operation of the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA; 9 U.S.C. § 1 et seq.)1 and was instead
governed by California law. It further determined that the California Supreme Court's
decision in Gentry v. Superior Court (2007) 42 Cal.4th 443 (Gentry) (overruled on other
grounds in Iskarian v. CLS Tranportation, Los Angeles, LLC (2014) 59 Cal.4th 348)
continued to provide the relevant framework for evaluating whether the class waiver
provision in the contract was enforceable under California law. After applying Gentry to
the record here, the court found the class waiver provision of the contract unenforceable
and denied the motion to compel arbitration. Cornerstone appeals, but finding no error,
we affirm.
1 Further statutory references are to the title 9 of the United States Code unless otherwise specified. 2
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Cornerstone is a full service employee staffing firm providing assistance to a
variety of employers throughout California, Nevada, Michigan, and New Jersey.
Cornerstone's website promotes itself as specializing in, among other things, "Logistics &
Transportation Staffing & Recruitment". Cornerstone derived over eight percent of its
total revenue in 2015 from its transportation division, and has an employee whose self-
described position is "Department of Transportation Compliance Coordinator/Payroll
Administrator."
Cornerstone hired Muro around May 2012 to drive trucks for Cornerstone's client,
Team Campbell, which ships products from its Fontana, California location throughout
the country. Muro occupied that position from approximately May 2012 through August
2014. During his tenure as a driver, he had routes both within California and across state
lines. He made frequent trips to or through Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Oregon, Washington,
New Mexico, Idaho, and Wyoming.
As part of his employment contract, Muro signed an agreement containing the
arbitration provisions that are at the center of the present dispute. Under the relevant
Mutual Arbitration Policy (the policy), nearly all disputes had to be submitted to binding
arbitration.2 The policy is governed "solely by the Federal Arbitration Act" and provides
that arbitration would be pursuant to the National Rules for the Resolution of
2 Although the policy excludes some disputes from binding arbitration, the parties do not contest that the claims presented by Muro's current complaint would be covered by the policy. 3
Employment Disputes of the American Arbitration Association. The parties agreed to
waive a jury trial and "the right to initiate or proceed on a class action basis or participate
in a class action in the arbitration."
Muro filed his initial complaint against Team Campbell and subsequently added
Cornerstone as a defendant. The complaint, styled as a proposed class action complaint,
alleged causes of action for: (1) failure to pay all compensation for time worked; (2)
failure to provide meal periods; (3) failure to authorize and permit rest breaks; (4)
knowing and intentional failure to comply with itemized wage statements; (5) failure to
pay timely wages due at termination/waiting time penalties; and (6) violation of the
unfair competition law.
Cornerstone petitioned to compel Muro to arbitrate his claims on an individual
basis. It maintained the FAA applied because Cornerstone and Muro were engaged in
interstate commerce and because the policy itself referred to the FAA. It further asserted
that the FAA required the court to enforce the policy according to its terms, ordering
Muro to arbitrate his various wage and hour claims on an individual basis and dismissing
all purported class claims.
Muro opposed the petition claiming he was a "transportation worker" within the
ambit of a specific FAA exemption. He argued that under the pertinent analysis in
Garrido, the FAA did not govern the court's evaluation of Cornerstone's petition to
compel arbitration. According to Muro, because the FAA did not apply, California law
as expressed in Gentry continued to govern. He contended that because he satisfied the
Gentry factors, the class arbitration waiver provision was unenforceable and his claims
4
should be permitted to proceed in the current civil action. He also argued that under
Labor Code section 229, his action to recover unpaid wages could proceed
notwithstanding the terms of the policy.
Relying on Garrido, the trial court held that the express exemption contained in
section 1 made the FAA inapplicable to the policy because Muro was a transportation
worker. The court also rejected Cornerstone's claim that it was not part of the
"transportation industry," concluding that evidence of Cornerstone's employment of a
Department of Transportation Compliance Coordinator and its transportation-related
revenues demonstrated that it was "at least somewhat involved in the transportation
industry." (Garrido, supra, 241 Cal.App.4th at p. 840.) Because the FAA did not apply,
the court turned to the California Arbitration Act to assess whether Cornerstone's petition
to compel individual arbitration was proper under Gentry. It found that each of the four
Gentry factors militated in favor of finding the policy's class action waiver unenforceable,
and therefore denied Cornerstone's petition.
DISCUSSION
When a trial court's order is based on a question of law, we accord no deference to
the ruling and instead will review the order de novo. (Garrido, supra, 241 Cal.App.4th
at p. 839.) A judgment is presumed correct, and if it is correct on any theory, it must be
affirmed regardless of the trial court's reasoning. (Hoover v. American Income Life Ins.
Co. (2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 1193, 1201.) "Decisions on issues of fact are reviewed for
substantial evidence." (Garrido, supra, at p. 839.) As to the trial court's evaluation on
whether Muro met his burden of establishing the Gentry factors, an appellate court
5
reviews the ruling under the deferential abuse of discretion standard. (Truly Nolen of
America v. Superior Court (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 487, 508 (Truly Nolen).)
1. The Trial Court Correctly Ruled the FAA Did Not Apply
The trial court implicitly found, and the parties do not dispute on appeal, that
Cornerstone was engaged in interstate commerce and that Muro's employment contract
was therefore a contract "evidencing a transaction involving commerce" within the
meaning of section 2 of the FAA, which potentially triggers application of the FAA to the
policy. (§ 2; see Allied-Bruce Terminix Companies, Inc. v. Dobson (1995) 513 U.S. 265,
277.) However, section 1 of the FAA expressly exempts from its coverage all " 'contracts
of employment of seamen, railroad employees, or any other class of workers engaged in
foreign or interstate commerce.' " (§ 1; Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Adams (2001) 532
U.S. 105, 109 [adopting "the better interpretation" of section 1 "as exempting contracts of
employment of transportation workers"] (Circuit City).) Thus, section 1's reference to
"any other class of workers engaged in foreign or interstate commerce" is defined to
mean "transportation workers" (id. at p. 121), and the courts have consistently "found
transportation workers' employment agreements are exempt from the FAA." (Garrido,
supra, 241 Cal.App.4th at p. 840.)
There is substantial evidence, and indeed Cornerstone does not dispute, that Muro
was a driver who transported goods and often did so across state lines. Courts have
repeatedly concluded that contracts of employment with drivers whose routes include
transporting goods across state lines are "transportation workers" within the meaning of
section 1's exemption. (Garrido, supra, 241 Cal.App.4th at p. 840 ["Garrido was a
6
'transportation worker' under section 1 of the FAA . . . [because he] worked as a truck
driver transporting Air Liquide gases, frequently across state lines"]; Performance Team
Freight Systems, Inc. v. Aleman (2015) 241 Cal.App.4th 1233, 1240 ["Truck drivers who
cross interstate lines usually are considered transportation workers"]; Lenz v. Yellow
Transportation, Inc. (8th Cir. 2005) 431 F.3d 348, 351 ["Indisputably, if Lenz were a
truck driver, he would be considered a transportation worker under [section] 1 of the
FAA"]; Harden v. Roadway Package Systems, Inc. (9th Cir. 2001) 249 F.3d 1137, 1140
["[T]he FAA is inapplicable to drivers . . . who are engaged in interstate commerce."].)
Cornerstone maintains that Muro's job as a transportation worker, while a
necessary predicate, it is not sufficient to trigger section 1's exemption. It urges us to
disagree with Garrido and instead adopt the rationale of Hill v. Rent-A-Center, Inc.
(11th Cir. 2005) 398 F.3d 1286 (Hill), which concluded that the section 1 exemption
applies only to transportation workers who are employed by an employer "within the
transportation industry." (Id. at p. 1290.)
We decline the invitation because we question whether Hill's gloss on section 1
and the Circuit City decision are supported by the language of the statute. Section 1
exempts " 'contracts of employment of . . . any other class of workers engaged in foreign
or interstate commerce' " without mentioning whether (or to what extent) their employers'
business must be devoted to the transportation industry. (Hill, supra, 398 F.3d at
p. 1288.) Similarly, the Circuit City court appeared to focus on the worker and his or her
job description—rather than on the employer and whether the employer has other
nontransportation profit centers—in assessing whether section 1's exemption was
7
triggered. Absent specific direction from the United States Supreme Court, we decline to
engraft additional language on section 1 by requiring that workers who are actually
engaged in transporting goods in foreign or interstate commerce also prove that their
employer is involved in the "transportation industry."
Moreover, even assuming Hill correctly determined that the employer's business
must be part of the transportation industry, the Garrido court rejected the specific
argument advanced by Cornerstone here. In Garrido, the defendant-employer relied on
Hill to argue the exemption was inapplicable "because its primary business does not
involve the transportation of third parties' goods." (Garrido, supra, 241 Cal.App.4th at
p. 840.) In response, the Garrido court observed:
"Hill did not delineate the contours of the 'transportation industry.' Indeed, it appears that the term is not rigid . . . . [¶] A significant portion of [defendant-employer's] business involves the transportation of its gases across state lines. Thus, it must be said that [defendant-employer] is at least somewhat involved in the transportation industry. And unlike the plaintiff in Hill—an 'account manager' whose truck delivery duties were incidental to his job (Hill, supra, 398 F.3d at pp. 1287, 1289)—Garrido's duty as a truck driver was the transportation of goods. [Defendant-employer] cites to no authority holding that a truck driver whose responsibility is to move products across state lines does not fall under section 1 of the FAA. The fact that Garrido transported [defendant-employer's] own products (rather than those of [the defendant-employer's] client) is of little consequence: 'a trucker is a transportation worker regardless of whether he transports his employer's goods or the goods of a third party; if he crosses state lines he is "actually engaged in the movement of goods in interstate commerce." ' " (Garrido, supra, at pp. 840–841, quoting International Brotherhood of Teamsters Local Union No. 50 v. Kienstra Precast, LLC (7th Cir. 2012) 702 F.3d 954, 957.)
8
We believe Garrido's analysis is sound and Cornerstone's contrary arguments are
unpersuasive.3 Accordingly, we conclude that section 1 exempts Muro's employment
contract from the operation of the FAA.
2. The Trial Court's Application of Gentry Was Not an Abuse of Discretion
Because we have concluded the FAA is not applicable, the appropriate test under
California law to determine whether to enforce the "class waiver" provisions of an
arbitration agreement remains the four-part analysis under Gentry. (See, e.g., Garrido,
supra, 241 Cal.App.4th at pp. 842–845 [Gentry rule remains valid when arbitration is
governed by the California law rather than the FAA.].) In Gentry, the court concluded
that a party opposing enforcement of an express class waiver clause must make a factual
showing under a four-factor test (Garrido, at p. 845), which requires the trial court to
consider: (1) "the modest size of the potential individual recovery"; (2) "the potential for
retaliation against members of the class"; (3) "the fact that absent members of the class
may be ill informed about their rights"; and (4) "other real world obstacles to the
3 Cornerstone contends that the significant revenue it garners from the transportation segment of its business is irrelevant because: (1) its primary revenue is from staffing rather than transportation; (2) there are trade associations for the staffing industry that are distinct from the trade associations for the transportation industry; and (3) the Bureau of Labor Statistics groups the administrative and support service industry into a different sector from the transportation industry. The defendant in Garrido, as a producer and distributor of industrial gases (Garrido, supra, 241 Cal.App.4th at p. 838), would likely have been grouped into a different sector as well. More importantly, we believe at a minimum that if a worker is employed exclusively as a transportation worker in the segment of the employer's business devoted to transportation, the section 1 exemption is triggered. A transportation worker does not forfeit the benefit of the exemption merely because the employer has other divisions or segments devoted to nontransportation activities. 9
vindication of class members' rights . . . through individual arbitration." (Gentry, supra,
42 Cal.4th at pp. 453, 463.) Gentry held that a trial court may decline to enforce a class
action waiver if it concludes, based on these factors, that class arbitration is "likely to be
a significantly more effective practical means of vindicating the rights of affected
employees than individual litigation or arbitration," and that there would be a "less
comprehensive enforcement" of the applicable laws if the class action device is
disallowed. (Id. at p. 463.)
It is the plaintiff's burden to show the class action waiver is invalid by making a
factual showing of the four Gentry factors. (Kinecta Alternative Financial Solutions,
Inc. v. Superior Court (2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 506, 517.) The court has broad discretion
in ruling on this issue (Gentry, supra, 42 Cal.4th at pp. 463–464) and, to the extent its
determination "depended on resolution of disputed issues of fact or inferences to be
drawn from the evidence, we review these determinations for substantial evidence."
(Garrido, supra, 241 Cal.App.4th at p. 845.) We conclude the trial court's factual
determinations were supported by substantial evidence, and its decision that Gentry was
satisfied was not an abuse of discretion.4
On the first factor, Muro's attorney submitted a detailed evaluation of his
calculations, which employed "liberal assumptions" to estimate Muro's maximum
individual recovery would be less than $26,000; the trial court found this amount
4 Because Cornerstone's appeal only challenges the trial court's findings as to the first three Gentry factors, we need not evaluate the court's conclusion that the fourth factor (other real world obstacles to the vindication of employee rights) was also satisfied. 10
qualified as a "modest" recovery within the meaning of Gentry. A potential award of as
large as $37,000, which the court in Bell v. Farmers Ins. Exchange (2004) 115
Cal.App.4th 715, 745 (Bell) concluded did not necessarily "provide[] 'ample incentive'
for an individual lawsuit," was cited in Gentry with approval in its discussion of the
import of the "modest" potential recovery in the analysis. (Gentry, supra, 42 Cal.4th at
p. 458.) Indeed, the Gentry court observed that "wage and hour cases will generally
satisfy the 'modest' recovery factor because they 'usually involve[] workers at the lower
end of the pay scale.' " (Garrido, supra, 241 Cal.App.4th at p. 846, quoting Gentry,
supra, at pp. 457–458.) Muro's claims here fall within these general parameters.5
5 Cornerstone cites the observation in Arguelles-Romero v. Superior Court (2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 825 (Arguelles-Romero) that a $16,000 recovery "is not so small that individuals would not be willing to spend the time and effort to pursue an individual claim for the amount, particularly when the prospect of an award of statutory attorney fees is also possible." (Id. at p. 844.) It appears to contend that any recovery above the $25,000 threshold set by the Legislature for a "limited civil case" matter (see Code Civ. Proc., § 85, subd. (a)) is, as a matter of law, not a "modest" recovery within the meaning of Gentry. Cornerstone's reliance on Arguelles-Romero is unpersuasive for at least two reasons. First, it appears to conflict with the much higher amounts discussed in Bell, supra, 115 Cal.App.4th at page 715. More importantly, the cited comment by the Arguelles-Romero court was part of its discussion of whether the class waiver provision was invalid as unconscionable under Discover Bank v. Superior Court (2005) 36 Cal.4th 148, and not whether, under Gentry, "a class arbitration (or action) is a significantly more effective practical means of vindicating unwaivable statutory rights, which is a discretionary determination subject to abuse of discretion review." (Arguelles-Romero, supra at pp. 841, 844.) While Arguelles-Romero did conclude the $16,000 figure was inadequate to "establish[] the prerequisite to their theory of substantive unconscionability—that the claims are so small that a class action is the only viable means of enforcement" (id. at p. 844)—Arguelles-Romero recognized that same recovery did not necessarily obviate the Gentry analysis because it remanded the matter to the trial court to determine whether the class action waiver should be invalidated under Gentry. (Arguelles-Romero, at p. 845.)
11
Muro also submitted evidence on the second factor—the risk of retaliation—which
the trial court found was adequate to satisfy Gentry. Muro's declaration indicated he did
not feel realistically able to bring a lawsuit because he feared he would be fired or
retaliated against. Although the trial court sustained Cornerstone's evidentiary objections
to Muro's statement that other drivers had the same fears, Muro's expression of his own
concerns about retaliation provided a sufficient basis for the court, as the finder of fact, to
draw the reasonable inference that other similarly situated drivers shared those same
concerns. Gentry recognized that "retaining one's employment while bringing formal
legal action against one's employer is not 'a viable option for many employees.' "
(Gentry, supra, 42 Cal.4th at pp. 453, 459.) Comparable evidence has been found
adequate to support the factual determination of the potential for retaliation (Garrido,
supra, 241 Cal.App.4th at p. 846; accord, Franco v. Athens Disposal Co., Inc. (2009)
171 Cal.App.4th 1277, 1296 [plaintiff's declaration stating he felt he would be fired if he
complained satisfied second factor of the Gentry analysis]), which is sufficient here.
On the third factor—whether absent class members might be ill-informed about
their rights6—Muro's declaration stated he (1) did not know what his rights were when
he worked for Cornerstone, (2) did not understand he was not getting paid for all hours
worked and not receiving his meal and rest breaks according to California law, and (3)
6 On this third factor, Gentry observed "it may often be the case that the illegal employer conduct escapes the attention of employees" and "some individual employees may not sue because they are unaware that their legal rights have been violated." (Gentry, supra, 42 Cal.4th at p. 461.)
12
was not informed by Cornerstone of his rights under California law. We disagree with
Cornerstone's assertion that there must be affirmative evidence that rights were not
communicated to absent class members in order to satisfy the third Gentry factor.7 Here,
Muro declared he was unaware of his rights and Cornerstone made no effort to inform
him of such rights. Citing similar evidence, the Garrido court concluded "the trial court
could reasonably infer that absent class members may be ill informed of their rights."
(Garrido, supra, 241 Cal.App.4th at p. 846.) Here, the trial court expressly drew that
inference, noting "[Muro's] declaration further confirms that his employer did not inform
him of his rights and . . . it is reasonable for this [c]ourt to infer that putative class
members may not have been informed of their rights."
We conclude that, in light of these determinations, the trial court correctly found a
class proceeding would be a significantly more effective way of permitting the employees
to enforce their statutory rights. (See Gentry, supra, 42 Cal.4th at pp. 463–464.)
Cornerstone's petition sought exclusively individual rather than class arbitration, and
neither party has indicated an intent or willingness to engage in class arbitration. For
these reasons, based on its finding the class waiver constituted an unlawful exculpatory
clause, the trial court properly denied the petition to compel arbitration.
7 Cornerstone misreads Truly Nolen, supra, 208 Cal.App.4th at pages 510–511 as "stating that [the] third Gentry factor is not met when plaintiff failed to provide any evidence of rights not being communicated to other employees." In Truly Nolen, the only competent evidence from the two plaintiffs was that "they were aware of their rights under wage and hour laws, and expressly notified their manager that their rights were being violated . . . ." (Id. at p. 510.) While such an evidentiary record might require affirmative evidence that other employees were not similarly situated, that is not the case here. 13
DISPOSITION
The order is affirmed. Respondent is entitled to recover his costs on appeal.
DATO, J.
WE CONCUR:
BENKE, Acting P. J.
AARON, J.
14
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that a truck driver engaged in interstate commerce is a 'transportation worker' exempt from the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) under 9 U.S.C. § 1, and that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding the class action waiver unenforceable under the Gentry framework.
Issues
Whether a truck driver engaged in interstate commerce is a 'transportation worker' exempt from the FAA under 9 U.S.C. § 1.
Whether the trial court abused its discretion in applying the Gentry factors to invalidate a class action waiver in an employment contract.
Disposition. Affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“We conclude that section 1 exempts Muro's employment contract from the operation of the FAA.”
“the trial court correctly found a class proceeding would be a significantly more effective way of permitting the employees to enforce their statutory rights.”