F.A. (Mother). The court ordered Minor be placed in the custody of A.A. (Stepfather),
who was a nonoffending, noncustodial, presumed father. The juvenile court found M.Z.
(Bio-Father), Minor’s biological father, was a Kelsey S. 2 father, thus creating three
parents for Minor. (Fam. Code, § 7612, subd. (c)). The juvenile court ordered Minor
have visits with Bio-Father.
Mother and Stepfather raise three issues on appeal: (1) the court’s finding that
Bio-Father is a Kelsey S. father is barred by collateral estoppel; (2) evidence does not
support the finding that Bio-Father is a Kelsey S. father; and (3) the juvenile court erred
1All subsequent statutory references will be to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless otherwise indicated.
2 Adoption of Kelsey S. (1992) 1 Cal.4th 816 (Kelsey S.).
2
by not terminating jurisdiction over Minor. Additionally, Mother asserts the juvenile
court erred by granting visitation to Bio-Father. We reverse in part and affirm in part. 3
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A. BACKGROUND
Mother and Stepfather married in 1992. Mother and Stepfather shared two adult
children. 4 Mother and Stepfather separated in 2006. From 2006 to 2008, Mother was
in a relationship with Bio-Father. In late 2007, Mother told Bio-Father she was
pregnant. They decided to terminate the pregnancy. In early January 2008, Bio-Father
took Mother to an abortion clinic. Bio-Father believed Mother had the abortion.
Mother did not have the abortion. Mother and Bio-Father’s relationship ended in
January 2008. In 2008, Mother and Stepfather resumed their marital relationship.
Stepfather helped to raise Minor.
In 2010, two years after their relationship ended, Mother called Bio-Father, who
was living in Texas, and told him they had a child—Minor. Bio-Father returned to
California with the intention of being part of Minor’s life. Bio-Father spent
approximately two weeks with Minor. However, when Bio-Father did not show an
interest in having a relationship with Mother, Mother avoided Bio-Father. At that point,
3M.A.’s father is not a party to the appeal. Since appellants’ briefs do not address M.A., we deem the appeal abandoned as to any issues concerning M.A. (case No. J266868).
4 Mother’s third adult child, D.A., is discussed post.
3
Bio-Father initiated a family court case. Also in 2010, in Nevada, Mother married
V.M.N. Mother and V.M.N. shared an adult child, D.A.
In June 2012, in the family court proceedings initiated by Bio-Father, and
involving Mother and Stepfather, the family court explained the issue before it was
“whether or not either of the gentlemen involved in this case can establish a
presumption of paternity under [Family Code section] 7611.” Bio-Father argued that
the court should apply Kelsey S. 5 Stepfather asserted adoption cases, such as Kelsey S.,
are different from paternity cases, and thus Kelsey S. was inapplicable. The family
court agreed with Stepfather.
The family court found Stepfather met the criteria of a presumed father under
Family Code section 7611, subdivision (a), and Bio-Father did not meet the criteria for a
presumed father under Family Code section 7611, subdivision (d). The family court
denied visitation between Minor and Bio-Father and denied custodial rights to Bio-
Father. Bio-Father spoke to multiple attorneys about appealing the family court’s
judgment, but he was told “that [he] had no chance.”
Mother and Stepfather separated in 2013. Following the 2013 separation,
Stepfather agreed to pay $1,500 in child support for Minor and he visited her
approximately once a month.
5 “To qualify as a Kelsey S. father, a biological father must show he promptly stepped forward to assume full parental responsibilities for the child’s well-being, including a financial, emotional or other commitment; the child’s mother thwarted his efforts to assume his parental responsibilities; and he demonstrated a willingness to assume full custody of the child.” (In re Jason J. (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 922, 932.)
4
B. DETENTION
On August 17, 2016, Minor had a bite-shaped bruise on her arm. Mother bit
Minor. Mother struck Minor’s legs with an umbrella causing bruises, and has struck
Minor with a belt. Minor is spanked daily, and the spankings cause bruises. Mother
explained that she spanked Minor because Minor was “constantly interrupting and
trying to get other people’s attention.” Mother admitted spanking Minor with her hand,
a belt, and a stick. Mother admitted biting Minor. Mother said it happened when
Mother was frustrated, and she regretted it. Mother said she struck Minor with the
umbrella “ ‘out of desperation.’ ” Mother was arrested for inflicting cruel or inhumane
corporal punishment. (Pen. Code, § 273d.)
Minor was placed with Stepfather. M.A. was placed with his adult half-sibling,
V.A. The juvenile court ordered Minor and M.A. be detained from Mother.
C. Request to Change a Court Order
Bio-Father spoke with a social worker from San Bernardino County Children and
Family Services (the Department). Bio-Father explained that he “has been trying to get
involved” in Minor’s life since he first learned about Minor. After Minor was detained,
Bio-Father went to Stepfather’s home and insisted that Bio-Father had a “right to the
child.”
At a hearing on September 12, 2016, Mother’s attorney informed the juvenile
court that the family court had previously denied Bio-Father visitation with Minor as
well as custody of Minor. The juvenile court found Bio-Father had no status in relation
5
to Minor and ordered Bio-Father to stay away from Minor, Minor’s school, and
Stepfather’s home, and to have no contact with Minor.
On October 27, Bio-Father filed a request to change the court’s no-contact order.
(§ 388.) Bio-Father explained that Mother did not inform D.A. that V.M.N. was D.A.’s
father until D.A. was approximately 15 or 16 years old. Bio-Father asserted Mother
would also hide Bio-Father’s identity from Minor, unless the court changed its order.
Bio-Father feared Mother would also ruin a potential relationship between Bio-Father
and Minor by sharing negative views with Minor regarding Bio-Father’s religion. Bio-
Father asserted that because Stepfather had limited contact with Minor after Mother and
Stepfather’s separation, Minor would not be harmed by learning the identity of Bio-
Father.
The Department recommended Bio-Father and Minor have visits, and that the
visits occur in a therapeutic setting. The Department reasoned that Minor would
eventually learn about Bio-Father, and “it would be better [for Minor] to find out sooner
rather than later.”
D. DISPOSITION
The Department recommended Minor continue to reside with Stepfather under
family maintenance. The Department asserted family maintenance was preferable to
dismissing the case because Stepfather might be unable to protect Minor. The
Department based this concern on Stepfather allegedly lying when he obtained
presumed father status in the family court in 2012. The Department asserted the 2012
presumed father finding was based upon Stepfather and Mother having been together
6
during the entirety of Minor’s life; however, Mother and Stepfather were most likely
separated when Mother married V.M.N. in 2010. The Department contended that
Stepfather’s willingness to lie for Mother created the possibility that he would be unable
to protect Minor from Mother.
E. RULINGS ON JURISDICTION AND DISPOSITION
In regard to Minor, the juvenile court found true the following allegations:
(1) Minor suffered serious physical harm due to Mother’s actions (§ 300, subd. (a)); and
(2) Minor suffered serious physical harm due to Mother’s failure or inability to provide
Minor with adequate medical treatment (§ 300, subd. (b)). In regard to M.A., the
juvenile court found M.A.’s sibling had been abused, thus creating a risk that M.A.
would be abused. (§ 300, subd. (j).) The court ordered Minor continue to be removed
from Mother’s custody. The court ordered Minor remain in Stepfather’s custody on a
plan of family maintenance.
F. HEARING ON THE REQUEST TO CHANGE A COURT ORDER
The juvenile court held a hearing on Bio-Father’s request to change the no-
contact order. (§ 388.) In 2008, Mother and Bio-Father agreed Mother would abort
Minor. Bio-Father took Mother to the abortion clinic and paid for the abortion. Mother
instructed Bio-Father to leave the clinic and said she would meet him at home. When
Bio-Father arrived home, Mother was lying down as if she were in pain, and she told
Bio-Father to move out of the home. Bio-Father moved out and the relationship ended.
Bio-Father believed Mother had the abortion. Mother did not have the abortion. Minor
was born in July 2008.
7
In 2010, Bio-Father was living in Texas. Mother called Bio-Father and informed
him they had a child—Minor. Bio-Father moved to California in order to establish a
relationship with Minor. Bio-Father began spending time with Minor. Bio-Father
changed Minor’s diaper, took her to the park, stayed overnight with Minor, put Minor to
bed, and purchased items for Minor.
After two weeks, when Bio-Father did not express an interest in having a
relationship with Mother, Mother “disappeared” along with Minor. At that point, Bio-
Father contacted an attorney in order to legally establish his parental rights. Bio-Father
“want[ed] to be involved in [Minor’s] life, take care of her in any means [he] could.”
The family court proceedings lasted “a couple years.”
In 2012, the family court found Stepfather was Minor’s presumed father and
concluded Bio-Father was not entitled to visits with Minor. Bio-Father spoke to
multiple attorneys about appealing the family court’s judgment, but he was told “that
[he] had no chance.” Bio-Father explained, “I just want her to know . . . that her father,
from day one has been fighting courts in and out and still am. [¶] I am going on.
[Minor is] eight and a half years old. I’ve been at it since two and a half. I’m stepping
up. I want to take care of my daughter.”
The juvenile court said the request for modification (§ 388) was a collateral
attack on the 2012 family court order concerning paternity. The juvenile court
explained that the only change that existed was a change in the law: After the family
court’s judgment, the law changed to permit a child to have three legal parents. The
juvenile court then considered whether Bio-Father met the criteria for a Kelsey S. father.
8
Mother asserted the family court had already determined that Kelsey S. did not apply in
this case. The juvenile court explained that the family court did not have the option of
selecting three parents for Minor, hence, the change in circumstances and the juvenile
court considering whether to modify the prior order.
The juvenile court treated Bio-Father’s request as a request to modify the family
court’s order. The juvenile court said it could consider parentage for jurisdictional
purposes or under the section 388 request. The court concluded that under either path, it
had the authority to consider Minor’s parentage. The court found Bio-Father was a
Kelsey S. father. The court granted Bio-Father visits with Minor in a therapeutic setting,
once every two weeks.
DISCUSSION
A. COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL
1. CONTENTION
Mother and Stepfather contend the juvenile court’s finding that Bio-Father is a
Kelsey S. father is barred by collateral estoppel because the family court ruled on Bio-
Father’s paternity in 2012.
2. COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL LAW AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
“The doctrine of collateral estoppel is one aspect of the concept of res judicata.”
(Lucido v. Superior Court (1990) 51 Cal.3d 335, 341, fn. 3 (Lucido).) “Collateral
estoppel, or issue preclusion, ‘precludes relitigation of issues argued and decided in
“ ‘The doctrines of res judicata and collateral estoppel will, when they apply, serve to
9
bar relitigation of a factual dispute even in those instances where the factual dispute was
erroneously decided in favor of a party who did not testify truthfully.’ ” (Western
Mutual Ins. Co. v. Yamamoto (1994) 29 Cal.App.4th 1474, 1485.)
Collateral estoppel has five requirements: “First, the issue sought to be
precluded from relitigation must be identical to that decided in a former proceeding.
Second, this issue must have been actually litigated in the former proceeding. Third, it
must have been necessarily decided in the former proceeding. Fourth, the decision in
the former proceeding must be final and on the merits. Finally, the party against whom
preclusion is sought must be the same as, or in privity with, the party to the former
proceeding.” (Lucido, supra, 51 Cal.3d at p. 341.) We apply the de novo standard of
review. (Johnson v. GlaxoSmithKline, Inc. (2008) 166 Cal.App.4th 1497, 1507.)
3. ANALYSIS
a) Identical Issues
We begin with the first factor—whether the issues are identical. “The ‘identical
issue’ requirement addresses whether ‘identical factual allegations’ are at stake in the
two proceedings.” (Lucido, supra, 51 Cal.3d at p. 342.) A father can obtain statutory
presumed father status by receiving his child into his home and openly presenting the
child as his biological child. (Fam. Code, § 7611, subd. (d).) A Kelsey S. father is a
biological father who attempted to be responsible for his child, but was thwarted by the
child’s mother from providing care for the child. (In re Jason J., supra, 175
Cal.App.4th at p. 932.) A Kelsey S. father “qualif[ies] for the same parental rights as
10
those afforded by statute to presumptive fathers.” (Adoption of Michael H. (1995) 10
Cal.4th 1043, 1063.)
In the 2012 family court proceedings, Bio-Father testified about his belief that
Mother had an abortion, their relationship ending, Mother informing him about Minor in
August 2010, his move to California, spending time with Minor, purchasing items for
Minor, Mother eventually withholding Minor from him, and filing the paternity action.
Bio-Father asserted he met the criteria of a Kelsey S. father in that he was thwarted by
Mother from fulfilling his responsibilities as a father, and that Stepfather failed to prove
Stepfather met the criteria of a presumed father.
In the juvenile court proceedings, Bio-Father testified about his belief that
Mother had an abortion, their relationship ending, Mother informing him about Minor in
August 2010, his move to California, spending time with Minor, purchasing items for
Minor, Mother eventually withholding Minor from him, and his efforts to assert his
parental rights in 2012. Bio-Father asserted that finding him to be a Kelsey S. father and
granting visitation would serve Minor’s best interests.
The 2012 family court proceedings and the current juvenile court proceedings
concerned the same facts: not knowing about Minor, eventually learning of Minor,
moving to California, spending time with Minor, Mother withholding Minor, and legal
efforts to assert parental rights. Because the same factual allegations were at stake in
both proceedings, the issues are identical.
We note that in 2012, the family court found Kelsey S. was inapplicable. The
family court briefly discussed Kelsey S. but concluded its application was limited to
11
adoption proceedings, and therefore it was not relevant to the paternity matter. Thus,
the family court did not make a factual determination concerning Bio-Father’s status as
a Kelsey S. father. Instead, the family court decided Bio-Father did not meet the criteria
of a presumed father as set forth in Family Code section 7611, subdivision (d). Bio-
Father did not appeal the family court’s ruling. In the instant case, the juvenile court
decided Bio-Father did meet the criteria of a Kelsey S. father.
“Res judicata precludes . . . relitigation of the same cause of action on a different
legal theory.” (Mycogen Corp. v. Monsanto Co., supra, 28 Cal.4th at p. 897.)
Therefore, “ ‘ “a judgment for the defendant is a bar to a subsequent action by the
plaintiff based on the same injury to the same right, even though he presents a different
legal ground for relief.” ’ ” (Boeken v. Philip Morris USA, Inc. (2010) 48 Cal.4th 788,
798.)
The juvenile court’s Kelsey S. finding concerns Bio-Father’s paternity of Minor,
as did the family court’s 2012 finding. The juvenile court judgment concerned the
Kelsey S. theory of paternity. The family court’s judgment was focused on a statutory
theory of paternity. (Fam. Code, § 7611, subd. (d).) Because both cases concerned Bio-
Father’s paternity of Minor and were based upon the same facts, they concerned the
same issue. The fact that the hearings focused on different legal theories does not make
the issues different—both hearings concerned the same factual allegations related to
Bio-Father’s paternity of Minor. Thus, the first factor is met in that the current issue is
identical to the issue decided in the 2012 family court proceeding.
12
b) Actually Litigated
Second, we examine if the issue was actually litigated in the 2012 proceeding.
An issue is actually litigated when the parties have an opportunity to present their full
case. (Lucido, supra, 51 Cal.3d at p. 341.)
Bio-Father testified and provided argument in the 2012 family court proceeding.
Bio-Father argued that the family court should find he is a Kelsey S. father and that
Stepfather did not meet the criteria for a statutory presumed father. Given that Bio-
Father presented evidence and argument, we concluded the issue was actually litigated
in the 2012 proceeding.
c) Necessarily Decided
Third, we examine if the issue was necessarily decided in the former proceeding.
For the issue to be necessarily decided, it must “not have been ‘entirely unnecessary’ to
the judgment.” (Lucido, supra, 51 Cal.3d at p. 342.)
At the beginning of the 2012 family court proceeding, the family court said the
issue before it was “whether or not either of the gentlemen involved in this case can
establish a presumption of paternity under [Family Code section] 7611.” Thus, the
2012 family court proceeding was a paternity action. Because it was a paternity action,
the determination of Bio-Father’s paternity status was a necessary part of the judgment.
d) Final Judgment
Fourth, we determine whether the decision in the former proceeding was final
and on the merits. A decision is final when it is “free from direct attack.” (Lucido,
supra, 51 Cal.3d at p. 342.)
13
The record includes a judgment from the family court that was filed on June 14,
2012. The judgment reflects Stepfather is Minor’s presumed father, and Bio-Father
failed to prove he is a presumed father. (Fam. Code, § 7611, subd. (d).) Bio-Father
spoke to multiple attorneys about appealing the family court’s judgment, but he was told
“that [he] had no chance.” Bio-Father did not appeal the judgment.
Given that five years have passed since the family court’s judgment was entered
and Bio-Father did not appeal, we conclude the judgment is final. The decision was on
the merits because the family court decided the matter based upon the evidence
presented by the parties. The matter was not dismissed for a procedural reason.
Therefore, we conclude the 2012 decision is final and on the merits.
e) Parties
Fifth, we examine if the party against whom preclusion was sought is the same
as, or in privity with, the party to the former proceeding.
The 2012 family court proceeding involved Mother, Stepfather, and Bio-Father.
The juvenile court hearing involved Mother, Stepfather, Bio-Father, and the
Department. Bio-Father is the party against whom preclusion was sought. Bio-Father
was a party to both proceedings. Accordingly, we conclude the fifth factor is met.
f) Summary
“In the case of paternity proceedings, this common law doctrine [of res judicata
and collateral estoppel] is embodied in [Family Code] section 7636, which states, ‘The
judgment or order of the court determining the existence or nonexistence of the parent
and child relationship is determinative for all purposes except for actions brought
14
pursuant to Section 270 of the Penal Code.’[ 6] Reflecting this principle, it is commonly
held that a judgment of paternity is entitled to ‘res judicata effect.’ ” (In re Alexander
P. (2016) 4 Cal.App.5th 475, 490.)
In sum, collateral estoppel applies to paternity proceedings, and all five factors of
collateral estoppel have been met in this case. The current and former proceedings
concerned Bio-Father’s status as a presumed father of Minor either by statutory law or
case law. The presumed father issue was litigated in 2012; the presumed father issue
was necessarily decided in 2012; a final judgment on the merits was issued in 2012; and
Bio-Father was a party in the former and current proceedings. As a result, the juvenile
court’s paternity finding is barred by collateral estoppel. We will reverse the juvenile
court’s ruling that Bio-Father is a Kelsey S. father.
g) Bio-Father’s Response
Bio-Father contends Family Code section 7636 only creates res judicata effect to
a finding of biological paternity, not presumed fatherhood.
Family Code section 7636 provides, “The judgment or order of the court
determining the existence or nonexistence of the parent and child relationship is
determinative for all purposes except for actions brought pursuant to Section 270 of the
Penal Code.” “ ‘Parent and child relationship’ as used in this [statute] means the legal
relationship existing between a child and the child’s natural or adoptive parents incident
to which the law confers or imposes rights, privileges, duties, and obligations. The term
6 Penal Code section 270 concerns criminal abandonment or neglect of a child.
15
includes the mother and child relationship and the father and child relationship.” (Fam.
Code, § 7601, subd. (b), italics added.)
Given the foregoing statutes, a judgment or order of the court determining the
existence or nonexistence of a legal parent and child relationship is determinative for all
purposes except for those brought under Penal Code section 270 because the statutory
language specifically includes legal relationships (Fam. Code, § 7601, subd. (b).)
Accordingly, we are not persuaded that only a determination of a biological relationship
is to be given res judicata effect.
B. THREE PARENTS
Mother and Stepfather contend the juvenile court erred by finding Minor would
suffer detriment if only Mother and Stepfather were recognized as her parents.
“As a general rule, ‘ “there can be only one presumed father.” ’ ” (In re
Donovan L., Jr. (2016) 244 Cal.App.4th 1075, 1086.) The exception to this rule is that
more than two people can be a child’s parents “if the court finds that recognizing only
two parents would be detrimental to the child.” (Fam. Code, § 7612, subd. (c).) 7
The full text of Family Code section 7612, subdivision (c), is as follows: “In an
appropriate action, a court may find that more than two persons with a claim to
parentage under this division are parents if the court finds that recognizing only two
parents would be detrimental to the child. In determining detriment to the child, the
7 The exception allowing for more than two parents became effective in January 2014. (In re Donovan L., Jr., supra, 244 Cal.App.4th at p. 1087.) The family court hearing was held in 2012.
16
court shall consider all relevant factors, including, but not limited to, the harm of
removing the child from a stable placement with a parent who has fulfilled the child’s
physical needs and the child’s psychological needs for care and affection, and who has
assumed that role for a substantial period of time. A finding of detriment to the child
does not require a finding of unfitness of any of the parents or persons with a claim to
parentage.”
Because Bio-Father is not a Kelsey S. father, we must examine whether the three
parent exception still applies in this case. We must examine what “a claim to
parentage” and “parents” means within Family Code section 7612, subdivision (c), e.g.,
is it limited to presumed parents. If Bio-Father does not have a claim to parentage, then
there are only two people with a claim to parentage and the three parent law is
inapplicable.
We apply the de novo standard of review when interpreting statutory language.
(In re M.W. (2008) 169 Cal.App.4th 1, 4.) “In construing a statute, our principal task is
to ascertain the intent of the Legislature. [Citation.] First, we examine the words
themselves, giving them their ordinary meaning.” (Id. at p. 5.)
“ ‘ “In dependency proceedings, ‘fathers’ are divided into four categories—. . .
[biological], presumed, alleged, and de facto.” ’ ” (In re J.H. (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th
635, 644.) Because the definition of father includes a variety of types of fathers, it is
ambiguous what “parent” and “claim of parentage” mean in the subdivision. The
definitions could be limited to presumed parents and the claims of presumed parents or
the definitions could extend to de facto parents and the claims of de facto parents. As a
17
result, the statutory language is ambiguous in that the meaning of “claim to parentage”
and “parents” is open to multiple possible definitions.
“If the language [of the statute] permits more than one reasonable interpretation,
the court then looks to extrinsic aids, such as the object to be achieved and the evil to be
remedied by the statute, the legislative history, public policy, and the statutory scheme
of which the statute is a part.” (In re Luke W. (2001) 88 Cal.App.4th 650, 655.)
We look to the other subdivisions in Family Code section 7612. Subdivision (a)
provides, “Except as provided in Chapter 1 (commencing with Section 7540) and
Chapter 3 (commencing with Section 7570) of Part 2, a presumption under Section 7611
is a rebuttable presumption affecting the burden of proof and may be rebutted in an
appropriate action only by clear and convincing evidence.” (Fam. Code, § 7612, subd.
(a).) Family Code section 7611 concerns presumed parenthood and the criteria for
obtaining the status of a presumed parent. Thus, subdivision (a) of Family Code section
7612 provides that the presumption of parenthood is rebuttable and the standard of
proof for rebutting the presumption is clear and convincing evidence.
Family Code section 7612, subdivision (b), provides, “If two or more
presumptions arise under Section 7610 or 7611 that conflict with each other, or if a
presumption under Section 7611 conflicts with a claim pursuant to Section 7610, the
presumption which on the facts is founded on the weightier considerations of policy and
logic controls.”
Family Code section 7610 provides that a parent child relationship may be
established (1) “[b]etween a child and the natural parent” or (2) “[b]etween a child and
18
an adoptive parent.” Thus, subdivision (b) of Family Code section 7612 explains how
to proceed when “two or more presumptions arise.” The subdivision explains that the
conflicts arising from having “two or more presumptions” should be resolved in favor
of policy and logic.
The next subdivision is subdivision (c)—the one at issue in this case.
Subdivision (c) provides, “In an appropriate action, a court may find that more than two
persons with a claim to parentage under this division are parents if the court finds that
recognizing only two parents would be detrimental to the child.” (Fam. Code, § 7612,
subd. (c).) We interpret this subdivision as meaning that if there are “two or more
presumptions,” as described in subdivision (b), and it would be harmful to the child to
choose two parents based upon policy and logic, then the law will permit three parents.
Pertinent to our discussion here is the language “two or more presumptions”
resulting from Family Code sections 7610 and/or 7611. Those two statutes concern
natural parents, adoptive parents, and presumed parents. A “natural parent” is defined
as a “a nonadoptive parent . . . whether biologically related to the child or not.” (Fam.
Code, § 7601, subd. (a).) Family Code section 7610 explains that natural parenthood
can be proven with evidence of “having given birth to the child.” Family Code section
7611 explains the presumption of being a natural parent. For example, a man is
presumed to be a natural parent if he was married to the child’s mother when the child
was born (Fam. Code, § 7611, subd. (a)), or if he received the child into his home and
held the child out as his biological child (Fam. Code, § 7611, subd. (d)).
19
Those statutes do not concern biological, alleged, and de facto fathers. Rather,
they concern adoptive parents and natural parents; natural parents being those that
provide proof of giving birth or who meet presumed parent criteria. Therefore, in
construing Family Code section 7612 as a whole, we conclude “a claim to parentage”
and “parents” means biological mothers (Fam. Code, § 7610, subd. (a)), adoptive
In 2012, the family court found Bio-Father was not a presumed father. Bio-
Father is a biological father. (In re P.A. (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 974, 979 [“A
biological father is a man whose paternity has been established, but who has not shown
he is the child’s presumed father”].) Because Bio-Father has the status of a biological
father, not a presumed father, he does not have “a claim to parentage” as required by
Family Code section 7612, subdivision (c). There are two people with a claim to
parentage: Mother and Stepfather. Thus, the three parent law is inapplicable. As a
result, we will reverse the juvenile court’s finding that Minor has three parents.
C. KELSEY S. FINDING
1. CONTENTION
Mother and Stepfather contend substantial evidence does not support the finding
that Bio-Father is a Kelsey S. father.
2. MOOTNESS
We have concluded ante that the juvenile court’s Kelsey S. ruling is barred by
collateral estoppel and must be reversed. Accordingly, the substantial evidence issue is
20
moot because we can offer no further relief on the issue. (In re N.S. (2016) 245
Cal.App.4th 53, 60.)
Although the issue is moot, it is relevant to our discussion post concerning
changed circumstances. (§ 388.) Rather than present a substantial evidence analysis
regarding the Kelsey S. factors within our discussion of Bio-Father’s request to change a
court order (§ 388), for the sake of clarity, we will present the discussion in this portion
of the opinion. To be clear, we are discussing this substantial evidence issue merely for
the sake of our section 388 discussion post—the independent substantial evidence issue
is moot.
3. STANDARD OF REVIEW AND LAW
We apply the substantial evidence standard of review in examining whether the
juvenile court erred in finding Bio-Father met his burden of establishing that he is a
Kelsey S. father. (Adoption of Emilio G. (2015) 235 Cal.App.4th 1133, 1144-1145.)
Under this standard, we do not resolve conflicts in the evidence or reevaluate witnesses’
credibility. Instead, we determine whether there is any reasonable, credible, and solid
evidence that supports the juvenile court’s finding. (Id. at p. 1145.)
“To qualify as a Kelsey S. father, a biological father must show he promptly
stepped forward to assume full parental responsibilities for the child’s well-being,
including a financial, emotional or other commitment; the child’s mother thwarted his
efforts to assume his parental responsibilities; and he demonstrated a willingness to
assume full custody of the child.” (In re Jason J., supra, 175 Cal.App.4th at p. 932.)
21
4. ANALYSIS
Substantial evidence reflects that Bio-Father promptly stepped forward to assume
full parental responsibilities for Minor’s well-being, including financial, emotional or
other commitment. When Bio-Father learned of Minor, he quickly moved from Texas
to California in order to establish a relationship with Minor. That evidence reflects Bio-
Father promptly stepped forward.
When Bio-Father arrived in California, “he spent the entire day with [Minor] for
about two weeks.” Bio-Father changed Minor’s diaper, took her to the park, stayed
overnight with Minor, put Minor to bed, and purchased items for Minor. This evidence
reflects Father assumed full parental responsibilities for Minor, including emotional and
financial commitments.
Substantial evidence reflects Mother thwarted Bio-Father’s efforts to assume his
parental responsibilities. When Bio-Father declined to engage in a romantic
relationship with Mother, Mother “evaded” Bio-Father and “disappeared” along with
Minor. As a result, Bio-Father initiated family court proceedings to establish his
parental rights. This evidence reflects Mother thwarted Bio-Father’s efforts to assume
his parental responsibilities because Mother did not provide Bio-Father access to Minor
The record reflects Bio-Father demonstrated a willingness to assume full custody
of Minor. Bio-Father said, “I want to take care of my daughter.” Bio-Father also said,
in reference to Minor, “I want to take care of her if she needs anything at all.” Bio-
Father’s testimony is substantial evidence of his willingness to assume full custody of
Minor because he wants to provide for all of Minor’s needs.
22
In sum, the juvenile court’s finding that Bio-Father meets the criteria of a Kelsey
S. father is supported by substantial evidence.
Mother contends the juvenile court’s finding is not supported by substantial
evidence because the juvenile court did not consider Bio-Father’s conduct, or lack
thereof, during the time Mother was pregnant with Minor. To the extent Bio-Father
could be faulted for being unaware that Mother did not have an abortion, Mother is
pointing to contrary evidence. This court does not reweigh the evidence. As explained
ante, there is substantial evidence to support the juvenile court’s finding, and, as a
result, our examination of the issue ends there.
D. VISITATION
Mother contends the juvenile court erred by granting Bio-Father visitation with
Minor. Mother asserts the visits are not in Minor’s best interests because only
Stepfather is Minor’s presumed father.
A juvenile court may order visitation between a biological father and his child if
the visits will benefit the child. (§§ 361.5, subd. (a), 362.1, subd. (a); Francisco G. v.
Superior Court (2001) 91 Cal.App.4th 586, 596; In re Korbin Z. (2016) 3 Cal.App.5th
511, 518.)
Under section 388, a person with an interest in a child may petition a juvenile
court to modify a previous order on the grounds of changed circumstances. (§ 388; In
re Nolan W. (2009) 45 Cal.4th 1217, 1235.) The petitioner has the burden to show, by a
preponderance of the evidence, a change of circumstances, and to show that the
proposed modification is in the child’s best interests. (In re B.D. (2008) 159
23
Cal.App.4th 1218, 1228; Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.570(h)(1).) “We review the grant
or denial of a petition for modification under section 388 for an abuse of discretion.”
(B.D., at p. 1228.)
When proving a change in circumstance, it must be shown that the change relates
to the purpose of the order. (In re S.R. (2009) 173 Cal.App.4th 864, 870.) Bio-Father
sought to change the no-contact and no-visitation order to an order permitting visits.
On September 12, 2016, at a hearing in which Mother said she wanted a
contested jurisdiction and disposition hearing, the juvenile court entered a no-contact
order preventing Bio-Father from contacting Minor. The order was entered because,
after Minor was detained, Bio-Father went to Stepfather’s home and insisted that Bio-
Father had a “right to the child.” Mother’s attorney informed the juvenile court that the
family court had previously denied Bio-Father visitation with Minor as well as custody
of Minor. The juvenile court explained that Bio-Father “is basically nobody to this
child” and “just because he may have donated sperm, that does not make him the
father.” The juvenile court then ordered Bio-Father to not have contact with Minor.
The juvenile court’s no-contact order was entered with the impression that Bio-
Father “is basically nobody to this child” and “just . . . donated sperm.” The juvenile
court appears to have been unaware, in the early stage of the dependency proceedings,
that Mother thwarted Bio-Father from having a relationship with Minor by deceiving
Bio-Father regarding the abortion; that Bio-Father sought to have relationship with
Minor upon learning of Minor’s existence; and that Bio-Father spent time with Minor
until Mother withheld Minor from him. Thus, those circumstances differ from the
24
juvenile court’s initial impression of the circumstances when it entered the no-contact
order. As we have explained ante, the juvenile court’s finding that Bio-Father meets the
criteria of a Kelsey S. father is supported by substantial evidence. While that particular
legal finding is barred by collateral estoppel, it means there is credible evidence of the
changed circumstance that Bio-Father was more than “nobody” and more than a “sperm
donor” as initially perceived by the juvenile court at the September 12, 2016, hearing.
To the extent one may perceive the modification as a change to the family court’s
2012 judgment (rather than the juvenile court’s September 12 no-contact order), we will
examine that angle as well. At the time of the family court’s 2012 hearing, Minor was
three years old. Mother described Minor as suffering from developmental delays due to
being born prematurely. At the time of Bio-Father’s 2016 request to change a court
order (§ 388), Minor was eight years old. Minor was diagnosed with Usher syndrome,
which can lead to deafness and blindness. Minor wears glasses and hearing aids; she is
losing her eyesight and her hearing.
Additionally, (1) Minor suffered serious physical harm due to Mother’s actions
(§ 300, subd. (a)); and (2) Minor suffered serious physical harm due to Mother’s failure
or inability to provide the child with adequate medical treatment (§ 300, subd. (b)).
Minor’s medical conditions and Mother’s mistreatment of Minor were changed
circumstances from the time of the family court’s 2012 order denying Bio-Father
visitation with Minor
Accordingly, we conclude the juvenile court did not err in concluding
circumstances had changed (1) from the time of the family court’s 2012 no visitation
25
order, and (2) from the juvenile court’s understanding of the circumstances when it
entered the no-contact order. Next, we examine whether the juvenile court abused its
discretion in determining that visits with Bio-Father, in a therapeutic setting, would be
in Minor’s best interests.
Minor was allergic to the sun. As a result, Minor spent lunch, recess, and
physical education class in the school nurse’s office. Minor had few friends at school as
a result of being unable to be outside, and was bullied at school.
Genetic tests revealed Minor had three genes that can cause hearing loss. One of
those genes led to Minor being diagnosed with Usher syndrome, which can lead to
deafness and blindness. Minor wears glasses and hearing aids. While Minor was with a
Department social worker, Minor “constantly talk[ed] about how she was a ‘bad’ child.
She was observed to smack her head and say that she was stupid on occasion.”
Additionally, Minor “spoke of not being pretty while wearing her glasses and of being
even less pretty when she took them off.”
Prior to Minor being detained, Stepfather visited Minor approximately once a
month. Mother caused Minor to suffer serious physical harm. (§ 300, subd. (a).) The
Department social worker assigned to Minor’s case testified that it would be beneficial
to Minor to have an adult in her life who loves her, given Minor’s negative self-image.
The social worker testified that Bio-Father appeared to be committed to Minor and
wanted to be part of Minor’s life. The social worker also opined that it was beneficial
for children to know their biological parents.
26
From this evidence, the juvenile court could reasonably conclude that Minor
would benefit from visitation with Bio-Father because Minor needed more loving
relationships in her life. Minor has few friends, saw Stepfather only once a month, and
was mistreated by Mother. A loving relationship with Bio-Father would benefit Minor
by providing her a positive connection with another person when she has few positive
relationships. Moreover, Minor suffers from medical issues due to a genetic condition.
One could reasonably infer that having a relationship with her biological father may
provide a future opportunity for further medical insight into Minor’s genetic condition.
Given the foregoing evidence, the juvenile court could reasonably conclude that Minor
would benefit from visits with Bio-Father. As a result, the juvenile court did not abuse
its discretion by ordering visits between Minor and Bio-Father. 8
E. TERMINATION OF JURISDICTION
Mother and Stepfather contend the juvenile court erred by not terminating the
court’s jurisdiction over Minor.
After a juvenile court finds a child comes within the court’s jurisdiction and
determines it would be detrimental to return the child to the custodial parent’s custody,
the court must determine if it would be detrimental to the child to place the child in the
8 The juvenile court found the changed circumstance was the new law providing for three parents and the visits would be in Minor’s best interests because Bio-Father was a Kelsey S. father. We do not address this reasoning because we review the juvenile court’s ruling, not its reasoning. (In re Zamer G. (2007) 153 Cal.App.4th 1253, 1271.)
27
custody of the noncustodial parent. (§ 361.2, subd. (a); In re Austin P. (2004) 118
Cal.App.4th 1124, 1129.)
Upon placing the child with the previously noncustodial parent, the juvenile
court may (1) order that parent to become the legal and physical custodian of the child
and terminate jurisdiction; (2) order the parent assume custody subject to the court’s
jurisdiction and require a home visit within three months; or (3) order the parent assume
custody subject to the court’s jurisdiction and order that reunification services be
provided to the offending parent and/or nonoffending parent, and the court may later
determine which parent, if either, will have custody of the child. (§ 361.2, subd. (b).)
So, if there is a need for ongoing supervision, the juvenile court may continue its
jurisdiction. (In re Austin P., supra, 118 Cal.App.4th at p. 1135.) We review the
juvenile court’s determination for an abuse of discretion. (Ibid.)
Stepfather suffered a domestic violence conviction in 2003. Stepfather was also
arrested “for marijuana and a DUI in 2003.” Stepfather blamed his 2003 conduct on
(1) having “a lot of responsibilities”; and (2) being “young and ha[ving] a temper.”
Stepfather was 32 years old in 2003.
Stepfather occasionally drank alcohol. After Mother and Stepfather separated,
Stepfather visited Minor approximately once a month. After her detainment, Minor
stayed in the same bedroom as Stepfather. Stepfather did not believe Mother had anger
issues; yet, Mother bit Minor’s arm causing a bruise when Mother was “ ‘extremely
frustrated’ ” with Minor. Mother hit Minor’s leg “ ‘out of desperation.’ ” Mother said
“raising [Minor] is hard.”
28
This evidence could reasonably cause the juvenile court concern. Given that
Minor has special needs, Stepfather may again feel he has too many responsibilities in
caring for Minor and, as a result, resort to drug or alcohol abuse. Stepfather only visited
Minor once a month, but is now living with her and sharing a room with her. The
juvenile court could reasonably be concerned that the stress of caring for a child with
health concerns will cause Stepfather to resort to drugs or alcohol as coping
mechanisms. Additionally, Stepfather’s temper could lead to incidents of violence.
The Department social worker believed Stepfather obtained presumed father
status by lying to the family court. The social worker explained that Stepfather
appeared to be lying when he claimed to have only been separated from Mother at the
time Minor was conceived because Stepfather and Mother were presumably separated
when Mother married V.M.N. in 2010. The social worker feared Stepfather’s
willingness to lie for Mother’s benefit would make him unable to protect Minor from
Mother. This evidence could also cause the juvenile court to be concerned for Minor.
If Stepfather is willing to lie to the court to benefit Mother, and Stepfather believes
Mother does not have anger issues despite her admissions that she physically harmed
Minor, it is possible Stepfather would place Minor in risky situations with Mother or not
report injuries Minor suffers while visiting Mother.
In sum, given the evidence of risks facing Minor while in Stepfather’s care, the
juvenile court could reasonably conclude there is a need for ongoing supervision.
Accordingly, we conclude the juvenile court did not err by not terminating jurisdiction.
29
Stepfather contends the juvenile court should have applied section 364, which
provides the procedure for a ward of the court who is “not removed from the physical
custody of his or her parent.” (§ 364, subd. (a).) When a child is not removed from
his/her parent’s custody then “[t]he court shall terminate its jurisdiction unless the social
worker or his or her department establishes by a preponderance of evidence that the
conditions still exist which would justify [an] initial assumption of jurisdiction under
section 300, or that those conditions are likely to exist if supervision is withdrawn.”
(§ 364, subd. (c).)
Stepfather and Mother separated in 2013. Following the 2013 separation,
Stepfather agreed to pay $1,500 in child support for Minor and he visited her
approximately once a month. It can be inferred from this evidence that Stepfather did
not reside with Minor at the time she was detained in 2016. Because Stepfather was a
noncustodial parent, section 364, which provides the procedure for a child not being
removed, is inapplicable. Minor was removed from her home with Mother and placed
with Stepfather, her noncustodial parent. As a result, section 361.2, which is discussed
ante, is applicable.
F. DUE PROCESS
The Kelsey S. issue and the three parents issue were not raised in Bio-Father’s
request to change a court order. (§ 388.) Thus, we requested supplemental briefing
from the parties on the issue of whether there were any due process implications to the
juvenile court finding Bio-Father to be a Kelsey S. father. (See In re Jason J. (2009)
30
175 Cal.App.4th 922, 932 [“A ‘party seeking status as a father under Kelsey S. must be
clear he wants to be so declared’ ”].)
Mother contends she forfeited any due process issues by not objecting in the
juvenile court. Bio-Father agrees that any due process issues were forfeited due to the
parties’ failure to object. Minor and the Department assert there are no due process
implications arising from the lack of notice. Stepfather asserts Bio-Father’s request to
change a court order contained an implicit request for presumed father status. Because
the parties conclude their due process rights were not harmed or that they forfeited the
issue, we will not address the issue further.
DISPOSITION
The juvenile court’s ruling that M.Z. is a Kelsey S. father is reversed. The
juvenile court’s ruling that Minor has three parents is reversed. In all other respects,
including the visitation order between M.Z. and Minor, the judgment is affirmed.
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
MILLER Acting P. J.
We concur:
SLOUGH J.
FIELDS J.
31
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that the juvenile court's finding of paternity was barred by the doctrine of collateral estoppel because the issue had been previously litigated and decided in a final 2012 family court judgment. Consequently, the court reversed the finding that the biological father was a Kelsey S. father and the order granting him visitation.
Issues
Whether the juvenile court's finding that the biological father is a Kelsey S. father is barred by collateral estoppel.
Whether the evidence supports the finding that the biological father is a Kelsey S. father.
Whether the juvenile court erred by not terminating jurisdiction over the minor.
Whether the juvenile court erred by granting visitation to the biological father.
Disposition. Reversed in part; affirmed in part.
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“The doctrine of collateral estoppel is one aspect of the concept of res judicata.”
“Collateral estoppel, or issue preclusion, ‘precludes relitigation of issues argued and decided in prior proceedings.’”
“In sum, collateral estoppel applies to paternity proceedings, and all five factors of collateral estoppel have been met in this case.”