We will hold that, due to her new counsel’s neglect — which the trial court quite
properly found to be inexcusable — Levingston was not entitled to relief under Code of
Civil Procedure section 473, subdivision (b); nevertheless, under controlling case law,
she was entitled to a continuance to file an opposition.
I
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Levingston filed this action on January 24, 2014. She named as defendants Kaiser
Foundation Health Plan Inc., Kaiser Foundation Hospitals, and Southern California
Permanente Medical Group (collectively Kaiser). She claims that she is a
“whistleblower”; she asserts causes of action including retaliation and wrongful
termination.
Initially, Levingston was represented by the Mathews Law Group. Later, Helmer
Friedman, LLP associated in as co-counsel.
On April 1, 2015, Kaiser filed a motion for summary judgment. On June 2, 2015,
Levingston’s counsel filed her opposition. Almost immediately, Kaiser filed an ex parte
application to expunge privileged information and to disqualify Levingston’s counsel.
2
Although the application itself is not in the record, apparently it was made on the ground
that Levingston’s opposition included a privileged document that Kaiser’s counsel had
disclosed inadvertently.
In response to the application, the trial court ordered portions of Levingston’s
opposition sealed. It declined to disqualify Levingston’s counsel ex parte, but it set a
hearing date for a disqualification motion.
Kaiser then filed a noticed disqualification motion. On July 17, 2015, the trial
court granted the motion. It disqualified Levingston’s counsel and enjoined them from
discussing the contents of the privileged document. It also struck Levingston’s entire
opposition. It continued the hearing on the motion for summary judgment to January 22,
2016 (i.e., approximately six months), “to allow for Plaintiff to retain new counsel, and
for new counsel to prepare and file a new Opposition to Defendants[’] Motion for
Summary Judgment . . . .”
On November 16, 2015, Levingston substituted Shegerian & Associates, Inc. as
her new counsel. Their new opposition to the motion for summary judgment was due by
January 8, 2016. (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. b)(2).) However, they failed to file a
timely opposition.
On January 15, 2016, Kaiser filed a notice that Levingston had failed to file an
opposition.
On January 22, 2016 — the date set for the hearing on the motion for summary
judgment — Levingston’s new counsel filed an ex parte application for relief under Code
3
of Civil Procedure section 473, subdivision (b), and for a continuance. According to the
evidence in that application, when they took over the case, they believed that the motion
for summary judgment had been fully briefed. Neither Levingston nor Levingston’s
former counsel told them anything about “the circumstances surrounding the
disqualification of former counsel” or about “the previously filed summary judgment
papers” — supposedly out of concern about violating the trial court’s injunction. Until
new counsel received Kaiser’s notice of failure to file an opposition, which was on
January 20, 2016, they intended to just show up at the hearing and argue the motion.
At the hearing on January 22, 2016, the trial court’s tentative ruling was to grant
the ex parte application, because it felt that the failure to file an opposition was due to an
excusable “miscommunication.” After hearing argument, however, it changed its mind.
In that argument, new counsel claimed that they had been relying (1) on what
Levingston told them, which was that “everything had been briefed,” and (2) on the case
file they received from former counsel, which did not include the order disqualifying
former counsel and striking the opposition. That led to this exchange:
“[NEW COUNSEL]: . . . [A]ll we knew is that they were just disqualified.
“THE COURT: And that was not a big red flag that you should look at the court’s
file and look at the order and what the status of the case was?”
New counsel then claimed that, as of January 20, 2016, they had not yet started
preparing for the summary judgment hearing: “[W]e normally prepare for [a] summary
judgment motion the day before the hearing.” The trial court asked:
4
“THE COURT: Had you read th[e] opposition?
“[NEW COUNSEL]: We had not read it yet.
“THE COURT: Do you have it?
“[NEW COUNSEL]: I — don’t believe —
“THE COURT: Be careful with that answer. I’ve ordered it not be distributed.
“[NEW COUNSEL]: I don’t believe we had it and we were going to get it off the
court’s docket.
“THE COURT: I will tell you what you are telling me now is not very credible,
and it’s certainly I do not think excusable neglect. It’s hard for me to believe . . . that you
have been in the case since November, have not looked at the case file to the point where
you did not know the order that struck the opposition existed, were prepared to come here
and argue a dispositive summary judgment motion and . . . had not looked at any
opposition to prepare for that argument . . . .”
The trial court ruled, “I do not find excusable neglect in any way whatsoever.” It
therefore denied the ex parte application. It then granted the motion for summary
judgment.
On January 25, 2016, Levingston’s new counsel filed a noticed motion for relief
under Code of Civil Procedure section 473, subdivision (b), requesting both mandatory
5
relief and discretionary relief. The motion included a proposed opposition to the motion
for summary judgment.1
On March 22, 2016, after hearing argument, the trial court denied the motion. To
the extent that the motion sought discretionary relief, it ruled that there was still no
excusable neglect, and there were no grounds for reconsideration under Code of Civil
Procedure section 1008. To the extent that the motion sought mandatory relief, it ruled
that such relief is not available from an order granting summary judgment.
On April 21, 2016, the trial court entered judgment in favor of Kaiser and against
Levingston.
On May 19, 2016, Levingston’s new counsel filed a motion for new trial. On June
10, 2016, the trial court denied the motion.
Levingston appealed from the judgment and from the order denying a new trial.
II
THE DENIAL OF LEVINGSTON’S EX PARTE APPLICATION
Levingston contends that the trial court erred by refusing to continue the hearing
on the motion for summary judgment so that she could file a new opposition.
Levingston’s ex parte application requested relief from default under Code of
Civil Procedure section 473, subdivision (b); the trial court denied the application
1 New counsel had a redacted version of the opposition previously filed by Levingston’s former counsel; they appear to have used that as the basis for their opposition papers.
6
because it found no excusable neglect. Levingston does not challenge that finding. She
argues, however, that her application was, in substance, a request for a continuance. We
agree.
The application expressly sought “an order granting relief from plaintiffs counsel’s
inadvertent failure to file an opposition . . . and to allow the filing of late opposition and
to continue the current summary judgment briefing schedule by at least Monday, January
25, 2016.” (Italics added.)
Moreover, the trial court recognized that Levingston was seeking a continuance.
At the very beginning of the hearing, it said, “[T]he ex parte application . . . is to
essentially . . . to continue the hearing on summary judgment and allow the filing of an
opposition.” It also said, “My tentative is to grant the ex parte application to continue the
summary judgment hearing.” A sufficiently long continuance would have automatically
reopened the time for filing an opposition (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (b)(2)),
removing any need to grant relief from default. Moreover, even assuming the opposition
would still be deemed late, a trial court has discretion to consider late-filed papers
without the need of granting relief from default. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 3.1300(d).))
“In seeking a continuance of a summary judgment motion, a plaintiff has
essentially two options. The first option is to comply with section 437c, subdivision (h),
which states, ‘If it appears from the affidavits submitted in opposition to a motion for
summary judgment or summary adjudication, or both, that facts essential to justify
opposition may exist but cannot, for reasons stated, be presented, the court shall deny the
7
motion, order a continuance to permit affidavits to be obtained or discovery to be had, or
make any other order as may be just. The application to continue the motion to obtain
necessary discovery may also be made by ex parte motion at any time on or before the
date the opposition response to the motion is due.’” (Hamilton v. Orange County
The trial court could properly deny a continuance under Code of Civil Procedure
section 437c, subdivision (h). As mentioned, any request for such a continuance must be
submitted on or before the opposition is due. Obviously, that did not happen here. In any
event, the trial court could reasonably find that the essential facts could have been
presented — by filing a timely opposition — but they simply had not been.2
“Where a plaintiff cannot make the showing required under section 437c,
subdivision (h), a plaintiff may seek a continuance under the ordinary discretionary
standard applied to requests for a continuance. [Citation.] This requires a showing of
good cause. [Citation.]” (Hamilton v. Orange County Sheriff’s Department, supra, 8
Cal.App.5th at p. 765.) “Reviewing courts must uphold a trial court’s choice not to grant
a continuance unless the court has abused its discretion in so doing. [Citation.]” (In re
Marriage of Falcone & Fyke (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 814, 823.)
2 Kaiser argues that Code of Civil Procedure section 437c, subdivision (h) applies only when the party opposing the motion seeks a continuance to take further discovery. That is its usual purpose but not its exclusive purpose. Rather, it allows the trial court to “order a continuance to permit affidavits to be obtained or discovery to be had, or make any other order as may be just.” (Italics added.)
8
As our Supreme Court has noted, “[t]erminating sanctions such as an order
granting summary judgment based upon procedural error ‘“have been held to be an abuse
of discretion unless the party’s violation of the procedural rule was willful [citations] or,
if not willful, at least preceded by a history of abuse of pretrial procedures, or a showing
[that] less severe sanctions would not produce compliance with the procedural rule.
[Citations.]”’ [Citations.]” (Elkins v. Superior Court (2007) 41 Cal.4th 1337, 1364,
fn. 16, italics added.)
For example, in Security Pacific Nat. Bank v. Bradley (1992) 4 Cal.App.4th 89,
plaintiff Bradley (who was in pro. per.) filed an opposition to defendant Bank’s motion
for summary judgment, but he failed to file a separate statement. Based on that
“procedural defect,” the trial court granted the motion. (Id. at p. 92.) The appellate court
held that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to grant a continuance (even
though Bradley had not requested one). (Id. at pp. 92-99.)
The court explained: “Failure to file a new responsive statement was a curable
defect from which the Bank suffered no prejudice. Nor is there any showing Bradley had
previously violated any pre-trial rules or engaged in any dilatory conduct. Furthermore, a
separate responsive statement is not an end in itself. Its purpose is to ease the trial court’s
burden and put the moving party on notice of the evidence which is disputed by
respondent. [Citation.] Therefore, unless the trial court has reason to believe no
responsive statement would be filed even if the respondent was afforded a reasonable
opportunity to file one, the respondent should be afforded that opportunity rather than
9
suffer a judgment not supported by a decision on the merits. [Citation.]” (Security
Pacific Nat. Bank v. Bradley, supra, 4 Cal.App.4th at pp. 98-99.)
Similarly, in Kalivas v. Barry Controls Corp. (1996) 49 Cal.App.4th 1152, the
trial court granted the defendant’s motion for summary judgment because the plaintiff’s
counsel had failed to file a timely opposition and had then failed to appear at the hearing.
(Id. at pp. 1156-1157.) The plaintiff’s counsel filed a motion for reconsideration,
claiming that the summary judgment motion had been taken off calendar. The trial court
found that the motion had not been taken off calendar and denied the motion for
reconsideration. (Id. at p. 1157.)
The appellate court reversed. Citing Security Pacific, it said, “An order based
upon a curable procedural defect (such as the failure to file a separate statement), which
effectively results in a judgment against a party, is an abuse of discretion. [Citation.]”
(Kalivas v. Barry Controls Corp., supra, 49 Cal.App.4th at p. 1161.) “[The plaintiff]’s
failure to file a separate statement . . . was a curable defect, from which [the defendant]
suffered no prejudice. Furthermore, there was no showing that [the plaintiff] had
previously violated any pretrial rules or engaged in any dilatory conduct.” (Id. at p. 1162;
see also Teselle v. McLoughlin (2009) 173 Cal.App.4th 156, 161-162 [trial court granted
summary judgment based on plaintiff’s failure to file a timely separate statement; “it was
an abuse of discretion for the court to impose a terminating sanction for a mere violation
of a procedural rule.”]; Parkview Villas Assn., Inc. v. State Farm Fire and Casualty Co.
(2005) 133 Cal.App.4th 1197, 1210-1218 [trial court abused its discretion by granting
10
summary judgment based on defects in plaintiff’s separate statement, rather than
continuing the hearing].)3
Here, there was no evidence that new counsel’s failure to file an opposition was
willful. We recognize that the trial court found that new counsel lacked credibility. We,
too, find it unbelievable that they supposedly knew the disqualification order was not in
their files yet did not obtain a copy from the trial court.4 It is equally mind-boggling that
they supposedly took on a case in which a motion for summary judgment was pending
yet were not going to look at the papers until one day before the hearing. Nevertheless,
“[w]ithout more, the disregard or disbelief of the testimony of a witness is not affirmative
evidence of a contrary conclusion. [Citations.]” (Beck Development Co. v. Southern
Pacific Transportation Co. (1996) 44 Cal.App.4th 1160, 1205.) Thus, if, in fact, new
counsel was not candid, that would not be affirmative evidence that their failure was
3 At oral argument, counsel for Kaiser asserted that Kaiser had not had an opportunity to brief the applicability of the willfulness standard. Levingston, however, in her opening brief, argued that there was no “‘good reason’” to deny a continuance. She also argued that “[p]unishing a plaintiff because of a mistake in calendaring an opposition is not grounds to deny a short continuance to allow a late filing and to allow the motion to be heard on the merits.” This raised the issue of what would constitute good cause to deny a discretionary continuance and whether that standard was met here. In response, Kaiser (much as it did at oral argument) chose to take the position that the trial court could not grant a discretionary continuance unless it found excusable neglect. The mere fact that the parties did not cite the relevant cases does not preclude us from deciding the issue in accordance with the applicable law. 4 If they had merely looked at the trial court’s docket — publicly available online — it would have shown that the trial court struck the opposition at the same time as it disqualified former counsel.
11
willful. This is particularly true because there is no conceivable motive for a deliberate
failure to file an opposition. How could they possibly have benefited?5
There was likewise no history of abusing pretrial procedures. Levingston’s former
counsel had committed an ethical violation and, as a result, had been disqualified, but
there was no evidence that Levingston herself had participated in that violation. And her
new counsel had not abused any procedures. How could they? They had not done
anything.
Kaiser claims it would have been prejudiced by a continuance because that would
have further delayed the summary judgment that it was entitled to. To recap, this case
was filed in January 2014. The motion for summary judgment was filed in April 2015.
The hearing on the motion, originally set for July 2015, was continued to January 2016;
Kaiser did not object to that continuance. Moreover, at that time, the trial court said, “To
the extent new counsel needs more time, I’ll consider that . . . .” Thus, Kaiser could not
justifiably rely on obtaining a summary judgment, if at all, in January 2016. Moreover, it
does not claim that it did rely in any way. Levingston’s new counsel offered to file an
opposition the very next court day (and ultimately they actually did so). This would have
required the trial court to continue the hearing by only about two weeks. (See Code Civ.
Proc., § 437c, subds. (b)(2), (b)(4).) Even a delay of, say, another couple of months
5 At oral argument, counsel for Kaiser conceded, “[T]hey didn’t intend to miss the deadline . . . .”
12
would not take the case outside the usual run of litigation and would not cause Kaiser any
concrete or identifiable harm.6
Kaiser relies on Henderson v. Pacific Gas and Electric Co. (2010) 187
Cal.App.4th 215. There, in response to the defendant’s motion for summary judgment,
the plaintiff filed belated and inadequate opposition papers. (Id. at pp. 220-221.) The
plaintiff also filed an ex parte application for continuance under Code of Civil Procedure
section 473c, subdivision (h). (Henderson v. Pacific Gas and Electric Co., supra, at
p. 220.) The trial court denied the requested continuance, struck the opposition, and
granted the motion for summary judgment. (Id. at p. 221.)
After a judgment was entered, the plaintiff filed a motion for relief under Code of
Civil Procedure section 473, subdivision (b). (Henderson v. Pacific Gas and Electric
Co., supra, 187 Cal.App.4th at p. 221.) The trial court found no excusable neglect and
denied the motion. (Id. at p. 224.)
The appellate court began by saying, “[O]ur review is limited to whether the trial
court erroneously issued the May 8, 2009 order denying relief under section 473(b).”
(Henderson v. Pacific Gas and Electric Co., supra, 187 Cal.App.4th at p. 224.) It did not
explain why, but it seems the plaintiff did not file a timely appeal from the judgment.
(See Id. at p. 221.) Ultimately, it held that the trial court properly denied the post-
6 Kaiser does not claim that it incurred any attorney fees or other expenses as a result of new counsel’s failure to file an opposition; it has not asked us to impose (or to give the trial court an opportunity to impose) monetary sanctions if the judgment is reversed. We therefore see no basis for imposing sanctions.
13
judgment motion (id. at pp. 226-232), in part because “the trial court reasonably could
have concluded that any surprise or neglect . . . part was inexcusable.” (Id. at p. 231.)
Henderson does not affect our conclusion. Due to the apparent failure in
Henderson to file an appeal from the judgment, the question of whether the trial court
should have continued the summary judgment hearing simply was not before the
appellate court. It did uphold the ruling that the failure to file a timely and proper
opposition was not due to inexcusable neglect. Here, however, for the reasons we have
already discussed, the trial court could not deny a continuance on the ground that new
counsel’s neglect was inexcusable. The bottom line is that, under the circumstances here
— no willfulness, no previous procedural abuses, and no prejudice — the trial court
should not have scourged Levingston for her new counsel’s sin.
Levingston argues that the denial of a continuance was prejudicial because her
proposed opposition was meritorious — i.e., it would have required the trial court to deny
the motion for summary judgment. Kaiser does not argue otherwise.7 Instead, it
responds that this is a “hypothetical question” that “is not properly before the Court.”
(Italics omitted.) It adds, “If the Court concludes the trial court abused its broad
discretion . . . , the remedy is remand for full briefing on Defendants’ summary judgment
motion. . . . The trial court, not this Court, should be the first to resolve that issue.” (Fns.
omitted.) This is tantamount to a concession that, if there was error at all, the error
7 Kaiser argues only that, once the opposition was stricken, its motion for summary judgment was properly granted.
14
requires reversal. We therefore decline to reach the merits of the motion for summary
judgment — which would require us to review the 750-page motion and the 4,098-page
opposition — solely to confirm the existence of prejudice.
In sum, we conclude that the trial court erred by denying a continuance and that
this error was prejudicial. In light of our holding, we need not decide whether the trial
court erred by denying Levingston’s subsequent motion for relief under Code of Civil
Procedure section 473, subdivision (b). We also need not decide whether it erred by
denying her motion for a new trial.
III
DISPOSITION
The judgment is reversed. The trial court must (1) allow Levingston to file an
opposition to Kaiser’s motion for summary judgment and (2) set a briefing and hearing
schedule for the motion. Levingston is awarded costs on appeal against Kaiser.
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION RAMIREZ P. J.
We concur:
McKINSTER J.
MILLER J.
15
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The trial court abused its discretion by denying a continuance to allow the filing of an opposition to a summary judgment motion where the plaintiff's counsel's failure to file was not willful, there was no history of procedural abuse, and the defendant suffered no prejudice.
Issues
Whether the trial court abused its discretion by denying a request for a continuance to file an opposition to a motion for summary judgment.
Whether a trial court may impose a terminating sanction for a procedural error that is not willful and lacks a history of dilatory conduct.
Disposition. reversed and remanded
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“We will hold that, due to her new counsel’s neglect — which the trial court quite properly found to be inexcusable — Levingston was not entitled to relief under Code of Civil Procedure section 473, subdivision (b); nevertheless, under controlling case law, she was entitled to a continuance to file an opposition.”
“The trial court must (1) allow Levingston to file an opposition to Kaiser’s motion for summary judgment and (2) set a briefing and hearing schedule for the motion.”