary to effectuate’” the
mission, “[a]uthority for the seizure thus ends” when the mission is completed “or
reasonably should have been” completed. (Rodriguez, supra, 135 S.Ct. at p. 1614.) It
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follows that a seizure of a driver is “‘unlawful’” when a suspicionless dog sniff prolongs
the detention “‘beyond’ that point.” (Id. at p. 1616.)
The Court stated that the permissible duration of the stop is not to be measured by
the reasonable duration of traffic stops in similar circumstances, but by the amount of
time actually necessary to perform the stop expediently. (Rodriguez, supra, 135 S.Ct. at
p. 1616.) A police officer does not earn “bonus time to pursue an unrelated criminal
investigation” by proceeding rapidly. (Ibid.) “If an officer can complete traffic-based
inquiries expeditiously, then that is the amount of ‘time reasonably required to complete
[the stop’s] mission.’” (Ibid.) Thus, the “critical question . . . is not whether the dog sniff
occurs before or after the officer issues a ticket . . . but whether conducting the sniff
‘prolongs’—i.e., adds time to—‘the stop,’ [citation].” (Ibid.)
B. Rodriguez’s Application to This Case
We start by considering the record as to the time period from the outset of the
traffic stop for Vera’s tinted window infraction through the point where Detective
Maltese asked Officer Garcia if he would write Garcia’s citation for that infraction (“the
initial period”). Our record does not contain a video from Maltese’s body camera for this
period, so the evidence of the events comes entirely from Maltese’s testimony.
Under Rodriguez, Vera properly was detained for any time period necessary to
perform the mission of the traffic stop. (Rodriguez, supra, 135 S. Ct. at p. 1616.) During
the initial period, most of Maltese’s actions were within that mission, as Rodriguez
defines it. Maltese acted to ensure his safety by ordering Vera out of the car, patting him
down, and asking him to sit on a curb. Maltese obtained Vera’s identification documents
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from his car and performed a warrant check, both of which were within the mission. It
was constitutional to detain Vera for these mission-related actions.
One officer action during the initial period was not part of the traffic stop’s
mission. Around the time that he performed the warrant check, Maltese spent some time
investigating the legality of the knife he found in Vera’s pocket, which appeared that it
could be an illegal switchblade. But a stop may be prolonged “if the prolongation itself is
supported by independent reasonable suspicion.” (United States v. Evans (9th Cir. 2015)
786 F.3d 779, 788.) Here, such reasonable suspicion justified prolonging the traffic stop
for the brief time Maltese took to investigate the knife.
We next consider the time period beginning with Maltese’s request that Garcia
write the tinted-window citation (“the dog sniff period”). Our record contains a portion
of the video from Maltese’s body camera, covering one minute and 26 seconds beginning
with that request, so the evidence about the dog sniff period comes from the video as well
as Maltese’s testimony.
The critical issue here is whether the dog sniff extended Vera’s detention for
longer than it would have lasted without the dog sniff—including the time for issuing the
citation. That is, the yardstick for measuring whether the dog sniff prolonged Vera’s
detention is the length of time of that detention had Maltese written the citation himself
without the dog sniff. (See United States v. Stewart (7th Cir. 2018) 902 F.3d 664, 675
[“salient question” under Rodriguez was whether stop was longer than if officer had
“simply written” a citation without the dog sniff; government must ask officer “if he
could have finished writing the ticket” in the time the sniff was conducted].)
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Vera thus is misguided in arguing “Officer Maltese had already finished the
mission of the traffic stop—to write a citation for illegally tinted windows—when he
transmuted the stop into a drug trafficking investigation . . . . Officer Maltese had
finished all aspects of the traffic stop when he began the dog sniff . . . .” The mission of
the traffic stop was in fact not finished when the dog sniff began, because the citation had
not yet been written. (See Rodriguez, supra, 135 S.Ct. at p. 1612 [referring to the
mission “of issuing” a ticket for the violation, quoting Caballes, supra, 543 U.S. at p.
407].)
We thus must closely examine what Maltese did instead of simply writing the
citation. Rather than write the citation himself, Maltese asked Garcia to write it and then
returned to his vehicle and procured both his citation book and his dog. The video shows
that it took Maltese only about 32 seconds to obtain the book and dog and hand the book
to Garcia. Because this was so quick, we have no reason to conclude that it would take
any less time for Maltese to obtain the citation book for himself, if Maltese was writing
the citation himself without using the dog to examine the vehicle. Up through the point
where Maltese handed the citation book to Garcia, we have no reason to conclude that the
dog sniff extended the stop.
Although Maltese repeatedly asked Vera for consent to search the vehicle, which
was outside the mission of the stop, he began to do so during the time that he was
retrieving the citation book and handing it to Garcia. This questioning during this 32
seconds occurred during the traffic stop without prolonging it.
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Maltese continued to unsuccessfully request Vera’s consent for about 40 seconds
after he handed the citation book to Garcia, and then Maltese and the dog began to
examine the car. The video ends at this point, before the dog actually alerted and thereby
indicated the presence of narcotics. The record does not reveal precisely how much time
it took the dog to alert; Maltese’s uncontroverted testimony is that the dog alerted to the
trunk of the vehicle when Garcia was still filling out the citation. Once the dog alerted to
the vehicle, there was independent reasonable suspicion for Maltese to prolong Vera’s
detention to search for drugs. Because the only evidence we have is that the dog alerted
before the citation was issued, this chronology—without more—indicates that the use of
the dog did not extend the length of Vera’s detention.
It does not necessarily end the inquiry that the dog alerted before the citation was
issued. Vera could demonstrate that the dog alert came after the time at which the
citation reasonably should have been issued had there been no dog sniff. (Rodriguez,
supra, 135 S.Ct. at p. 1614 [“Authority for the seizure thus ends when tasks tied to the
traffic infraction are—or reasonably should have been—completed.”].) But this Vera did
not do. The dog sniff began about 72 seconds after Maltese proceeded to his car to
retrieve the citation book, and about 40 seconds after he handed the book to Garcia. The
dog may have alerted to the trunk shortly after that; Vera has not established any length
of time that it took the dog to alert. Vera also did not establish how long it takes Maltese
(or Garcia) to write a citation. Vera did not establish that Garcia took more time than
usual to write it. On this record, we cannot conclude that the dog alert occurred after the
citation reasonably should have been issued.
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The record therefore provides us no reason to conclude that Vera’s traffic stop was
unconstitutionally prolonged by the use of a dog to sniff his vehicle.
III. DISPOSITION
The judgment of conviction is affirmed.
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
RAPHAEL J. We concur:
RAMIREZ P. J.
MILLER J.
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AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that a traffic stop was not unconstitutionally prolonged by a dog sniff because the sniff occurred while the officer was still in the process of completing the mission of the stop, specifically the issuance of a citation.
Issues
Whether a dog sniff unconstitutionally prolonged a traffic stop under Rodriguez v. United States.
Disposition. Affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“The mission of the traffic stop was in fact not finished when the dog sniff began, because the citation had not yet been written.”
“The record therefore provides us no reason to conclude that Vera’s traffic stop was unconstitutionally prolonged by the use of a dog to sniff his vehicle.”