dangerous or deadly weapon, a vehicle, in the commission of the offense. (Pen. Code,
§ 1192.7, subd. (c)(23); § 13351.5.) The trial court sentenced Leonard to six years eight
months in prison.2
Leonard appeals. He contends (1) the court erred by excluding impeachment
evidence against a prosecution witness and (2) the evidence does not support his
conviction for reckless driving while evading a peace officer because he was not
"assigned a traffic violation point" based on his conduct, within the meaning of section
2800.2, subdivision (a). We disagree with both contentions. In the unpublished portion
of this opinion, we conclude the court properly excluded the proffered impeachment
evidence under Evidence Code section 352. In the published portion, we conclude the
statute defining reckless driving while evading a peace officer does not require evidence
that Leonard was personally assessed traffic violation points. We therefore affirm.
1 All statutory references are to the Vehicle Code unless otherwise indicated. 2 At the same time, the court sentenced Leonard to a consecutive sentence of eight months following revocation of parole in an unrelated matter. That matter is not at issue in this appeal. 2
FACTS
The charged crimes cover three separate incidents, which we will discuss in turn.
For purposes of this section, we state the evidence in the light most favorable to the
judgment. (See People v. Osband (1996) 13 Cal.4th 622, 690; People v. Dawkins (2014)
230 Cal.App.4th 991, 994.) Additional facts will be discussed where relevant in the
following section.
On September 10, 2014, Leonard entered a Kohl's department store in San
Marcos, California. Two of Kohl's loss prevention officers, Stephen Earner and Rosa
Harris, noticed that Leonard was acting suspiciously. Leonard appeared to take several
items from the shelf, roll them up, and place them under his shirt in his waistband.
Leonard left the store, and Earner and Harris pursued him into the parking lot. Leonard
turned and pepper sprayed them. Leonard got into a car and drove away. Earner
estimated that Leonard took approximately $85 worth of merchandise.
The next day, Leonard went to a restaurant, Station Pizza, also in San Marcos.
Caroline Fox, an owner of Station Pizza, recognized Leonard from an earlier incident
when Leonard used the restaurant's restroom without buying anything. This time,
Leonard again went straight to the restroom. When he came out, Fox told him that the
restrooms were for customers only and asked for two dollars. Leonard pulled out a metal
baton and extended it. He insulted Fox and threatened to "com[e] back to break your
windows tonight." Leonard left the restaurant, and Fox followed. Fox saw Leonard
swerve through the parking lot and drive quickly towards her. Leonard's car hit Fox, and
he drove away without stopping. Fox suffered a broken foot and various scrapes.
3
That night, Leonard threw rocks through the front door and front window of the
Station Pizza restaurant. One of the rocks had two dollar bills wrapped around it with red
tape. Later, Jeffery Jenkins, a California Highway Patrol officer, saw Leonard driving
over 100 miles per hour along a stretch of highway where the speed limit was 65 miles
per hour. Jenkins pursued Leonard, who exited the highway into a residential area.
Leonard ran a stop sign and sped through the residential area, where the speed limit was
25 miles per hour, at approximately 45 to 50 miles per hour. Several times Leonard
crossed the double yellow line separating him from oncoming traffic. Leonard ran
another stop sign before eventually pulling over. When officers searched the car, they
found an expandable baton. Officers later found red masking tape as well.
DISCUSSION
I
At trial, Earner admitted he had made mistakes in the past in his reports about
suspicious activities at Kohl's. Earner testified about one such instance, after the incident
involving Leonard, when he believed a theft had occurred at Kohl's. In that instance,
Earner monitored a surveillance camera that showed an individual (not Leonard) pick up
a cell phone battery pack, walk down an aisle, place the empty packaging for the battery
pack on a rack, and leave Kohl's. Earner believed the individual had concealed the
battery pack on his person and walked out with it. In his report to police, however,
Earner said he saw the individual conceal the battery pack. Earner testified that the
language in the report was a mistake. Earner told the investigating sheriff's deputy, Ryan
4
Murphy, about the mistake. But Murphy told Earner that he believed Earner was being
dishonest or untruthful. Earner denied admitting to Murphy that he lied in the report.
Leonard sought to call Murphy to testify about his interactions with Earner.
Leonard's counsel told the court that Murphy would testify that Earner told him directly
that he had seen the individual conceal the battery pack. It was only after Murphy
confronted him that Earner admitted he was mistaken. Leonard's counsel said Murphy
wrote in a police report that Earner lied about the concealment because he was angry the
individual had gotten away. In a pretrial filing, the prosecution explained that Murphy
recommended that Earner be charged with filing a false report under Penal Code section
148.5, subdivision (a). The District Attorney declined to file charges.
The trial court believed Murphy's testimony was relevant. But its relevance was
marginal, given what Earner had already admitted under cross-examination. The court
concluded that any relevance was outweighed by the danger of jury confusion and undue
consumption of time, since Murphy's testimony would require a trial-within-a-trial
regarding the facts of the incident and Earner's statements to Murphy. It therefore
excluded Murphy's testimony under Evidence Code section 352.
Leonard argues the court erred by excluding Murphy's testimony. Evidence Code
section 352 provides as follows: "The court in its discretion may exclude evidence if its
probative value is substantially outweighed by the probability that its admission will
(a) necessitate undue consumption of time or (b) create substantial danger of undue
prejudice, of confusing the issues, or of misleading the jury." "Trial courts enjoy ' "broad
discretion" ' in deciding whether the probability of a substantial danger of prejudice
5
substantially outweighs probative value. [Citations.] A trial court's exercise of discretion
'will not be disturbed except on a showing the trial court exercised its discretion in an
arbitrary, capricious, or patently absurd manner that resulted in a manifest miscarriage of
justice.' " (People v. Holford (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 155, 167-168; see People v. Minifie
(1996) 13 Cal.4th 1055, 1070.)
Leonard has not shown the court abused its discretion here. The court could
reasonably find that Murphy's testimony was of marginal relevance, given Earner's
admission that he had been mistaken multiple times in the past, including with respect to
the incident involving Murphy, that his written report about the incident was contradicted
by the video evidence, and that Murphy had accused him of being untruthful. And,
despite its marginal relevance, Murphy's testimony would consume substantial trial time.
The court's concern that Murphy's testimony would lead to a trial-within-a-trial was well-
founded. Exploring the incident adequately could reasonably have involved additional
witnesses, as well as documentary evidence such as the surveillance video and Earner's
report. Moreover, since Leonard was not accused of participating in that incident, the
jury may well have been confused by Murphy's testimony because it did not cover a
charged offense and did not involve Leonard at all.
Leonard emphasizes the importance of Earner's testimony and the relevance of
evidence tending to impeach him. But the trial court found Murphy's testimony relevant.
The issue is whether, despite that relevance, it was properly excluded because its
probative value was substantially outweighed by other concerns. Beyond his bare
assertion that Murphy's testimony would have been short and would not have
6
inconvenienced the court or jurors, Leonard does not effectively address the court's
finding to the contrary. He has not shown the trial court abused its discretion. Because
we have determined the court did not err, we need not consider the question of prejudice.
II
Leonard contends the evidence does not support his conviction for reckless driving
while evading a peace officer under section 2800.2, subdivision (a). The statute requires
proof, among other things, that "the pursued vehicle [was] driven in a willful or wanton
disregard for the safety of persons or property . . . ." (§ 2800.2, subd. (a).) The statute
provides that "a willful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property includes,
but is not limited to, driving while fleeing or attempting to elude a pursuing peace officer
during which time either three or more violations that are assigned a traffic violation
point count under Section 12810 occur, or damage to property occurs." (§ 2800.2,
subd. (b).)
At trial, the prosecution offered testimony that Leonard committed at least three
traffic violations while evading a California Highway Patrol officer, including crossing a
solid double yellow line and failing to stop at a stop sign. The court instructed the jury
on the elements of the offense, including its definition of "willful or wanton disregard for
the safety of persons or property," using CALCRIM No. 2181. In pertinent part, the
court stated, "Driving with willful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or
property includes, but is not limited to, causing damage to property while driving or
committing three or more violations that are each assigned a traffic violation point." It
7
further instructed the jury that "[c]rossing the solid double yellow line and failing to stop
at a stop sign are each assigned a traffic violation point."
Leonard claims that the evidence was insufficient because the prosecution did not
show that he was assigned any traffic violation points, i.e., that he personally incurred
traffic violation points as a result of his conduct in evading a peace officer. In other
words, as Leonard argues, "In this case, there was no testimony before the jury
establishing the violations as committed by [Leonard] did in fact result in points under
the California Vehicle Code."
Leonard's argument raises a threshold issue regarding the meaning of the statute
defining "willful or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property" and whether it
requires proof that Leonard actually incurred traffic violation points as a result of his
conduct. It appears that no court has directly considered whether the statute imposes
such a requirement.
This threshold issue is one of statutory interpretation, which we consider de novo.
(People v. Prunty (2015) 62 Cal.4th 59, 71.) " 'As in any case involving statutory
interpretation, our fundamental task here is to determine the Legislature's intent so as to
effectuate the law's purpose. [Citation.] We begin by examining the statute's words,
giving them a plain and commonsense meaning. [Citation.]' [Citation.] ' "When the
language of a statute is clear, we need go no further." [Citation.] But where a statute's
terms are unclear or ambiguous, we may "look to a variety of extrinsic aids, including the
ostensible objects to be achieved, the evils to be remedied, the legislative history, public
8
policy, contemporaneous administrative construction, and the statutory scheme of which
the statute is a part." ' " (People v. Harrison (2013) 57 Cal.4th 1211, 1221-1222.)
We begin with the statutory language. It states that a defendant acts with willful
or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property when, among other things, he
"driv[es] while fleeing or attempting to elude a pursuing peace officer during which
time . . . three or more violations that are assigned a traffic violation point count under
violations according to their traffic violation point count, including a general provision
imposing a value of one point, with some exceptions, on "any other traffic conviction
involving the safe operation of a motor vehicle upon the highway . . . ." (§ 12810,
subd. (f).) The traffic violation point counts listed in the statute are used to determine
whether a driver who incurs such points is a presumptively negligent operator for
purposes of the issuance, suspension, and renewal of drivers' licenses by the Department
of Motor Vehicles. (§ 12810.5.)
Our reading of the language defining the offense of reckless driving while evading
a peace officer does not support Leonard's position that he must have actually incurred
traffic violation points himself. Instead, the phrase "that are assigned a traffic violation
point count under Section 12810" describes the type of violation that may support a
finding of willful or wanton conduct. The structure of the statute supports our
interpretation. Grammatically, the phrase modifies the word "violation"; the defendant is
not mentioned. And the fact that a "point count," not points themselves, are what must be
"assigned . . . under Section 12810" shows that the Vehicle Code's classification of
9
violations according to point count is the relevant factor, not whether Leonard himself
was "assigned" points by the Department of Motor Vehicles or some other entity.
Although it does not consider the precise question presented here, People v.
Mutuma (2006) 144 Cal.App.4th 635 (Mutuma) supports this interpretation. In Mutuma,
the court considered the following questions: "Where, as here, the claimed violations are
not enumerated in section 12810, must the jury decide whether or not they fall into the
catchall provision because they 'involv[e] the safe operation of a motor vehicle,' as the
statute phrases it? (§ 12810, subd. (f).) Or is that also a question the court must answer
as a matter of law?" (Mutuma, at pp. 641-642.) Mutuma concluded that it was a question
of law, and the trial court properly instructed the jury that the claimed violations, if found
true, satisfied the statute's willful and wanton conduct requirement. (Id. at p. 643.)
Notably, for our purposes, Mutuma focused on the existence and classification of the
claimed violations under the Vehicle Code, not whether the defendant actually incurred
any points as the result of the violations. As Mutuma explained, "Three point violations
are willful and wanton disregard by definition, so there is nothing other than their
existence for the jury to find." (Id. at p. 641.)
Leonard's substantial evidence argument relies on his interpretation of the statute
as requiring proof that he was actually assigned traffic violation points as a result of his
conduct while evading a police officer. Because we have rejected that interpretation,
Leonard's argument must fail. Leonard does not contend, for example, that the evidence
did not support a finding that he committed three or more violations that are assigned
traffic violation point counts under the Vehicle Code. Although Leonard hypothesizes
10
that there may be situations where crossing a double yellow line would not be a Vehicle
Code violation, he has not attempted to show the evidence was insufficient to the jury to
find such a violation here. He has therefore not shown that the evidence does not support
his conviction.3
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
HUFFMAN, J.
WE CONCUR:
BENKE, Acting P. J.
AARON, J.
3 In addition, to the extent Leonard argues the court erred by instructing the jury that crossing a double yellow line and running a stop sign are each assigned a traffic violation point under the Vehicle Code, his argument was considered and rejected in Mutuma, supra, 144 Cal.App.4th at page 643. We reject it for the same reasons. 11
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that the statute defining reckless driving while evading a peace officer does not require proof that a defendant was personally assessed traffic violation points, but rather that the violations committed are of the type assigned a point count under the Vehicle Code. Additionally, the court held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding impeachment evidence under Evidence Code section 352.
Issues
Did the trial court abuse its discretion by excluding impeachment evidence under Evidence Code section 352?
Does Vehicle Code section 2800.2, subdivision (a) require proof that a defendant was personally assessed traffic violation points for their conduct?
Disposition. Affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“the statute defining reckless driving while evading a peace officer does not require evidence that Leonard was personally assessed traffic violation points.”
“Three point violations are willful and wanton disregard by definition, so there is nothing other than their existence for the jury to find.”