(b)(2)) does not relate back to the filing of the original pleading. The trial court erred
when it overruled a demurrer alleging noncompliance with the certificate requirement of
section 411.35. Accordingly, we grant the petition for writ of mandate.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On May 5, 2014, plaintiff George R. Sutherland, while working as a crane
operator, sustained injuries when his crane tipped over. On May 3, 2016, 2 Sutherland
filed his original complaint, which included a negligence cause of action against real
party in interest, Curtis Engineering Corporation (Curtis), a provider of engineering
services. Sutherland's original complaint did not include a certificate, as required by
section 411.35, subdivisions (a) and (b).
On December 1, Sutherland filed and served a first amended complaint which
included a certificate. The original and amended complaint are identical, except for two
1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure.
2 All further date references are to 2016.
2
additional paragraphs in the amended complaint stating that: (1) a certificate is attached
as an exhibit to the amended complaint and is incorporated by reference, and (2) a claim
was sent to defendant Oregon State University.
Curtis demurred to the amended complaint arguing, among other things, that
Sutherland failed to file the required certificate within the limitations period. The trial
court overruled the demurrer. As relevant here, the court concluded that the amended
complaint related back to the filing date of the original complaint.
Curtis filed the instant petition seeking an immediate stay of all proceedings and a
peremptory writ of mandate directing the trial court to set aside and vacate its order
overruling the demurrer and to enter a new order sustaining the demurrer. In response to
the petition we stayed the matter and issued an order to show cause why the petition
should not be granted.
DISCUSSION
Curtis contends the trial court erred as a matter of law in overruling the demurrer
based on Sutherland's failure to timely file a certificate as required by section 411.35,
subdivisions (a) and (b) (hereinafter sections 411.35(a) and 411.35(b)). Curtis notes that
the two-year statute of limitations applicable to Sutherland's negligence cause of action
(§ 339, subd. (1)) expired on May 5, about seven months before he filed the amended
complaint and certificate. Section 411.35(b)(2) requires that if an attorney files a
certificate stating the attorney was unable to obtain a consultation or certificate before the
statute of limitations impaired the action, the certificate required by section 411.35(b)(1)
must be filed within 60 days after filing the complaint. Here, the 60-day period for filing
3
a certificate under section 411.35(b)(2) expired on July 2, about five months before
Sutherland filed his certificate.
Sutherland does not contest these dates, or the requirement that he file a
certificate. Instead, he claims the filing of the amended complaint and certificate related
back to the date he filed the original complaint. He argues that had the Legislature not
wanted the relation-back doctrine to apply to an amended complaint that includes a
certificate, the Legislature could and would have accounted for that when enacting
section 411.35. He reasons that not applying the relation-back doctrine under these
circumstances bars a meritorious case for technical reasons that do not serve the purpose
of section 411.35.
As we shall explain, the plain language of section 411.35 does not allow
application of the relation-back doctrine.
Questions of statutory interpretation are subject to de novo review. (People ex rel.
Lockyer v. Shamrock Foods Co. (2000) 24 Cal.4th 415, 432.) "[O]ur primary task is to
determine the lawmakers' intent." (Delaney v. Superior Court (1990) 50 Cal.3d 785,
798.) Statutory interpretation to determine legislative intent may involve up to three
steps. (Alejo v. Torlakson (2013) 212 Cal.App.4th 768, 786-787.) "The first step in the
interpretive process looks to the words of the statute themselves." (Id. at p. 787.) "It is
only when the meaning of the words is not clear that courts are required to take a second
step and refer to the legislative history." (Soil v. Superior Court (1997) 55 Cal.App.4th
872, 875.) If an ambiguity remains after reviewing secondary rules of construction, we
then " ' "apply reason, practicality, and common sense." ' " (Alejo, at p. 788.)
4
"Where the words of the statute are clear, we may not add to or alter them to
accomplish a purpose that does not appear on the face of the statute or from its legislative
history.'' (Burden v. Snowden (1992) 2 Cal.4th 556, 562.) To that end, we generally
must "accord[] significance, if possible, to every word, phrase and sentence in pursuance
of the legislative purpose," and have warned that "[a] construction making some words
surplusage is to be avoided." (Dyna-Med, Inc. v. Fair Employment & Housing Com.
(1987) 43 Cal.3d 1379, 1387.) "We must presume that the Legislature intended 'every
word, phrase and provision . . . in a statute . . . to have meaning and to perform a useful
function.' " (Garcia v. McCutchen (1997) 16 Cal.4th 469, 476.) Additionally, under
"well-settled principle[s] of statutory construction," we ordinarily construe the word
"may" as permissive and the word "shall" as mandatory, "particularly when both terms
are used in the same statute." (Common Cause v. Board of Supervisors (1989) 49 Cal.3d
432, 443.)
We turn to the language of the statute. In any action for damages or indemnity
arising out of the professional negligence of a person holding a valid architect's
certificate, registration as a professional engineer, or land surveyor's license "the attorney
for the plaintiff or cross-complainant shall file and serve the certificate specified by
subdivision (b)" "on or before the date of service of the complaint or cross-complaint on
any defendant or cross-defendant." (§ 411.35(a).) Section 411.35(b) states:
"A certificate shall be executed by the attorney for the plaintiff or cross-complainant declaring one of the following:
"(1) That the attorney has reviewed the facts of the case, that the attorney has consulted with and received an opinion from at least
5
one architect, professional engineer, or land surveyor who is licensed to practice and practices in this state or any other state, or who teaches at an accredited college or university and is licensed to practice in this state or any other state, in the same discipline as the defendant or cross-defendant and who the attorney reasonably believes is knowledgeable in the relevant issues involved in the particular action, and that the attorney has concluded on the basis of this review and consultation that there is reasonable and meritorious cause for the filing of this action. The person consulted may not be a party to the litigation. The person consulted shall render his or her opinion that the named defendant or cross-defendant was negligent or was not negligent in the performance of the applicable professional services.
"(2) That the attorney was unable to obtain the consultation required by paragraph (1) because a statute of limitations would impair the action and that the certificate required by paragraph (1) could not be obtained before the impairment of the action. If a certificate is executed pursuant to this paragraph, the certificate required by paragraph (1) shall be filed within 60 days after filing the complaint.
"(3) That the attorney was unable to obtain the consultation required by paragraph (1) because the attorney had made three separate good faith attempts with three separate architects, professional engineers, or land surveyors to obtain this consultation and none of those contacted would agree to the consultation." 3
"The failure to file a certificate in accordance with this section shall be grounds for
a demurrer pursuant to Section 430.10 or a motion to strike pursuant to Section 435."
(§ 411.35, subd. (g).)
Section 411.35(a) requires that "on or before the date of service" of a complaint
the plaintiff "shall file and serve the certificate specified by subdivision (b)." It is
undisputed that Sutherland filed his original complaint without the required certificate.
3 We refer to the certificate described in section 411.35(b)(1) as a "certificate of merit" and generally refer to the certificates described in section 411.35(b)(2) and (3) as "excuse certificates."
6
To avoid this glaring insufficiency, Sutherland contends that the certificate of merit he
filed with his amended complaint related back to the filing of the original complaint
because the original and amended complaints are substantially the same.
Under the relation-back doctrine, a court will ordinarily deem a later-filed
pleading to have been filed at the time of an earlier complaint if the amended complaint is
based on the same general set of facts. (Austin v. Massachusetts Bonding & Ins. Co.
(1961) 56 Cal.2d 596, 600-601.) Where the statute of limitations has expired before the
filing of an amended complaint, unless an amended complaint relates back to a timely
filed original complaint, the amended complaint will be time-barred. (Barrington v. A.H.
Robins Co. (1985) 39 Cal.3d 146, 150.) Under the relation-back doctrine, to avoid the
statute of limitations bar, the amended complaint must allege the same general set of
facts, refer to the same accident, same injuries, and refer to the same instrumentality as
alleged in the original complaint. (Norgart v. Upjohn Co. (1999) 21 Cal.4th 383, 408-
409.)
Sutherland has not cited, and we have not found, any cases supporting the
proposition that the relation-back doctrine applies to a certificate which, by statute, is
required to be filed "on or before the date of service" of the original complaint. (§
411.35(a).) Applying the relation-back doctrine in this situation would render
meaningless the statutory requirement that the certificate be filed "on or before the date
of service." (§ 411.35(a).)
Section 411.35 provides an exception to the requirement that the certificate be
filed "on or before the date of service." (§ 411.35(a).) Section 411.35(b)(2) provides that
7
where an attorney files an excuse certificate stating he or she was unable to obtain the
consultation required by section 411.35(b)(1) because a statute of limitations would
impair the action and that the certificate of merit required by section 411.35(b)(1) could
not be obtained before the impairment of the action, then the certificate of merit required
by section 411.35(b)(1) "shall be filed within 60 days after filing the complaint."
Sutherland did not file an excuse certificate under section 411.35(b)(2) stating that
he could not obtain the required consultation before the statute of limitations impaired his
action. 4 Even if Sutherland had filed an excuse certificate under section 411.35(b)(2),
the subsequent certificate of merit under section 411.35(b)(1) was required to have been
filed no later than 60 days after filing the complaint. In other words, assuming that an
excuse certificate was filed under subdivision (b)(2) on the very last day in which the
statute of limitations expired, a plaintiff has two years and an additional 60 days to file a
certificate of merit.
Here, more than 60 days after filing his original complaint Sutherland filed an
amended complaint that included a certificate of merit. 5 Application of the relation-back
doctrine in this situation would render meaningless the statutory requirement that the
4 With this said, one could reasonably infer that Sutherland was in this situation as the accident occurred on May 5, 2014, and he filed his complaint on May 3, 2016, only two days before the two-year limitation period of section 339, subd. (1) expired.
5 The certificate of merit must contain several pieces of information, including the opinion of the person consulted that the named defendant or cross-defendant was negligent or was not negligent in the performance of the applicable professional services. (§ 411.35(b)(1).) While not argued by Curtis, the certificate of merit filed with the amended complaint is defective because it does not contain the opinion of the person consulted as required by section 411.35(b)(1).
8
certificate of merit be filed "within 60 days after filing the complaint." (§ 411.35(b)(2).)
Moreover, applying the relation-back doctrine in this situation would mean a plaintiff has
virtually an unlimited amount of time to obtain the necessary consultation as long as the
plaintiff files the certificate of merit with an amended complaint that relates back to the
original complaint. This cannot be what the Legislature intended.
Citing Price v. Dames & Moore (2001) 92 Cal.App.4th 355, Sutherland asserts
that his failure to file the required certificate of merit with the original complaint can be
cured by filing the required certificate of merit with an amended complaint. In Price,
however, the plaintiff filed a certificate of merit within the statute of limitations period.
(Id. at pp. 358, 361-362.) Although the certificate was defective, because plaintiff signed
it rather than an attorney as required by section 411.35(a), the appellate court held that
the trial court should have allowed leave to amend because the defect was curable. (Id. at
pp. 360-361.) The Price court did not hold that a failure to timely file a certificate of
merit within the statutory deadlines may be cured by leave to amend.
The trial court found support for its application of the relation back doctrine in
McVeigh v. Doe 1 (2006) 138 Cal.App.4th 898 (McVeigh). McVeigh addressed the
certificate of merit requirement for victims of childhood sexual abuse 26 years of age or
older when the action is filed. (§ 340.1, subd. (g).) In a provision virtually identical to
9
that contained in section 411.35(b)(2), section 340.1 allows a plaintiff to file an excuse
certificate "within 60 days after filing the complaint." (§ 340.1, subd. (h)(3).) 6
The plaintiff in McVeigh timely filed his complaint within the applicable statute of
limitations period, but without the required certificates of merit from an attorney and
mental health practitioner. (McVeigh, supra, 138 Cal.App.4th at p. 901; § 340.1, subd.
(h)(1) & (2).) The plaintiff later filed an excuse certificate after the statute of limitations
expired, but within 60 days after filing the complaint. (McVeigh, at p. 902.) The
McVeigh court concluded that the excuse certificate under subdivision (h)(3) of section
340.1, like the certificates described in subdivisions (h)(1) and (h)(2) of section 340.1,
can be filed up to 60 days after the complaint is filed, if the requisite mental health
his certificate of merit more than 60 days after filing his original complaint.
The McVeigh court addressed Doyle v. Fenster (1996) 47 Cal.App.4th 1701
(Doyle) a case that the trial court found to be distinguishable. In Doyle, "the plaintiff
filed her action alleging childhood sexual abuse within the statute of limitations. Her
certificates of merit were filed after the statute had run, and more than 60 days after the
complaint was filed. No subdivision (h)(3) attorney certificate regarding the reason for
the late-filed certificates of merit was ever filed. (§ 340.1, subd. (h).) The trial court
6 Subdivision (h)(3) of section 340.1 provides: " That the attorney was unable to obtain the consultation required by paragraph (1) because a statute of limitations would impair the action and that the certificates required by paragraphs (1) and (2) could not be obtained before the impairment of the action. If a certificate is executed pursuant to this paragraph, the certificates required by paragraphs (1) and (2) shall be filed within 60 days after filing the complaint."
10
found that the case was time-barred because the (h)(1) and (h)(2) certificates of merit
were not timely filed, and dismissed the case. The Court of Appeal affirmed, holding that
the very existence of subdivision (h)(3) meant that the (h)(1) and (h)(2) certificates of
merit must be filed within the statute of limitations unless there is an attorney statement
under (h)(3) which explains the late filing of those certificates." (McVeigh, supra, 138
Cal.App.4th at p. 905, fn. & italics omitted.) The McVeigh court stated that "[t]he ruling
is obviously correct, but it is not a ruling on the question before us." (Ibid.)
The fact pattern before us is similar to that in Doyle. Sutherland never filed an
excuse certificate regarding the reason for his late filed certificate of merit and he failed
to file a certificate of merit within 60 days of filing the original complaint. The proper
ruling in this situation is to enter a judgment of dismissal because the required certificate
of merit was not filed within the statute of limitations period, or within 60 days after
filing the original complaint.
We are not persuaded by Sutherland's argument that Doyle is inapposite because
section 340.1, at issue in Doyle, prohibits a plaintiff from even naming the defendant in a
complaint until the trial court has reviewed certificates of merit and determined that there
is reasonable and meritorious cause for filing the action. (§ 340.1, subd. (m) ["In any
action subject to [the certificate of merit requirement], no defendant may be named
except by 'Doe' designation in any pleadings or papers filed in the action until there has
been a showing of corroborative fact as to the charging allegations against that
defendant."].) This is a distinction without a difference as subdivision (j) of section 340.1
11
and 411.35(a) require that a certificate be filed before any defendant (be it a Doe or
named defendant) is served with the original complaint.
Finally, although the plain language of section 411.35 supports dismissal of the
complaint, we find support for this result in the legislative history of section 411.35.
When first introduced, the Legislative Counsel's Digest stated that "[t]he bill would
provide that if consultation with an architect, professional engineer, or land surveyor
could not be obtained because of a statute of limitations problem, the attorney may file
such certificate stating such problem and would be required to file such certificate
involving such a consultation within 60 days after filing or the complaint shall be
dismissed." (Legis. Counsel's Dig., Assem. Bill No. 357 (1979–1980 Reg. Sess.) as
introduced Jan. 24, 1979.) This sentence is repeated in the Legislative Counsel's Digest
accompanying the chaptered bill enacting section 411.35. (Legis. Counsel's Dig., Assem.
Bill No. 357, Stats. 1979, ch. 973, approved by Governor, Sept. 22, 1979.) This
statement supports our conclusion that the Legislature intended to give plaintiffs a limited
period of time to obtain the necessary consultation and the failure to obtain the
consultation within that time period would result in dismissal of the complaint.
Sutherland failed to file the required certificate of merit within the statute of
limitations period or within the 60-day period set forth in section 411.35(b)(2). Because
there is no possibility of curing this defect, the demurrer must be sustained without leave
to amend.
12
DISPOSITION
Let a peremptory writ of mandate issue directing that respondent superior court
vacate its order overruling petitioner's demurrer, and enter a new order sustaining
petitioner's demurrer without leave to amend. The temporary stay is vacated effective
upon the issuance of the remittur. Petitioner is entitled to its costs in this writ proceeding.
(Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.493(a)(1)(A).)
NARES, J.
WE CONCUR:
McCONNELL, P. J.
BENKE, J.
13
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. A certificate of merit required by Code of Civil Procedure section 411.35 does not relate back to the filing of an original complaint if it is filed after the statute of limitations has expired and more than 60 days after the original pleading. Consequently, a failure to timely file such a certificate warrants sustaining a demurrer without leave to amend.
Issues
Does the relation-back doctrine apply to a certificate of merit required by Code of Civil Procedure section 411.35?
Must a certificate of merit be filed within the statutory deadlines set forth in section 411.35 to avoid dismissal of a professional negligence action?
Disposition. remanded
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“In this case, we conclude that a certificate filed after expiration of the statute of limitations and more than 60 days after filing the original pleading (§ 411.35, subd. (b)(2)) does not relate back to the filing of the original pleading.”
“The failure to file a certificate in accordance with this section shall be grounds for a demurrer pursuant to Section 430.10 or a motion to strike pursuant to Section 435.”
“Sutherland failed to file the required certificate of merit within the statute of limitations period or within the 60-day period set forth in section 411.35(b)(2).”