(collectively plaintiffs), appeal the judgment in favor of defendant and respondent
Ramona Municipal Water District (District or RMWD). In this class action, the trial
court found plaintiffs failed to exhaust their administrative remedies under article XIII D
of the California Constitution in connection with plaintiffs' substantive challenge to the
method used by District to calculate wastewater service "fees or charges"1 between about
2012 and 2014.
On appeal, plaintiffs contend the trial court erred when it found there was a
mandatory exhaustion requirement in section 6 of article XIII D (hereinafter section 6).2
1 "Because article XIII D provides a single definition that includes both 'fee' and 'charge,' those terms appear to be synonymous in both article XIII D and article XIII C. This is an exception to the normal rule of construction that each word in a constitutional or statutory provision is assumed to have independent significance." (See Bighorn- Desert View Water Agency v. Verjil (2006) 39 Cal.4th 205, 214, fn. 4.) Like our high court in Verjil, we use the terms "fee or charge" interchangeably in connection with our discussion of article XIII D. (See ibid.)
2 Although advancing this contention, plaintiffs assume—without discussing—that the trial court was interpreting section 6 in imposing a mandatory exhaustion requirement on them, when, in fact, the statement of decision shows the court substantially relied on section 4 of article XIII D (hereinafter section 4) to support its decision. As discussed post, section 4 governs "assessments," as opposed to imposition of "fees or charges" that 2
Plaintiffs further contend they took the necessary steps to satisfy the general principle of
exhaustion when they separately satisfied the administrative remedy in the Ramona
Municipal Water District Legislative Code, as amended, which District adopted in 1996
(hereinafter RMWD legislative code); and that, in any event, the exhaustion doctrine in
section 6 should not have been applied to them because the remedy therein was
inadequate and because it was "futile" to purse any administrative remedy under this
constitutional provision.
As we explain, we independently conclude that plaintiffs' class action is not barred
by their failure to exhaust the administrative remedies set forth in section 6 because
plaintiffs' substantive challenge involving the method used by District to calculate its
wastewater service fees or charges is outside the scope of the administrative remedies,
and because, under the facts of this case, those remedies are, in any event, inadequate.
Reversed.3
is the subject of section 6. In addition, the procedures an agency must follow to impose an assessment under section 4 are different from those set out in section 6, subdivision (a) with respect to fees or charges. The parties, however, agree that section 6 governs the instant appeal.
3 We received and considered in association with this appeal the amicus curiae briefs, and responses thereto, of the Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association filed in support of plaintiffs; and of the California Association of Sanitation Agencies, California State Association of Counties & League of California Cities, joined by the California Special Districts Association, filed in support of District. We found the amicus brief of Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association —the author and principal sponsor of Proposition 218— particularly useful in resolving this case. 3
BACKGROUND4
A. District
District is a municipal water district organized under the Municipal Water District
Act. (Wat. Code, § 71000 et seq.) District is governed by the RMWD legislative code.
District provides, among others, water and, as relevant here, wastewater services to about
40,000 people living in Ramona, California, an unincorporated community within San
Diego County. Ramona has two wastewater treatment plants, San Vicente and Santa
Maria.
District uses an "Equivalent Dwelling Unit" (EDU)5 system to calculate
wastewater service fees. "Parcels are assigned EDUs and charged for sewer services on a
per-EDU basis." Charges for such services are "based on estimates of wastewater
capacity needs, flow and strength for different customer types or classes. . . . The District
levies fixed sewer rates based on the number of EDUs assigned to each connection.
4 Because judgment was based solely on plaintiffs' failure to exhaust their administrative remedies under section 6, we only briefly discuss the underlying lawsuit, as the court never reached "phase 2," i.e., "phase 1" of the trial, concerning the merits of plaintiffs' claims. (Compare Capistrano Taxpayers Assn, Inc. v. City of San Juan Capistrano (2015) 235 Cal.App.4th 1493, 1515 [interpreting subdivision (b)(3) of section 6—the same provision at issue in the instant case—to find that new water rates imposed by the city violated the constitutional requirement that fees " 'not exceed the proportional cost of the service attributable to the parcel' " without discussing or analyzing whether the plaintiff exhausted its administrative remedy in subdivision (a) of section 6 by challenging the new water rates in writing beforehand and/or by appearing at the public hearing of the city].)
5 EDU is defined in section 7.52.020 of the RMWD legislative code as "a measure where one unit is equivalent to two hundred gallons/day of sewage, with suspended solids of two hundred milligrams per liter, and BOD of two hundred milligrams per liter." BOD is further defined therein as a "unit of measurement of biochemical oxygen demand . . . ." 4
EDUs are assigned based on the type of development and associated wastewater flow and
loadings."
Sewer rates for residential customers within District living in single-family homes
and multi-family dwelling units with one or more bedrooms are assigned 1 EDU per
dwelling unit. District has over 20 sewer rate classes for commercial customers; EDUs
are assigned for commercial customers based on such factors as "square footage, number
of washing machines [and] number of students [per school]."
District has authority to set and collect charges for sewer services. (Wat. Code,
§ 71670.) Revenues collected from service charges are used to pay operating and
maintenance fees. (Id., § 71671.) District is required to recover sufficient revenues to
cover both the operating expenses of the sewer services it provides to customers and
repairs to, and depreciation of, works it owns and/or operates in connection with such
services. If the board of directors (board) of District determines the "revenues . . . will be
inadequate . . . to pay [its] operating expense[s] . . . , to provide for repairs and
depreciation of works owned or operated by it, and to meet all of its obligations[,] the
board shall provide for the levy and collection of a tax . . . sufficient to raise the amount
of money determined by the board to be necessary for the purpose of paying [its]
operating expenses . . . , providing for repairs and depreciation of works owned or
operated by it, and meeting all of its obligations." (Id., § 72092.)
B. Plaintiffs and Their Operative Complaint
Since 1998, Plantier has owned a commercial property in Ramona. As such, he
pays wastewater service fees to District.
5
Progressive, a California corporation, owns a 25,000 square foot office building in
Ramona. Like Plantier, Progressive pays for wastewater services provided by District.
Finally, Premium, a California limited liability company, owns two properties
located in Ramona. It too pays District for wastewater services.
Plaintiffs' operative complaint asserted claims on behalf of themselves and all
other District customers who paid a wastewater service fee on or after November 22,
2012.6 The complaint alleged causes of action against District for declaratory relief and
for "refund [of] unlawful sewer service charges." Plaintiffs sought a declaration that
District's method of determining the costs of sewer service based on each parcel's
assigned EDU violated the "proportionally" provision of subdivision (b)(3) of section 6.
Plaintiffs also sought a refund from District of alleged overcharges for wastewater service
fees paid by its customers.
Specifically, plaintiffs in their operative class action complaint alleged that
District assigned EDU's arbitrarily and without regard to a property's actual wastewater
use and to the proportional cost of providing that property's wastewater service; that
District's EDU-based wastewater billing system was "inconsistent with general practice
among California water districts"; that all District wastewater customers were required to
pay an annual sewer service fee imposed on a per-EDU basis; that at all times relevant,
District's board established the dollar amount of the sewer service fee on an "ad-hoc
basis, without reliance on a rate study or other technical document providing a rational
6 The court in February 2015 granted plaintiffs' motion for class certification. In so doing, the court ruled class certification applied to both causes of action in plaintiffs' operative complaint and designated Plantier, Progressive and Premium as class representatives. 6
basis for [the sewer service fees it] adopted"; that the sewer service charge was a
property-related fee subject to section 6, subdivision (b)(3); that the then-current sewer
service fee for District customers in the San Vicente sewer service area was about $605
per EDU, and about $637 per EDU for the Santa Maria sewer service area; and that the
lack of "any rational relationship between the [sewer service fee] and actual wastewater
use has resulted in the systematic overcharge of wastewater customers for whom the
proportional cost of providing their property with wastewater service is less than their
EDU-based" sewer service fee.
C. Proposition 218
California voters in November 1996 passed Proposition 218, which added articles
XIII C and XIII D to the California Constitution. (Paland v. Brooktrails Tp. Community
Services Dist. Bd. of Directors (2009) 179 Cal.App.4th 1358, 1365.) As noted ante, the
instant case concerns article XIII D, which undertook to "constrain the imposition by
local governments of 'assessments, fees and charges.' (Art. XIII D, § 1.)" (Pajaro Valley
Water Management Agency v. Amrhein (2007) 150 Cal.App.4th 1364, 1378.) "Article
XIII D sets forth procedures, requirements and voter approval mechanisms for local
government assessments, fees and charges." (Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Assn. v. City of
Roseville (2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 637, 640.)
At issue in this case is section 6 (of article XIII D), which sets forth mandatory
procedures an agency, such as District, must follow "in imposing or increasing any fee or
charge." Among other requirements, section 6 mandates that an agency provide "written
notice by mail of the proposed fee or charge to the record owner of each identified parcel
upon which the fee or charge is proposed for imposition" (§ 6, subd. (a)(1)); the amount
7
of the proposed fee or charge (ibid.); the "basis" upon which the fee or charge was
"calculated" and the "reason" for the fee or charge (ibid.); "together with the date, time,
and location of a public hearing on the proposed fee or charge" (ibid.).
An agency is required to conduct a public hearing on the proposed fee or charge
"not less than 45 days after mailing the notice . . . to the record owners of each identified
parcel" upon which the fee or charge is sought to be imposed. (§ 6, subd. (a)(2).) At the
public hearing, the agency shall "consider all protests against the proposed fee or charge"
and if "written protests against the fee or charge are presented by a majority of owners of
the identified parcels, the agency shall not impose the fee or charge." (Ibid.)
D. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies
On District's motion, the court bifurcated the trial into two phases, as noted. In
phase 1, the court considered the threshold issue of whether Proposition 218 imposed an
exhaustion requirement and, if so, whether plaintiffs satisfied that requirement or were
otherwise excused from doing so. After hearing witness testimony and the argument of
counsel, the court granted District's motion. In so doing, the court in its statement of
decision ruled in part as follows:
"The court finds there is an exhaustion requirement under Prop. 218. Plaintiffs
argue there isn't one, yet in the next breath argue they complied with it. The court,
acknowledging the dearth of direct authority, holds that the case closest in point is
Wallich's Ranch v. Kern County Pest Control Dist. 87 Cal.App.4th 878 (2001)
[(Wallich's)]. Fairly read, and extended to the facts of this case, Wallich's imposes a
requirement that plaintiffs participate in the annual Prop. 218 process, which is
8
(according to the evidence in this case), inextricably intertwined with the annual budget
process.
"Cal. Const. art. 13D, § 4 provides: [¶] 'The agency shall conduct a public hearing
upon the proposed assessment not less than 45 days after mailing the notice of the
proposed assessment to record owners of each identified parcel. At the public hearing,
the agency shall consider all protests against the proposed assessment and tabulate
the ballots. The agency shall not impose an assessment if there is a majority protest. A
majority protest exists if, upon the conclusion of the hearing, ballots submitted in
opposition to the assessment exceed the ballots submitted in favor of the assessment. In
tabulating the ballots, the ballots shall be weighted according to the propositional
financial obligation of the affected property.'
"Participation in a 'public hearing' contemplated by the sentence in bold type
immediately above is a centerpiece of the process set up by Prop. 218. The constitutional
mandate is for the agency board to 'consider all protests,' not just those from a majority.
Obviously, the RMWD Board could not have considered a protest that was never made.
Plaintiffs' contention that [they] were free to ignore this part of the process would be
tantamount to the court excising these provisions from the constitutional scheme. This
the court is not free to do. [Citation.]"
After finding section 4 (but not section 6) included a mandatory exhaustion
requirement, the court next turned to the issue of whether "plaintiffs made the necessary
effort to give the RMWD Board the opportunity to resolve the dispute short of litigation
and without threatening the viability of the District by not allowing the District to take up
9
a challenge to the EDU scheme in the context of the annual budget process. The court
finds they did not.
"In order to be meaningful, the effort at exhaustion must set forth at least the
outlines of the basis for the disagreement. Otherwise the exhaustion requirement is just a
mechanical charade. And plaintiff[s'] purported efforts to exhaust their remedies never
did this. The letters were long on summary pronouncements and bald assertions, but
backup for these allegations was not provided. And the District reasonably offered to
receive same."
The court next rejected plaintiffs' contention it was "futile" for them to appear and
object at the 2012, 2013 and 2014 budgetary hearings because District previously had
rejected their administrative claim raising the same issue that District alleged should have
been raised in connection with those hearings. The court in its statement of decision on
this issue stated it "believed RMWD employees [who testified] to the effect that the
District Board is genuinely interested in input from ratepayers, and that a legitimate,
careful and legally/factually supported challenge to the District's EDU regime in the
context of the annual Prop. 218/budget hearing would have received careful
consideration."
Finally, the court addressed plaintiffs' contention that they gave District "every
opportunity to act before they commenced litigation." The court found this contention
missed the "point of the exhaustion requirement as laid out in Wallich's: by stubbornly
refusing to participate in the public hearing process, they failed to give the District the
opportunity to act before it set its rates (and consequently its budget) for the 2012-2013
and 2013-2014 fiscal years. The time to protest the EDU regime was in the context of the
10
annual Prop. 218/budget process, when the District was considering rates and revenue
requirements for the coming year. This is what plaintiffs failed to do substantively,
procedurally and temporally. Allowing them to bypass the public hearing process set up
by Prop. 218 and proceed immediately to litigation seeking (according to plaintiffs' trial
brief . . .) a refund of 'excessive fund balances' turns art. 13D, § 4 of the Constitution on
its head and may very well threaten the viability of the RMWD.
"In light of the foregoing, the court finds the District carried its burden of proof on
the special defense, and the special defense was proven by a preponderance of the
evidence. The District acknowledges the plaintiffs may file another action . . . . For the
present, the case as pled is clearly barred by the failure to exhaust administrative
remedies. Plaintiffs' effort to reach back to November 21, 2012 is clearly untenable due
to their failure to exhaust. RMWD is entitled to dismissal. There is no need for phase 2
of the trial, which was scheduled to start [the following day]."
DISCUSSION
A. Guiding Principles
When an applicable statute, ordinance, or regulation provides an adequate
administrative remedy, a party must exhaust it before seeking judicial relief. (Coachella
Valley Mosquito & Vector Control Dist. v. California Public Employment Relations Bd.
(2005) 35 Cal.4th 1072, 1080; see American Indian Model Schools v. Oakland Unified
School Dist. (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 258, 291.)7 "Exhaustion requires 'a full
7 None of the parties sufficiently briefed or considered the issue of whether the actions of the District "in imposing or increasing any fee or charge" under section 6 were "legislative" as opposed to "administrative" in nature. (See Howard v. County of San Diego (2010) 184 Cal.App.4th 1422, 1431-1432 [noting "[l]egislative actions are political 11
presentation to the administrative agency upon all issues of the case and at all prescribed
stages of the administrative proceedings.' [Citation.] ' "The exhaustion doctrine is
principally grounded on concerns favoring administrative autonomy (i.e., courts should
not interfere with an agency determination until the agency has reached a final decision)
and judicial efficiency (i.e., overworked courts should decline to intervene in an
administrative dispute unless absolutely necessary)." ' " (City of San Jose v. Operating
Engineers Local Union No. 3 (2010) 49 Cal.4th 597, 609 (City of San Jose); see AIDS
Healthcare Foundation v. State Dept. of Health Care Services (2015) 241 Cal.App.4th
1327, 1337.)
We apply a de novo or independent standard of review in determining whether the
doctrine of exhaustion of administrative remedies applies in a given case. (See Defend
Our Waterfront v. State Lands Com. (2015) 240 Cal.App.4th 570, 580 (Defend our
Waterfront); see also Coastside Fishing Club v. California Fish & Game Com. (2013)
215 Cal.App.4th 397, 414 [noting "[w]hether the doctrine of exhaustion of administrative
remedies applies in a given case is a legal question that we review de novo"].)
The exhaustion requirement is subject to exceptions, one of which is where the
administrative remedy is inadequate. (City of San Jose, supra, 49 Cal.4th at p. 609.) The
in nature, 'declar[ing] a public purpose and mak[ing] provisions for the ways and means of its accomplishment,' " in contrast to administrative actions that "apply law that already exists to determine 'specific rights based upon specific facts ascertained from evidence adduced at a hearing,' " and further noting that, because an amendment of a general plan is deemed a legislative action, plaintiffs were not required to seek an amendment to the general plan to adequately exhaust their administrative remedies].) Nor was counsel at oral argument able to respond meaningfully to this issue on questioning by the panel. In any event, because we conclude the administrative remedies in section 6 are inadequate, we need not decide whether the District's actions were legislative, as opposed to administrative, in nature. 12
statute, ordinance, regulation, or other written policy establishing an administrative
remedy must provide clearly defined procedures for the submission, evaluation, and
resolution of disputes. (City of Oakland v. Oakland Police & Fire Retirement System
(2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 210, 236–237 (City of Oakland); Unfair Fire Tax Com. v. City of
Oakland (2006) 136 Cal.App.4th 1424, 1429–1430 (Unfair Fire Tax Com.). A policy
that only provides for the submission of disputes to a decision maker without stating
whether the aggrieved party is entitled to an evidentiary hearing or the standard for
reviewing the prior decision is generally deemed inadequate. (City of Oakland, at p. 237;
Unfair Fire Tax Com., at p. 1430.) An administrative remedy that fails to satisfy these
and other requirements need not be exhausted. (City of Oakland, at pp. 236–237; Unfair
Fire Tax Com., at p. 1430.)
B. Section 6
To determine whether plaintiffs were required to exhaust their administrative
remedies in connection with their challenge to the method used by District to determine
wastewater service fees for the years from about 2012 through 2014, we turn to the
language of section 6 (and not section 4). (See Sheridan v. Touchstone Television
Productions, LLC (2015) 241 Cal.App.4th 508, 512 [noting a court "begin[s] with the
language of the statutes" in determining whether a plaintiff was required to exhaust his or
her administrative remedies before filing suit].)
As summarized ante, section 6 includes mandatory procedures an agency such as
District must follow when it seeks to impose or increase any "fee or charge." A "fee or
charge" is defined in section 2, subdivision (e) to mean "any levy other than an ad
valorem tax, a special tax, or an assessment, imposed by an agency upon a parcel or upon
13
a person as an incident of property ownership, including a user fee or charge for a
property related service."8 (Italics added.)
Subdivision (a)(1) of section 6 provides: "The parcels upon which a fee or charge
is proposed for imposition shall be identified. The amount of the fee or charge proposed
to be imposed upon each parcel shall be calculated. The agency shall provide written
notice by mail of the proposed fee or charge to the record owner of each identified parcel
upon which the fee or charge is proposed for imposition, the amount of the fee or charge
proposed to be imposed upon each, the basis upon which the amount of the proposed fee
or charge was calculated, the reason for the fee or charge, together with the date, time,
and location of a public hearing on the proposed fee or charge."
At the heart of the instant dispute is subdivision (a)(2) of section 6. It provides:
"The agency shall conduct a public hearing upon the proposed fee or charge not less than
45 days after mailing the notice of the proposed fee or charge to the record owners of
each identified parcel upon which the fee or charge is proposed for imposition. At the
public hearing, the agency shall consider all protests against the proposed fee or charge.
If written protests against the proposed fee or charge are presented by a majority of
owners of the identified parcels, the agency shall not impose the fee or charge."9 (Italics
added.)
8 An "assessment," in contrast to a "fee or charge," is defined to mean "any levy or charge upon real property by an agency for a special benefit conferred upon the real property. 'Assessment' includes, but is not limited to, 'special assessment,' 'benefit assessment,' 'maintenance assessment' and 'special assessment tax.' " (§ 2, subd. (b).)
9 Subdivision (b) of section 6 sets out various substantive requirements that an agency must follow when seeking to "extend[]," "impose[]" or "increase[]" a "fee or charge." As noted, plaintiffs contend District failed to comply with subdivision (b)(3) of 14
C. Analysis
Here, we independently conclude under the facts of this case that plaintiffs were
not required to exhaust the administrative remedies in subdivision (a)(2) of section 6
before seeking judicial relief. (See Defend our Waterfront, supra, 240 Cal.App.4th at
p. 580.)
First, it is not even clear that the present controversy falls within the purview of
subdivision (a)(2) of section 6, inasmuch as the subject of the instant case involves
whether District complied with one (or more) of the substantive requirements of section
6, which, as noted ante, are set forth in subdivision (b) of this section, in calculating
wastewater usage based on its EDU system, as opposed to the imposition of, or increase
in, any proposed "fee or charge" that is the subject of subdivision (a) of this section.
Indeed, the language of subdivision (a)(2) of section 6 supports such an
interpretation, inasmuch as the primary administrative remedy set forth therein—rejection
of the proposed fee or charge—requires a "majority of owners" to submit "written" (as
opposed to oral) "protests" to the proposed "fee or charge." (Italics added.)
District's own notices of public hearing for the years 2012, 2013 and 2014 support
this interpretation. The 2012 public hearing notice states: "Any property owner or any
tenant directly responsible for the payment of water or wastewater service fees may
section 6, which provides: "The amount of a fee or charge imposed upon any parcel or person as an incident of property ownership shall not exceed the proportional cost of the service attributable to the parcel." As also noted, the court never reached this issue, however, as it went to the merits or "phase 2" of the dispute that was rendered moot by the court's finding in "phase 1" that plaintiffs failed to exhaust their administrative remedies either by not objecting in writing before, or by appearing at, the annual budget hearings when District increased the wastewater system rates per EDU. 15
submit a written protest to the proposed increases to the rates and fees; provided,
however, only one protest will be counted per identified parcel. Any written protest must
. . . state that the identified property owner or tenant is opposed to the proposed water rate
and/or wastewater service fee increases" among other requirements. (Italics added.)
The notice goes on to state that, when submitting a protest, an owner or tenant
must identify on the envelope that the "enclosed protest is for the Public Hearing on the
Proposed Increases to Rates for Water and Wastewater Service Fees" (italics added); that
District at the hearing "will hear and consider all written and oral protests to the proposed
rate increases"; and that, at the conclusion of the public hearing, the District board "will
consider adoption of the proposed rate and fee increases" unless a majority of "property
owners or customers" submitted written protests against such increases. (Italics added.)
This language is also included in the public hearing notices for 2013 and 2014.
Thus, District's own public notices support the conclusion that the administrative
remedy in subdivision (a)(2) of section 6 is limited to a protest over the imposition of, or
increase in, rates for water and wastewater service fees, as opposed to protests over
whether District complied with the substantive requirements of subdivision (b) of this
section.
Second, assuming for the sake of argument a challenge to the substantive
requirements of subdivision (b) of section 6 falls within the scope of the administrative
remedies set forth in subdivision (a)(2) of that section, we nonetheless conclude under the
facts of this case that these administrative remedies are inadequate. (See Glendale City
Employees' Ass'n v. Glendale (1975) 15 Cal.3d 328, 343 (Glendale).)
16
Here, the record shows that District provides wastewater services to about 40,000
people in Ramona, or to about 6,900 parcel owners. The record also shows that only four
"people" (as opposed to "parcel owners") protested the sewer service fees or charges in
2012; eight people protested in 2013; and 12 people protested such fees or charges in
2014. The record further shows that, with the exception of two protests in 2014, none of
these protests went to the proportionality requirement that is the subject of this lawsuit.
(§ 6, subd. (b)(3).)10
The record therefore shows it would have been nearly impossible during these
years for plaintiffs to obtain "written protests" from a "majority" of parcel owners in
order to trigger the primary administrative remedy set forth in subdivision (a)(2) of
section 6—rejection of the imposed or increased fee or charge.
In contrast to the majority requirement in section 6, subdivision (a)(2), section 4—
which the trial court incorrectly relied on in its statement of decision when imposing a
mandatory exhaustion requirement on plaintiffs—includes a balloting procedure for any
"assessment" sought to be imposed by an agency. Subdivision (c) of section 4 provides
that, in addition to notice of the date, time, and location of the public hearing concerning
any proposed assessment, each notice "shall also include, in a conspicuous place thereon,
a summary of the procedures applicable to the completion, return, and tabulation of the
ballots required pursuant to subdivision (d), including a disclosure statement that the
10 District in its respondent's brief claims there were actually six written protests in 2012 and nine in 2013. In reviewing the record, we counted five written protests in 2012 and eight in 2012. In any event, the point is there were very few written protests during the relevant time period. 17
existence of a majority protest, as defined in subdivision (e), will result in the assessment
not being imposed." (Italics added.)
Subdivision (d) of section 4 further provides that the notice sent to each identified
parcel "shall contain a ballot which includes the agency's address for receipt of the ballot
once completed by any owner receiving the notice whereby the owner may indicate his or
her name, reasonable identification of the parcel, and his or her support or opposition to
the proposed assessment." (Italics added.) Subdivision (e) of this section provides in
part that, at the public hearing, the "agency shall consider all protests against the
proposed assessment and tabulate the ballots. The agency shall not impose an
assessment if there is a majority protest. A majority protest exists if, upon the conclusion
of the hearing, ballots submitted in opposition to the assessment exceed the ballots
submitted in favor of the assessment. In tabulating the ballots, the ballots shall be
weighted according to the proportional financial obligation of the affected property."
(Italics added.)
Clearly, section 4 has procedures—including a balloting requirement—that are
nonexistent in subdivision (a)(2) of section 6. For this reason, we conclude the court
erred in relying on section 4 when it imposed on plaintiffs a mandatory exhaustion
requirement.11
11 We note subdivision (c) of section 6 requires approval "by a majority vote" before a "property related fee or charge" may be imposed when that fee or charge does not involve "sewer, water, and refuse collection services." (Italics added.) Under subdivision (c) of section 6, the agency is required to "adopt procedures similar to those for increases in assessments [in section 4] in the conduct of elections under this subdivision." Because the instant case involves "sewer . . . collection services," subdivision (c) of section 6 is inapplicable.
18
What's more, the record shows that, at all times relevant, each of the named
plaintiffs were "commercial business owners" in the Santa Maria sewer area. The record
further shows that within this area, commercial properties account for only about 15
percent (or 257 of 1,750) of the parcels, with the remaining 85 percent primarily being
residential properties (i.e., assigned an EDU of 1.5 or less).
As such, if commercial property owners "successfully argued that they were
overcharged for sewer service charges, the source of the funds for any potential refunds
would be higher assessments on other property owners, who are predominately property
owners." Because the relief plaintiffs are seeking in the instant case will potentially
require other parcel owners to pay higher fees or charges for wastewater services—what
District describes as a "zero-sum game"12—it seems implausible plaintiffs would ever
have been able to secure written opposition by a "majority" of parcel owners in order to
trigger the primary administrative remedy in subdivision (a)(2) of section 6.
Without the administrative remedy that requires a "majority" of parcel owners to
protest in writing to the proposed "fee or charge," a parcel owner is left solely with the
right to "protest" the proposed "fee or charge." Although subdivision (a)(2) requires the
agency to "consider all protests" at the public meeting, we conclude merely having an
agency consider a protest—without more—is insufficient to create a mandatory
exhaustion requirement. (See Glendale, supra, 15 Cal.3d at pp. 342-343 [noting a
12 Merriam-Webster defines the term "zero-sum game" to mean a "situation in which one person or group can win something only by causing another person or group to lose it <Dividing up the budget is a zero-sum game.>" (See Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary (2017) <http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/zero-sum game> [as of June 1, 2017]. 19
"procedure which provides merely for the submission of a grievance form, without the
taking of testimony, the submission of legal briefs, or resolution by an impartial finder of
fact is manifestly inadequate to handle disputes of the crucial and complex nature of the
instant case" involving a memorandum of understanding adopted under the Meyers-
Milias-Brown Act (Stats. 1968, ch. 1390)]; see also City of Oakland, supra, 224
Cal.App.4th at pp. 236-237 [noting even if a city's charter language requiring a public
hearing before a police and retirement board " 'in all proceedings pertaining to retirement
and to the granting of retirement allowances, pensions, and death benefits' " was broadly
construed to include disputes with the city, the court would still conclude that the process
articulated in the charter was insufficient to create a mandatory exhaustion requirement
because the "public hearing requirement contained in [the c]harter [did] not require the
[b]oard to do anything in response to the submissions or testimony received by it at the
hearing" and, thus, "the procedure does not provide for the acceptance, evaluation and
resolution of disputes"]; Payne v. Anaheim Memorial Medical Center, Inc. (2005) 130
Cal.App.4th 729, 741-742 [concluding the physician plaintiff's allegations "against his
coworkers present[ed] complex issues -- a pattern of racist conduct intended to provide
his minority patients with a lesser standard of care, and to interfere with his own ability to
care of them," and, thus, further concluding that, unless the court presumed such
allegations were unfounded, "which [it was] not permitted to do," the court could not
"agree that the procedure outlined in [the hospital's bylaws], which, as in Glendale . . . ,
'provides merely for the submission of the grievance form, without the taking of
testimony, the submission of legal briefs, or resolution by an impartial finder of fact'
[was] adequate to resolve them"]; City of Coachella v. Riverside County Airport Land
20
Use Com. (1989) 210 Cal.App.3d 1277, 1287 [concluding the public hearing process of
the airport land use commission with respect to the adoption of the commission's land use
plan did not constitute an adequate administrative remedy because the "public hearings
held by the [c]ommission with regard to the adoption of [that plan] did not require that
the [c]ommission do anything in response to submissions or testimony received by it
incident to those hearings"]; Jacobs v. State Bd. of Optometry (1978) 81 Cal.App.3d
1022, 1029, quoting Rosenfield v. Malcom (1967) 65 Cal.2d 559, 566 [noting the "mere
possession by some official body, such as the board, of a 'continuing supervisory or
investigatory power' does not itself suffice to afford an administrative remedy" and
further noting "[t]here must be 'clearly defined machinery' for the submission, evaluation
and resolution of complaints by aggrieved parties"]; Sunnyvale Public Safety Officers
Assn. v. City of Sunnyvale (1976) 55 Cal.App.3d 732, 736 [noting the administrative
procedures enacted by the city for the settlement of employee grievances and disputes
involving the city and public safety officers were inadequate as such procedures neither
provided for a hearing before the city council nor the "taking of testimony [n]or the
submission of legal briefs"]; Martino v. Concord Community Hosp. Dist. (1965) 233
Cal.App.2d 51, 57 [rejecting hospital's contention that physician had no right to judicial
relief after seeking appointment to the medical staff because he had failed to appeal to the
executive committee of the hospital staff as authorized in the hospital's bylaws, after
concluding the hospital's procedures were "nebulous" because they did "not set forth any
procedure for the hearing or determination of the appeal and state[] only that it shall be
'considered' " under the bylaws]; and Henry George School of Social Science v. San
Diego Unified School Dist. (1960) 183 Cal.App.2d 82, 85 [rejecting a school board's
21
claim that plaintiff had failed to exhaust its administrative remedies in connection with
plaintiff's efforts to enjoin the board from enforcing rental charges in excess of those
authorized by state law because "no authority has been cited, and we have found none,
that applies the doctrine of exhaustion of administrative remedy to any case where no
specific remedy is provided, permitted or authorized by statute or by rule of the
administrative agency involved"].)
Like the trial court in its statement of decision, District relies extensively on
Wallich's to support its contention plaintiffs were required to exhaust their administrative
remedies either by objecting beforehand in writing to the proposed increase in wastewater
services fees or by appearing at the public hearing(s) when this issue was taken up by
District in connection with its annual budget. In Wallich's, the court ruled the plaintiff
failed to exhaust its administrative remedy when it challenged various assessments
imposed under the Citrus Pest District Control Law (Food & Agr. Code, § 8401 et seq.;
hereinafter pest control law) by the Kern County Citrus Pest Control District in
connection with its efforts to eradicate the citrus tristeza virus. (Wallich's, supra, 87
Cal.App.4th at p. 880.)
In reaching its decision, the Wallich's court noted that the pest control law
provided "a specific mechanism for levying and assessing taxes for district purposes."
(Wallich's, supra, 87 Cal.App.4th at p. 880.) The court further noted that, " '[g]iven the
public health and safety issues inherent in the [p]est [c]ontrol [l]aw, in addition to the
policy of resolving disputes expeditiously,' " a "general exhaustion rule" was warranted
(id. at p. 884); and, therefore, that the appropriate procedure for challenging the
assessments was for the plaintiff to first exhaust its remedy by challenging the budget
22
before the district, which could only be adopted after a noticed hearing and which the
plaintiff had failed to do. (Id. at pp. 884-885.)
We conclude Wallach's is inapposite in the instant case. First, although the
plaintiff in Wallach's contended the imposition of assessments violated Proposition 218
among other constitutional provisions, as noted the Wallach court found there was a
"general exhaustion" requirement under the pest control law, and, thus, unlike the trial
court in the instant case, the court in Wallach's did not impose an exhaustion requirement
under Proposition 218. (See Wallich's, supra, 87 Cal.App.4th at p. 884.) In fact, the trial
court in Wallich's found the district in that case was exempt from article XIII D (as a
result of section 5, subdivision (a), which subdivision is not at issue in the instant case).
(Wallich's, at p. 882.)
Second, in contrast to section 6, which generally applies to the imposition or
increase in any "fee or charge" by any agency, the pest control law is a "comprehensive
legislative scheme" (see City of Oakland, supra, 224 Cal.App.4th at p. 237) providing for
the formation (Food & Agr. Code, § 8451 et seq.) and organization of districts (id.,
§ 8501 et seq.); setting forth the powers and duties of districts (id., § 8551 et seq.),
including the levying and assessing of taxes for district purposes (id., § 8601 et seq.); and
providing for the consolidation and, ultimately, dissolution of districts (id., §§ 8701 et
seq. & 8751 et seq., respectively).
For this separate reason, we conclude Wallich's—and its requirement that a party
challenging an assessment exhaust its administrative remedy under a "comprehensive
legislative scheme" (i.e., the pest control law)—is distinguishable from the instant case.
(See also Woodard v. Broadway Federal Sav. & Loan Asso. (1952) 111 Cal.App.2d 218,
23
223-225 [concluding a challenge to validity of an election must first be brought to what
was then known as the "Home Loan Bank Board" (12 U.S.C. former § 1462), which
promulgated under federal law "comprehensive" and "explicit" rules and regulations
governing the operation of federal savings and loan associations from their inception to
their dissolution].)
Third, the pest control law requires a district board, after adopting a plan to control
and eradiate citrus pests within the district (Food & Agr. Code, § 8557), to "make or
cause to be made an estimate of the cost of operating the plan for the next fiscal year
beginning not sooner than 90 days thereafter" (id., § 8558, italics added). The pest
control law expressly requires a district board to hold an annual "budget hearing" to
institute that plan. (See id., §§ 8560 [budget hearing, time, and place]; 8561 [publication
of notice]; 8562 [notice, duration of publication]; 8563 [contents of notice]; 8564
[protests against budget or items]; 8565 [hearing protests against budget or items]; &
8566 [adoption of the budget for the forthcoming fiscal year].)
Unlike the pest control law, section 6 does not require an agency such as District
to hold an annual meeting. As such, if an agency such as District decided not to impose a
new or increased fee or charge year over year, parcel owners like plaintiffs herein
challenging the method used by an agency to determine such fees or charges would have
no remedy, adequate or otherwise, under section 6 during such period. For this separate
reason, we conclude Wallich's is inapposite in the instant case.
Fourth, in contrast to the instant case in which plaintiffs' action presented a
substantive challenge to the method used by District to determine its wastewater service
fees via an EDU system, in Wallich's the plaintiff merely challenged the amount it was
24
assessed on various parcels over a three-year period. The court in Wallich's noted that,
after the budget was fixed by the agency in that case, the " 'computation of the
assessments [was] a simple matter of division and amount[ed] to no more than the
performance of a ministerial act.' " (Wallich's, supra, 87 Cal.App.4th at p. 885, quoting
Irvine v. Citrus Pest Dist. (1944) 62 Cal.App.2d 378, 383.) Thus, the nature of the
challenge by the plaintiff in Wallich's further distinguishes it from the instant case.
Finally, the trial court in its statement of decision found plaintiffs had in fact
exhausted their administrative remedy under the RMWD legislative code as a result of
plaintiffs' November 21, 2013 submission of a written administrative claim to District.
Included with the administrative claim was a draft complaint, which the trial court noted
was "similar to the one [they] later filed with the [c]ourt." As such, the draft complaint
included a detailed explanation of plaintiffs' challenge to the EDU system. District
ultimately rejected that claim.
The trial court further noted in its statement of decision that District conceded both
in its reply brief in support of its bifurcation motion and at the hearing that plaintiffs'
administrative claim satisfied the general exhaustion requirement under the RMWD
legislative code.13 For this separate reason, we conclude the facts in the instant case are
13 Also in support of the general exhaustion requirement, plaintiffs contend they made numerous other attempts in addition to filing their administrative claim to apprise District of the nature of their claims short of objecting in writing before and/or appearing at the public meetings in 2012, 2013, and 2014. Such efforts included a letter sent by Plantier's then legal counsel to District in July 2012 in which his counsel alleged the EDU system was "arbitrary and discriminatory" as it pertained to Plantier's commercial property; an August 2012 letter sent directly by Plantier to District memorializing a meeting between him and District earlier that month; and a letter sent in December 2012 by a consumer advocacy group on behalf of Plantier stating the EDU-based wastewater rate structure was unconstitutional because of the alleged lack of a rational relationship 25
distinguishable from those in Wallich's, where the plaintiff did not attempt whatsoever to
exhaust its administrative remedy under the "general exhaustion" rule set forth in the pest
control law. (See Wallich's, supra, 87 Cal.App.4th at p. 884.)
In sum, we conclude under the facts of the instant case that plaintiffs were not
required to exhaust the administrative remedies in subdivision (a)(2) of section 6 either
by objecting in writing beforehand to the annual increase in wastewater service fees
District sought to impose in 2012, 2013, and 2014 and/or by appearing at the hearings in
those years to challenge publicly such increases.14
between the EDU system and the actual wastewater used by a customer. However, in light of the concession by District that plaintiffs' administrative claim satisfied the general exhaustion requirement in the RMWD legislative code, we find it unnecessary to determine whether this additional evidence separately satisfied this requirement.
14 In light of our decision, we conclude it is unnecessary to decide whether it was "futile" for plaintiffs to have objected in writing before and/or at the budget hearings in 2012, 2013, and 2014 in order to challenge the method in which District calculated wastewater service fees it imposed under its EDU system. (See San Diego Municipal Employees Assn. v. Superior Court (2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 1447, 1459, quoting Jonathan Neil & Assoc., Inc. v. Jones (2004) 33 Cal.4th 917, 936 [noting the " '[f]ailure to exhaust administrative remedies is excused if it is clear that exhaustion would be futile' " and further noting the " 'futility exception requires that the party invoking the exception "can positively state that the [agency] has declared what its ruling will be on a particular case" ' "].) 26
DISPOSITION
The judgment in favor of District is reversed and the matter is remanded to the
trial court. On remand, the trial court is directed to vacate its order finding plaintiffs
failed to exhaust their administrative remedies under section 6 of article XIII D and to
enter a new order finding section 6 does not include a mandatory exhaustion requirement
in this case. Plaintiffs to recover their costs of appeal.
BENKE, Acting P. J.
WE CONCUR:
O'ROURKE, J.
DATO, J.
27
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that the administrative procedures set forth in article XIII D, section 6 of the California Constitution do not constitute a mandatory exhaustion requirement for a substantive challenge to the methodology used to calculate wastewater service fees. Furthermore, the court concluded that even if such a requirement existed, the administrative remedies provided were inadequate to resolve the plaintiffs' specific legal claims.
Issues
Whether article XIII D, section 6 of the California Constitution imposes a mandatory exhaustion of administrative remedies requirement for challenges to wastewater service fees.
Whether the administrative remedies provided under section 6 are adequate to address a substantive challenge to the methodology used to calculate service fees.