which the minor was referred requires additional substantiating information, in which
case he or she shall immediately notify the probation officer of what further action he or
she is taking.” (Italics added.)
At all relevant times, minor D.P. was already a ward of the court and a probationer
under section 602, plus he was not in custody. The prosecuting attorney, however, filed a
subsequent section 602 petition against him not five judicial days, but some 39 judicial
days after receiving the affidavit from the probation officer. For this reason, the trial
court dismissed the petition as untimely under section 653.5, subdivision (d).)
The People appeal. We will reverse. We will hold that the five-day time limit of
section 653.5, subdivision (d) is directory, rather than mandatory; this means that a
petition filed in violation of the five-day time limit is nevertheless valid.
1 All further statutory citations are to the Welfare and Institutions Code, unless otherwise indicated.
2
I
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In March 2016, the People filed an original petition under section 602 against the
minor. In June 2016, he admitted a violation of Vehicle Code section 23152, subdivision
(a) (driving under the influence) and a violation of Vehicle Code section 23224,
subdivision (a) (driving in possession of alcohol). The juvenile court declared him a
ward and placed him on probation for 20 months.
On November 8, 2016, the Probation Department received an “Application for
Juvenile Court Petition” (application) from the Riverside Police Department. The
application reported that the minor had been arrested; it attached the police report, and
requested that a juvenile court petition be filed.2
On November 16, 2016, the district attorney’s office received the application from
the Probation Department.
On December 19, 2016, a deputy district attorney determined that a petition should
be filed.
On January 17, 2017, the People filed a subsequent petition under section 602,
alleging a violation of Penal Code section 594, subdivision (b)(2)(A) (vandalism under
$400).
2 The parties do not dispute that the application was an affidavit within the meaning of section 653.5. It was not actually made under oath. However, it has been held that this is not fatal to the juvenile court’s jurisdiction. (Marvin F. v. Superior Court (1977) 75 Cal.App.3d 281, 287–288.)
3
The minor filed a motion to dismiss the subsequent petition as untimely under
section 653.5, subdivision (d). In opposition, the People argued that the five-day time
limit of section 653.5, subdivision (d) is directory rather than mandatory.
The juvenile court granted the motion and dismissed the subsequent petition. It
commented, “I’m sure I will get taken up on this either way I rule because we want
clarity, and I want clarity too. So I’m going to go with the plain meaning of the statute,
which is it shall have been filed, and in this case it was not.”
II
THE EFFECT OF A VIOLATION OF THE FIVE-DAY TIME LIMIT
A. The Five-Day Time Limit Is Not Limited to Petitions Based on Truancy.
Preliminarily, the People contend that the five-day time limit, by its terms, applies
only to petitions based on truancy and not to petitions based on a violation of the law.
They focus on the following language, and in particular on the italicized portion: “[T]he
prosecuting attorney, within five judicial days of receipt of the affidavit from the
probation officer, shall institute proceedings in accordance with his or her role as public
prosecutor pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section 650 of this code and Section 26500 of
the Government Code . . . .” (§ 653.5, subd. (d), italics added.)
Government Code section 26500 provides: “The public prosecutor . . . shall
initiate and conduct on behalf of the people all prosecutions for public offenses.”
4
Section 650 provides:
“(a) Juvenile court proceedings to declare a minor a ward of the court pursuant to
Section 601 are commenced by the filing of a petition by the probation officer except as
specified in subdivision (b).
“(b) Juvenile court proceedings to declare a minor a ward of the court pursuant to
subdivision (e) of Section 601.3 may be commenced by the filing of a petition by the
probation officer or the district attorney after consultation with the probation officer.
“(c) Juvenile court proceedings to declare a minor a ward of the court pursuant to
Section 602 are commenced by the filing of a petition by the prosecuting attorney.”
(Italics added.)
Finally, section 601.3, subdivision (e) provides: “[T]he probation officer or the
district attorney . . . may file a petition pursuant to Section 601 if the district attorney or
the probation officer determines that available community resources cannot resolve [a]
truancy problem, or if the pupil or the parents or guardians of the pupil, or both, have
failed to respond to services provided or to the directives of the school, the school
attendance review board, the probation officer, or the district attorney.”
The People dismiss Government Code section 26500 as irrelevant because
supposedly it “does not clearly reference to what type of petitions it refers.” They
conclude that the reference to section 650, subdivision (b), which in turn refers to section
601.3, subdivision (e), is controlling and that collectively, these statutes limit the
application of the five-day time limit to truancy cases.
5
But we cannot so blithely ignore Government Code section 26500. A petition
under section 602, alleging a violation of the law, is a “prosecution[] for [a] public
offense[]” within the meaning of Government Code section 26500.3 A petition under
section 601, alleging truancy, is not. If the five-day time limit was intended to apply
exclusively to truancy petitions, there would have been no reason to mention Government
Code section 26500. Thus, as we read the five-day time limit: (1) the reference to
“subdivision (b) of Section 650 of this code” makes it applicable to truancy petitions
under section 601, and (2) the reference to “Section 26500 of the Government Code”
makes it additionally applicable to petitions under section 602.
D. The Five-Day Time Limit Is Directory.
The People also contend that the five-day time limit is directory.
1. The “mandatory”/“directory” dichotomy.
“A statutory requirement may impose on the state a duty to act in a particular way,
and yet failure to do so may not void the governmental action taken in violation of the
duty. [Citations.] This distinction is generally expressed in terms of calling the duty
‘mandatory’ or ‘directory.’ ‘[T]he “directory” or “mandatory” designation . . . simply
denotes whether the failure to comply with a particular procedural step will or will not
3 It is hornbook law that a delinquency proceeding is not a “criminal prosecution.” (§ 203, italics added.) Nevertheless, a delinquency proceeding, when filed under section 602, is a prosecution for a “public offense,” as it must allege the violation of a law defining a crime. (See also In re E.G. (2016) 6 Cal.App.5th 871, 876–877 [statute’s use of language normally limited to adult criminal proceedings is not dispositive of whether statute applies to juveniles].)
6
have the effect of invalidating the governmental action to which the procedural
requirement relates.’ [Citation.]” (In re Richard S. (1991) 54 Cal.3d 857, 865.)
“Courts determine whether an obligatory statutory provision should be given
mandatory or directory effect by ascertaining the legislative intent. [Citation.]” (City of
Santa Monica v. Gonzalez (2008) 43 Cal.4th 905, 924.) “‘There is no “‘simple,
mechanical test’” for making this determination.’ [Citation.]” (Kabran v. Sharp
Memorial Hospital (2017) 2 Cal.5th 330, 343.) The Welfare and Institutions Code
provides that “‘[s]hall’ is mandatory and ‘may’ is permissive.” (§ 15.) Nevertheless,
“‘[n]either the word “may,” nor the word “shall,” is dispositive.’ [Citation.] The context
of the language, as well as other indicia of legislative intent, must be considered.
[Citation.]” (People v. Lara (2010) 48 Cal.4th 216, 227; see Sheyko v. Saenz (2003) 112
Cal.App.4th 675, 697 [dealing specifically with the Welfare and Institutions Code].)
“‘[U]nless the Legislature clearly expresses a contrary intent, time limits are
typically deemed directory.’ [Citations.]” (Kabran v. Sharp Memorial Hospital, supra, 2
Cal.5th at p. 343.) “Some courts have held that the presumption may only be overcome
where ‘“a consequence or penalty is provided for failure to do the act within the time
commanded.”’ [Citations.] Other courts have looked to whether the consequences of
holding a time limitation mandatory or jurisdictional ‘would defeat or promote the
purpose of the enactment.’ [Citation.]” (Ibid.) “‘Invariably, “courts look to the
procedure’s purpose or function”’ in assessing whether ‘“noncompliance has an
invalidating effect.”’ [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 346.)
7
2. The juvenile charging process.
“[T]he juvenile court may take jurisdiction over a minor as a ‘“ward of the court”
when the child is habitually disobedient or truant’ under section 601 or commits a crime
under section 602. [Citation.]” (In re Joey G. (2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 343, 347.)
“Whenever any person applies to the probation officer to commence proceedings
in the juvenile court, the application shall be in the form of an affidavit alleging that there
was or is within the county, or residing therein, a minor within the provisions of Section
602, or that a minor committed an offense described in Section 602 within the county,
and setting forth facts in support thereof. The probation officer shall immediately make
any investigation he or she deems necessary to determine whether proceedings in the
juvenile court shall be commenced.” (§ 653.5, subd. (a).)
If the probation officer determines that a wardship petition under section 602
should be filed, he or she must send the affidavit to the prosecuting attorney. (§ 653.5,
subds. (b), (c).) If the minor is presumptively ineligible for informal probation,4 the
probation officer must send the affidavit within 48 hours. (§ 653.5, subd. (c).)
Otherwise, the probation officer must send the affidavit within 21 court days. (§ 653.7.)
4 To be more precise, there are eight statutory circumstances in which the probation officer must send the affidavit within 48 hours (§ 653.5, subd. (c)), and there are eight statutory circumstances in which a minor is presumptively ineligible for informal probation (§ 654.3). Seven of these circumstances are substantively identical. The eighth, in each instance, is generally based on recidivism; however, the statutes specify the necessary recidivism differently. (Compare § 653.5, subd. (c)(2) with id., § 654.3, subd. (f).) The reason for the discrepancy is not immediately apparent.
8
“The prosecuting attorney has the sole discretion to file a petition under section 602.”
(Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.520(a); see also §§ 650, subd. (c), 653.5, subd. (c), 655, subd.
(a).)
Finally, the crucial statute provides that if “the minor is not in custody and is
already a ward of the court or a probationer under Section 602,” the prosecuting attorney
must institute proceedings within five judicial days, “unless it appears to the prosecuting
attorney that the affidavit was not properly referred or that the offense for which the
minor was referred requires additional substantiating information . . . .” (§ 653.5, subd.
(d).) With respect to all other minors, there is no statutorily specified time limit for the
prosecuting attorney to file a petition under section 602.
3. Discussion.
The five-day time limit uses the word “shall,” but, as the minor concedes, this is
not dispositive.5 Instead, we begin with the presumption that a statutory time limit is
directory. Moreover, the statute does not provide any penalty or other consequence for
failure to comply with the five-day time limit, a strong indication that it is merely
directory. We therefore look to whether there is evidence of a contrary legislative intent.
The five-day time limit was first enacted in 1986 (Stats. 1986, ch. 757, § 3,
pp. 2476–2477; cf. Stats. 1984, ch. 1412, § 9, pp. 4968–4969), as part of the California
5 For this reason, the trial court erred by deciding the question based exclusively on the presence of the word “shall.”
9
The Act includes an uncodified statement of legislative intent, which, as relevant here,
says: “The Legislature hereby finds and declares that probation officers supervising
juvenile court wards have an essential responsibility to protect the residents of their
communities within the state by assisting in the reduction of the risks posed to the public
by juvenile offenders under their supervision. The Legislature also finds and declares
that these probation officers have a responsibility to the public to bring repeat offenders
and probation violators under their supervision to the attention of the courts in a timely
and judicious manner for purposes of maintaining accountability.” (Stats. 1986, ch. 757,
§ 2, p. 2476, italics added.) Presumably this is the purpose of the five-day time limit; it
explains why the five-day time limit applies only to out-of-custody wards and
probationers. Notably, however, the Legislature delegated the responsibility for
timeliness to probation officers; its statement of intent does not even mention prosecuting
attorneys.
Even more important, the five-day limit provides for an exception when the
prosecuting attorney believes that “the offense . . . requires additional substantiating
information . . . .”6 In that case, there is no statutory time limit at all. Thus, the five-day
limit is expressly subordinated to the prosecutor’s judgment about whether the case is
ready to file. The minor argues that, in this case, there is no evidence that the prosecuting
6 In this event, the prosecuting attorney must “immediately notify the probation officer of what further action he or she is taking.” (§ 653.5, subd. (d).) This reinforces our view that bringing such minors to the attention of the courts in a timely manner is primarily the responsibility of the probation officer.
10
attorney delayed specifically because it appeared to him that the offense required
additional substantiating information. Nevertheless, as the Legislature allowed the five-
day time limit to be overcome simply by a prosecutor’s opinion to this effect, evidently it
did not intend it to be a significant constraint on prosecutors.
This points to a broader problem with the minor’s position, which is that the Act
does not require the date when the prosecutor receives the affidavit to be memorialized in
any way. And while the prosecutor’s office may well keep a record of this date (e.g., to
ensure compliance with the Act), the Act does not require that the date be revealed to the
minor. In this respect, the five-day time limit is significantly different from a time limit
that runs from a readily apparent date, such as the filing of a document or the entry of an
order; the minor has no way of knowing, at least in the ordinary course of business,
whether the five-day time limit has been violated. This suggests that the Legislature did
not intend to let a minor use a violation as the basis of a motion for dismissal.
In addition, any time the five-day time limit applies — i.e., any time the minor is
already a ward of the court or a probationer — any new offense could be dealt with by
filing a notice of probation violation (§ 777, subd. (a)(2); see also In re Eddie M. (2003)
31 Cal.4th 480, 486), instead of a section 602 petition. Admittedly, the five-day time
limit requires the prosecutor to “institute proceedings” within five days; arguably, this
applies to a notice of probation violation as well as to a section 602 petition. However,
unlike a subsequent petition, a notice of probation violation can be filed by the probation
officer (§ 777, subd. (a)(2)), who is not subject to the five-day time limit. The minor
11
concedes that the five-day time limit did not bar the People from filing a notice of
probation violation against him. Given this loophole, we fail to see what would be
accomplished by holding that a petition under section 602 is barred.
Admittedly, a time limit may be deemed mandatory when it is just one of a set of
statutory deadlines, and “all of the deadlines form an intricately balanced or
interconnected timing scheme.” (Kabran v. Sharp Memorial Hospital, supra, 2 Cal.5th at
p. 344.) The minor argues that that is the case here. He points to the following
provisions:
1. As mentioned, a probation officer who receives an affidavit must “immediately
make any investigation he or she deems necessary to determine whether proceedings in
the juvenile court shall be commenced.” (§ 653.5, subd. (a).)
2. Also as mentioned, if the minor is presumptively ineligible for informal
probation, the probation officer must send any affidavit to the prosecuting attorney within
48 hours. (§ 653.5, subd. (c).)
3. If the minor is in temporary custody and the probation officer determines that
the minor should be retained in custody (§ 628, subd. (a)), the probation officer must
“immediately . . . cause the filing of a petition . . . .” (§ 630, subd. (a).)
4. When the minor is taken into custody, a petition must be filed within 48 hours
(not counting nonjudicial days); otherwise, the minor must be released. (§ 631, subds.
(a), (b); Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.752(b).)
12
5. If the minor is in custody, a detention hearing must be held “as soon as
possible.” (§ 632, subds. (a), (b).) In some cases, the outside limit is “the next judicial
day after a petition . . . has been filed . . . .” (§ 632, subd. (a); Cal. Rules of Court, rule
5.752(f).) In all other cases, the outside limit is 48 hours after the minor was taken into
custody. (§ 632, subd. (b); Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.752(e).) If a detention hearing is
not timely held, the minor must be released from custody. (§ 632, subd. (c).)
“Immediately” and “as soon as possible,” however, are not finite deadlines. They
are vague exhortations to speed. As such, they are perfectly consistent with our
conclusion that the five-day time limit is directory rather than mandatory.
In addition, the time limits that apply to minors who are already in custody are
designed to protect the minor’s fundamental interest in liberty; they ensure that the minor
is not kept in custody indefinitely without a prompt judicial finding of necessity and
probable cause. (See §§ 635, subds. (a), (b), & (c), 636, subd. (a); see also Alfredo A. v.
Superior Court (1994) 6 Cal.4th 1212, 1232 [lead opn. of Lucas, C.J.].) Moreover, the
Legislature has explicitly provided a consequence if these time limits are violated — the
minor is entitled to be released. The five-day time limit, which applies only when the
minor is not in custody, and which provides no consequence for a violation, is simply not
part of this scheme.
It may appear that we are drawing the teeth of the five-day time limit, leaving it
unenforceable. But not so. “Statutory time limits are usually deemed to be directory
[citation], but even directory time limits may be enforced by a writ of mandate
13
compelling the agency to act [citations].” (Sunset Drive Corp. v. City of Redlands (1999)
73 Cal.App.4th 215, 223; see also California Correctional Peace Officers Assn. v. State
Personnel Bd. (1995) 10 Cal.4th 1133, 1146.) Thus, an aggrieved person could use the
five-day time limit as a sword, by asking a court to compel the district attorney’s office to
comply with it. However, such a person cannot use it as a shield against a section 602
petition.
We therefore conclude that the five-day time limit is directory only and that the
trial court erred by dismissing the subsequent petition.
III
DISPOSITION
The judgment is reversed.
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION RAMIREZ P. J.
We concur:
McKINSTER J.
MILLER J.
14
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The five-day time limit for a prosecuting attorney to institute proceedings against an out-of-custody minor who is already a ward of the court under Welfare and Institutions Code section 653.5, subdivision (d) is directory rather than mandatory. Consequently, a petition filed after the five-day period is not subject to dismissal for untimeliness.
Issues
Whether the five-day time limit in Welfare and Institutions Code section 653.5, subdivision (d) is mandatory or directory.
Whether a juvenile court petition filed after the five-day time limit must be dismissed.
Disposition. Reversed.
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“We will hold that the five-day time limit of section 653.5, subdivision (d) is directory, rather than mandatory; this means that a petition filed in violation of the five-day time limit is nevertheless valid.”
“‘[U]nless the Legislature clearly expresses a contrary intent, time limits are typically deemed directory.’”
“We therefore conclude that the five-day time limit is directory only and that the trial court erred by dismissing the subsequent petition.”