court erred by finding the beneficial parental relationship exception to termination of
parental rights inapplicable. Father joins Mother‟s arguments insofar as a resolution in
her favor would benefit him. We reverse and remand the matter for a limited hearing on
the issue of the sibling relationship exception.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND2
On June 18, 2014, Merced County Human Services Agency (the Merced
Department) received a referral alleging Minor tested positive for amphetamines at birth;
Mother tested positive for amphetamines a month earlier; and Father tested positive for
methamphetamines on June 19, 2014. Relatives reported Parents had drug issues; their
1 All further statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless otherwise indicated.
2 By order dated November 3, 2016, we incorporated the record in Parents‟ previous appellate case, case No. E065642.
2
drug of choice was methamphetamines. Prior to the instant incidents, Parents had agreed
to participate in voluntary family maintenance services (VFMS) to address issues of
homelessness and substance abuse.
On July 5, 2014, an officer responded to Parents‟ residence on a report of domestic
violence between the two the day before; Mother reportedly grabbed Father by the arm
while attempting to take Minor from Father as he walked down the stairs. A relative of
Father shoved Mother into the wall; Father almost dropped Minor, but a relative caught
Minor. The officer determined that Mother was the aggressor.
Later that day, the officer returned after a second incident. Witnesses heard
screaming inside the house which sounded like a physical struggle between Parents.
Mother jumped onto Father who was lying on a bed. The officer observed Father had
sustained scratches to his neck. Minor was in close proximity during the fight. The
officer determined that Mother was possibly the aggressor in the second incident as well.
However, Father admitted “smacking” Mother four months before Minor was born.
Mother has an extensive history of domestic violence involving Father and another man,
including at least four reported incidents in 2011, 2013, and 2014.
Mother had an extensive prior history with four county departments, including 21
previous referrals.3 The previous history included substantiated allegations of neglect in
3 At the contested detention hearing, the social worker, apparently erroneously, testified that the history included 31 previous referrals.
3
2011 and 2014, substance abuse issues, and homelessness. Mother had previously
received VFMS in 2007, 2011, and 2014.
The Merced Department filed a juvenile dependency petition alleging domestic
violence incidents and substance abuse issues. Father testified at the contested detention
hearing on July 10, 2014 that he last used methamphetamine about a week prior to
Minor‟s birth. He had used methamphetamine around 30 times in 2014. Father had used
methamphetamine on and off since 2007. He hit Mother on accident and denied that she
had grabbed him; Minor did not fall; and the paternal aunt (PA) had grabbed him.
Father‟s sister-in-law and the PA shoved Mother. Father asserted his relatives were the
problem.
The social worker testified Mother informed her the domestic violence began
during her third trimester. The court detained Minor.
In the jurisdiction report filed on August 6, 2014, Mother disputed the instant
domestic violence incidents, although she admitted domestic violence in a previous
relationship. Mother reported that when she lost custody of her other children a few
years earlier, she lost everything; she then began selling and using methamphetamine.
Mother said she stopped using when she found out she was pregnant; she opined her
current positive test was due to her use of cold medication.
Mother tested negative for drugs on June 17, 2014; however, she tested positive
for amphetamines and methamphetamines on July 8, 2014 and she tested positive for
methamphetamines again on July 24, 2014. Mother said the positive tests were from
4
being in the same room with other people who were smoking methamphetamine. Father
tested negative on July 25, 2014.
In the disposition report filed on August 22, 2014, the social worker recommended
the juvenile court offer Parents reunification services. Mother denied any recent use of
methamphetamine, as did Father. Mother had been diagnosed with breast cancer two
years earlier, but did not seek timely treatment due to her lack of insurance; her prognosis
was poor. Mother reported she was dying. The social worker observed: “The [P]arents
love their child as witnessed during supervised visits.” Parents visited no less than two
hours weekly, showed Minor affection, expressed sadness when the visits were over, and
bonded with Minor during each visit.
At the jurisdiction and disposition hearing held on September 11, 2014, the
juvenile court adopted the findings in the Merced Department‟s report, sustained the
allegations, removed Minor, placed Minor with the maternal grandmother (MGM), and
ordered reunification services for Parents. On December 11, 2014, the court transferred
the matter to San Bernardino County.
In the six-month review report filed on March 9, 2015, the social worker
recommended the court return Minor to Parents‟ custody.4 Mother was in treatment for
stage four breast cancer, which included both chemotherapy and radiation; she had a
prognosis of four years left to live. Parents were attending couple‟s counseling, were in a
4 The proceedings were still occurring in Merced County. For no apparent reason, the court‟s transfer order had not been implemented.
5
substance abuse treatment program, and had urine tested negative for drugs; Father also
completed a negative hair follicle test.
Initial visitation had been set at one-hour weekly, supervised. Visitation was later
expanded to three hours weekly and then to all day and overnight visits. MGM became
incapable of caring for Minor any longer and Minor was returned to Parents‟ custody on
March 3, 2015. At the hearing on March 11, 2015, the court formally returned Minor to
Parents‟ custody under VFMS. The court transferred the matter to San Bernardino
County. San Bernardino County accepted the transfer on April 2, 2015.
In the status review report filed on September 8, 2015, the social worker from
plaintiff and respondent, San Bernardino County Children and Family Services (CFS),
recommended Minor remain with Parents, but with continued dependency jurisdiction.
Parents were participating in monthly couple‟s therapy, though their counselor described
their recent attendance as “sporadic.” Parents were also participating in a 26-week
outpatient recovery program; the program leader described Father as doing “a great job”
and that he was benefiting from the program. However, Mother did not come as often as
Father.
On June 10 and 25, 2015, Mother tested negative for controlled substances;
however, on August 20, 2015, she tested positive for amphetamines. Father tested
negative on June 29 and August 20, 2015. On June 29, 2015, Father reported that Mother
6
was beating him. Mother reported that Father had attacked and choked her. Father
reported on September 3, 2015 that Parents were living in Merced County again.5
On September 16, 2015, Minor filed a section 388 petition requesting removal
from Parents‟ custody. Minor‟s counsel noted that Parents had engaged in several
incidents of domestic violence in Minor‟s presence. Minor attached evidence consisting
of four police dispatch reports reflecting calls to Parents‟ residences between February 4
and June 29, 2015; the report dated April 27, 2015 reflected that Father reported Mother
beat him; the report dated June 29, 2015 reflected Father hit Mother in the face. Minor‟s
counsel asserted it would be in Minor‟s best interest not to be exposed to continued
incidents of domestic violence.
On September 18, 2015, CFS filed a response recommending the court deny the
petition. Mother had participated in a second, confirmation drug test on August 20, 2015,
which came back with a negative result. Parents alleged they were working out their
problems; their therapist reported they were following through with counseling. There
were no reported incidents of domestic violence since June 2015. The MGM reported
Parents were using drugs again. Parents tested negative on September 11, 2015.
On September 22, 2015, the juvenile court denied Minor‟s section 388 petition
noting that Parents were planning on moving into separate residences. The court ordered
5Parents later reported that they were actually still living in San Bernardino County, but planned to move back to Merced County.
7
that custody of Minor remain with Parents with VFMS to include a domestic violence
program.
In a detention report dated February 22, 2016, the social worker noted that Minor
had been detained on February 18, 2016. Mother reported that Father was driving her to
the hospital for treatment when she told him she was leaving him for another man; Father
slapped her in the face. Father denied the incident. However, Father was arrested
thereafter. The paternal grandfather (PGF) informed officers that Parents were “mutually
combative” and that there was an incident where Mother accidently hit Minor while
being carried by Father when attempting to hit Father.6 The PGF additionally reported
another time Father came into the house with a bloody nose after being hit by Mother.
The PGF noted Minor was often left in the crib for hours with soiled diapers while Father
used methamphetamine.
On February 22, 2016, CFS filed a supplemental juvenile dependency petition
alleging substance abuse and domestic violence problems. On February 23, 2016, the
juvenile court again detained Minor.
In the supplemental jurisdiction and disposition report filed on March 15, 2016,
the social worker recommended that the court find the allegations true, sustain the
supplemental petition, remove Minor, and offer Parents reunification services. Mother
6 It is unclear from the record whether the incident of which the PGF was speaking was one of the initiating incidents of the dependency proceedings or a more recent similar incident.
8
recounted the domestic violence incident in the car. The PA reported she had witnessed
Mother beat Father, punching him in the face while he was holding Minor. The police
had been dispatched on December 25, 2012, when Mother reported that Father was
“flipping out” after coming down off something.7 Mother reported Father was using all
his money on drugs. The PA showed the social worker a text from Father which read: “I
got some drugs . . . .”
At a hearing on March 15, 2016, counsel for CFS noted that, based on the original
petition, Parents were out of statutory time for reunification services and CFS had to
recommend termination of reunification services. In an information to the court filed on
March 24, 2016, the social worker reported that Minor “pulls back” from Mother and has
no separation anxiety at the end of visits.
On March 24, 2016, the juvenile court found the allegations in the supplemental
petition true, sustained the petition, removed Minor from Parents‟ custody, terminated
Parents‟ reunification services, and set the section 366.26 hearing. Parents filed notices
of intent to file petitions for extraordinary writs. This court dismissed the petitions for
Parents‟ failure to timely file the writ petitions.
On September 14, 2016, Mother filed a section 388 petition requesting return of
Minor with VFMS or reunification services. Mother alleged as changed circumstances
7 It is unclear from the record whether Father was merely visiting Mother‟s residence, Parents were living together again, or Parents had simply never moved into separate residences.
9
that she “has engaged in services and completed programs in Merced County. Mother
has undergone treatment for brain cancer that has stabilized her behavior and ability to
function.”8 Mother alleged her services included safety planning, case management,
individual counseling, and group counseling. She had completed a 14-week domestic
violence support group. She attached an undated letter noting she had been attending a
“Celebrate Recovery study group for the last [four] month[s].” Mother alleged the
requested change was in Minor‟s best interest because Mother had been Minor‟s primary
caregiver, until removal, since Minor‟s birth, had successfully reunified with Minor prior
to the second removal, and had consistently engaged in positive visitation. The court
summarily denied the petition on September 14, 2016, noting the request did not state
new evidence or a change of circumstances and the proposed change did not promote the
best interest of Minor.
In the section 366.26 report filed on September 16, 2016, the social worker
recommended that the court terminate Parents‟ parental rights. Minor had been placed
with the paternal grandmother (PGM) on June 24, 2016. Parents had been visiting
consistently, two hours weekly; however, due to interfamily conflicts, the location of
visits had changed from the PGM‟s house to a public location to ensure they remained
appropriate: “While these visits have been consistent, they have not been without minor
incidents in which both [P]arents and caregiver accuse each other of being disrespectful
8 It is unclear whether Mother meant “breast” cancer or had been diagnosed with another form of cancer.
10
and rude to one another (cussing, cancelling without notification, not respecting each
other‟s personal preferences regarding the nature of the visits).”
Minor referred to the PGM as “„mom.‟” The social worker noted a clear
attachment between Minor and the PGM: The PGM “continues to work on building a
strong and secure attachment with [Minor] by meeting his needs and providing him with
structure, love, and nurturing.” The PGM had known Minor since birth. The PGM
reported “„[w]e are attached and very close, he calls me “mom.”‟” She wished to adopt
Minor because “„[h]e is my grandson and he deserves to have a good life; he needs to be
safe and in a safe, loving environment, and I feel I can give him what he needs.‟”
In an information to the court filed on October 26, 2016, the social worker
supervised a two-hour visit with Parents on October 11, 2016. Parents brought toys;
Minor “was excited to see the toys, but did not have much reaction to seeing” Parents.
Father was affectionate with and played with Minor. Mother “did not engage with
[Minor] as much. Mother‟s interactions with [Minor] were not affectionate and . . . did
not [reveal] a strong attachment between them. [Minor] did not go to [Mother] for
comfort or to meet his needs.”
In another information to the court filed on the same date, the social worker noted
that poor and contentious communication between the family members had contributed to
visits being cancelled. Parents cancelled a visit scheduled for September 21, 2016
because Parents said it was raining. The PGM said it was not raining. A visit scheduled
for September 28, 2016 was terminated as the location for the visit had been changed and
11
Father said he did not know about the change. A visit scheduled for October 5, 2016 had
been cancelled as the PGM reported Father became belligerent with her and got on top of
her car in an attempt to prevent her from leaving.
At the section 366.26 hearing on October 26, 2016, Father testified he had a really
close bond with Minor, that he loves Minor, that Minor “lights up” when he sees Father,
and that it would be detrimental to Minor if Father‟s parental rights were terminated.
Mother testified she has a parent-child relationship with Minor, that Minor likes to be
physically close to her, that Minor calls her “[m]om,” and that she has a significant bond
with him. Mother testified she visited with Minor every week. The court found Minor
adoptable, found no beneficial relationship exception applicable, and terminated Parents‟
parental rights.
12
II. DISCUSSION
A. Mother’s Section 388 Petition9
Mother contends the court erred by denying her an evidentiary hearing on her
section 388 petition. We disagree.
“To prevail on a section 388 petition, the moving party must establish that (1) new
evidence or changed circumstances exist, and (2) the proposed change would promote the
best interests of the child. [Citation.]” (In re J.T. (2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 953, 965.)
“Under section 388, a party „need only make a prima facie showing to trigger the right to
proceed by way of a full hearing.‟ [Citation.] The prima facie showing is not met unless
the facts alleged, if supported by evidence given credit at the hearing, would sustain a
favorable decision on the petition. [Citation.] In determining whether the petition makes
the necessary showing, the court may consider the entire factual and procedural history of
the case. [Citation.] The petition must be liberally construed in favor of its sufficiency.
[Citations.]” (In re J.P. (2014) 229 Cal.App.4th 108, 127.)
9 Mother contends her appeal from the order terminating her parental rights should encompass the order denying her section 388 petition, even though she did not specify that order in her appeal, because that order was within 60 days of her filing of the notice of appeal. CFS, without conceding the issue, notes that regardless of whether this court chooses to liberally construe the notice of appeal as requested by Mother, the court did not err in denying her petition. We note that other courts have so construed the notice of appeal as requested by Mother and we will do so here. (In re Madison W. (2006) 141 Cal.App.4th 1447, 1451 [a parent‟s notice of appeal from an order terminating parental rights is liberally construed to encompass the denial of the parent‟s § 388 petition, provided the denial occurred within the 60-day period prior to the filing of the notice of appeal]; accord, In re Angelina E. (2015) 233 Cal.App.4th 583, 585, fn. 2.)
13
“We review a summary denial of a hearing on a modification petition for abuse of
discretion. [Citation.] Under this standard of review, we will not disturb the decision of
the trial court unless the trial court exceeded the limits of legal discretion by making an
arbitrary, capricious or patently absurd determination. [Citation.]” (In re A.S. (2009) 180
Cal.App.4th 351, 358.) Chronic substance abuse is generally considered a serious
problem and, therefore, is less likely to be satisfactorily ameliorated in the brief time
between termination of services and the section 366.26 hearing. (In re Kimberly F.
(1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 519, 528, 531, fn. 9 [“It is the nature of addiction that one must be
„clean‟ for a much longer period than 120 days to show real reform.”]; In re Amber M.
(2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 681, 686 [no abuse of discretion in denying § 388 petition where
mother established only a 372-day period of abstinence]; In re Cliffton B. (2000) 81
Cal.App.4th 415, 423 [“seven months of sobriety since . . . relapse . . . , while
commendable, was nothing new.”]; In re Ernesto R. (2014) 230 Cal.App.4th 219, 223
[“To support a section 388 petition, the change in circumstances must be substantial.
[Citation.] [A parent‟s] recent sobriety reflects „changing,‟ not changed, circumstances.
[Citation.]”].)
Even if the juvenile court errs in failing to hold an evidentiary hearing on a section
388 petition, that error will be held harmless unless there is a reasonable probability that
in the absence of the error a result more favorable to the petitioner would have been
reached. (In re J.P., supra, 229 Cal.App.4th at pp. 128-129 [harmless where juvenile
court erroneously failed to hold a hearing on a § 388 petition]; In re G.B. (2014) 227
14
Cal.App.4th 1147, 1162 [erroneous denial of hearing on second § 388 petition harmless
where hearing was granted on first petition and where petitioner failed to identify
additional evidence she would present at hearing]; In re Victoria C. (2002) 100
Cal.App.4th 536, 544 [erroneous denial of hearing on § 388 petition harmless where
juvenile court had considered evidence attached to petition in periodic review hearing].)
Here, one of the primary bases for jurisdiction in the instant case was the sustained
allegations that Mother had an extensive history of substance abuse issues which placed
Minor at risk of harm. Mother tested positive for amphetamines a month prior to Minor‟s
birth. Relatives reported she had drug issues, particularly with methamphetamine.
Mother had previous substantiated allegations regarding substance abuse issues. Mother
reported that she began using and selling methamphetamine a few years earlier when she
lost custody of her other children.
Nevertheless, while Mother participated in a 26-week outpatient recovery
program, it was noted that she attended less frequently than did Father. Indeed, there is
no indication in the record that Mother actually completed the program. In fact, Mother
subsequently had two positive drug tests in July 2014, and one in August 2015.10
In Mother‟s petition dated September 14, 2016, with respect to substance abuse
issues, Mother attached only an undated letter noting she had been attending a “Celebrate
Recovery study group for the last [four] month[s].” The lack of a date on the letter, the
10 Although a confirmation test apparently conducted the same day came back as negative.
15
lack of specificity regarding the nature of the program, and, in particular, Mother‟s failure
to even allege any period of sobriety, in and of itself, establish a lack of a prima facie
case for a change in circumstances. Indeed, the last record of a drug test in which Mother
participated was the September 11, 2015 test, more than a year earlier.
Moreover, the other primary basis for jurisdiction was Mother‟s engagement in
domestic violence, not only as a victim, but also as an aggressor. The officer who
investigated the two initiating incidents reported that Mother was the aggressor in the
first incident and the possible aggressor in the second. Father reported that Mother beat
him. The PGF reported that Parents were “mutually combative” and that Mother had hit
Minor accidently in an attempt to hit Father while he was carrying Minor. The PA
reported witnessing Mother beat Father, punching him in the face while he was holding
Minor.
However, Mother‟s only basis for alleging a change of circumstances with respect
to domestic violence was her completion of a 14-week domestic violence support group.
At best, the rational inference of her attendance of a support group is that it was directed
at victims rather than perpetrators of domestic violence. Mother never alleged she had
participated in any program to address her issues with initiating domestic violence.
Finally, Mother‟s assertion that it would be in the best interest of Minor to return
him to her care or offer her additional reunification services fails. The record reflects that
Mother herself reported that she lost custody of all her previous children. Prior to the
initiation of the proceedings in the instant case, Mother was already receiving VFMS.
16
Mother received 18 months of reunification and family maintenance services in the
instant case; Mother was out of the statutory time for continued reunification services.
CFS had to remove Minor from Mother‟s custody twice in the instant case. Minor
was out of Mother‟s custody at less than a month old in July 2014, until March 3, 2015,
and then from February 18, 2016 to the date Mother filed her petition; thus, Minor had
spent more than half his life outside Mother‟s custody.
Mother had not received unsupervised visitation since February 2016, eight
months earlier. Mother testified she never missed any visitation, but this is belied by the
social worker‟s report that Parents missed visitation on September 21, 2016. A foster
parent reported that Minor pulled away from Mother and had no separation anxiety when
visits ended. The social worker‟s report indicated that Minor did not have much reaction
upon first seeing Mother during visitation, Mother did not engage with Minor much
during visitation, her interactions with him were not affectionate, and there was not a
strong attachment between the two. Thus, the court did not abuse its discretion in
summarily denying Mother‟s petition.
Counterbalanced with information provided subsequent to the court‟s denial of
Mother‟s petition regarding the relationship between Minor and the PGM renders any
error in the denial of a hearing harmless. Minor referred to the PGM as “mom.” The
social worker observed a clear attachment between Minor and the PGM. The PGM
“continues to work on building a strong and secure attachment with [Minor] by meeting
his needs and providing him with structure, love, and nurturing.” She had known Minor
17
since his birth. The PGM wanted to adopt Minor because “„[h]e is my grandson and he
deserves to have a good life; he needs to be safe and in a safe, loving environment, and I
feel I can give him what he needs.‟” Thus, Mother failed to make a prima facie claim for
a change of circumstances. Regardless, even if the court erred in declining to hold a
hearing on the petition, any error was harmless because Mother‟s requested relief would
not have been in Minor‟s best interest.
B. Due Process
Mother contends the court violated her due process rights by preventing her from
testifying regarding Minor‟s relationship with his sibling; hence, effectively negating any
evidentiary basis she might have had for arguing the sibling relationship exception to
termination of parental rights. We agree.
While Mother‟s counsel examined Mother during the section 366.26 hearing,
counsel asked if Mother had any other children. Mother responded that she did. Counsel
asked if any were living with her. Mother responded that her middle, eight-year-old son
lived with her. Counsel for CFS objected on the basis of relevance. The court observed:
“I‟m not sure why this is relevant . . . .” Mother‟s attorney argued: “Well, he does have
a relationship, essentially, with the maternal family, including his full siblings. I feel that
it gives a bigger picture of—a better picture of the relationship that he has, that it‟s just
not simply with Mother, it‟s with the entire family.” The court replied: “Except the only
consideration that we have today is the relationship with the [M]other and the [F]ather.
18
So that is the relationship that is the one required to have the scrutiny for a [section]
[366].26 [hearing].”
“Reflecting the Legislature‟s preference for adoption when possible, the „sibling
relationship exception contains strong language creating a heavy burden for the party
opposing adoption. It only applies when the juvenile court determines that there is a
“compelling reason” for concluding that the termination of parental rights would be
“detrimental” to the child due to “substantial interference” with a sibling relationship.‟
[Citation.] Indeed, even if adoption would interfere with a strong sibling relationship, the
court must nevertheless weigh the benefit to the child of continuing the sibling
relationship against the benefit the child would receive by gaining a permanent home
through adoption. [Citation.]” (In re Celine R. (2003) 31 Cal.4th 45, 61.) Parents have
the burden of establishing the applicability of the exception. (See In re Megan S. (2002)
104 Cal.App.4th 247, 252.)
In reviewing challenges to a trial court‟s decision as to the applicability of these
exceptions, we will employ the substantial evidence or abuse of discretion standards of
review depending on the nature of the challenge. (In re Bailey J. (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th
1308, 1315-1316.) We will apply the substantial evidence standard of review to evaluate
the evidentiary showing with respect to factual issues, such as whether the child has a
close and strong bond with a sibling (for the sibling relationship exception). (Id. at p.
1315; § 366.26, subd. (c)(1)(B)(i), (v).) However, a challenge to the trial court‟s
determination of questions such as whether, given the existence of a sibling relationship,
19
there is a compelling reason for determining that termination of parental rights would be
detrimental to the child “„is a quintessentially discretionary determination.‟” (In re Scott
B. (2010) 188 Cal.App.4th 452, 469.) We review such decisions for abuse of discretion.
(Ibid.)
In the dependency context, both standards call for a high degree of appellate court
deference. (In re Scott B., supra, 188 Cal.App.4th at p. 469; In re Jasmine D. (2000) 78
Cal.App.4th 1339, 1351.) “[T]he ultimate question is whether adoption would be
detrimental to the adoptive child, not someone else.” (In re Celine R., supra, 31 Cal.4th
at p. 55.) “„The author of the legislation adding the sibling relationship exception
anticipated that “use of the new exception „will likely be rare,‟” meaning “that the child‟s
relationship with his or her siblings would rarely be sufficiently strong to outweigh the
benefits of adoption.”‟ [Citations.]” (In re D.O. (2016) 247 Cal.App.4th 166, 174.) “In
dependency proceedings, due process violations have been held subject to the harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt standard of prejudice. [Citations.]” (In re Justice P. (2004)
123 Cal.App.4th 181, 193.)
“Of course a parent has a right to „due process‟ at the hearing under section 366.26
which results in the actual termination of parental rights.” (In re Jeanette V. (1998) 68
Cal.App.4th 811, 816.) “Due process is a flexible concept which depends upon the
circumstances and a balancing of various factors. [Citation.] The due process right to
present evidence is limited to relevant evidence of significant probative value to the issue
before the court. [Citations.]” (Id. at p. 817.) Juvenile courts typically allow parents to
20
testify regarding the relationship a minor may have with his siblings. (In re I.R. (2014)
226 Cal.App.4th 201, 207; In re Bailey J., supra, 189 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1317-1318.)
Here, contrary to the juvenile court‟s statement that only the relationship between
Parents and Minor was at issue, Minor‟s relationship with his siblings was also at issue.
This is because substantial interference with a strong relationship with any sibling is one
of the specifically enumerated statutory exceptions to termination of parental rights.
Here, the juvenile court‟s prohibition against further questioning regarding
Minor‟s bond with his sibling eliminated any evidentiary basis for Mother to argue the
sibling relationship exception applied. Indeed, we can find no other evidence in the
record to suggest Mother had custody of any of her other children and that they had any
relationship with Minor. In fact, the evidence in the record suggests the contrary, that
Mother no longer had custody of any of her other children.
Thus, if Mother testified that she had regained custody of one of her children this
would have placed the sibling relationship exception at issue because Mother had also
regained custody of Minor for nearly a year during the proceedings below. The error
cannot be deemed harmless because we cannot say how long Minor and his sibling may
have lived with one another, what the degree of their bond might have been, and what
credibility the juvenile court would have given Mother‟s testimony on the issue.
Therefore, the matter must be reversed and remanded for a hearing on the degree, if any,
of any relationship between Minor and his siblings.
21
C. The Beneficial Parental Bond Exception
Mother contends the court erred in determining the beneficial parental bond
exception to termination of parental rights was inapplicable. We disagree.
Once reunification services have been terminated and a child has been found
adoptable, “adoption should be ordered unless exceptional circumstances exist.” (In re
Casey D. (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 38, 51.) Under section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)(B)(i),
one such exception exists where “„[t]he parents . . . have maintained regular visitation
and contact with the [child] and the [child] would benefit from continuing the
relationship.‟” (In re Brandon C. (1999) 71 Cal.App.4th 1530, 1534.) A beneficial
relationship is established if it “„promotes the well-being of the child to such a degree as
to outweigh the well-being the child would gain in a permanent home with new, adoptive
parents.‟” (Ibid., quoting In re Autumn H. (1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 567, 575.) “The parent
has the burden of proving that termination would be detrimental to the child . . . .” (In re
Jasmine D., supra, 78 Cal.App.4th at p. 1350; In re Jerome D. (2000) 84 Cal.App.4th
1200, 1207.)
“„[T]he court balances the strength and quality of the natural parent[-]child
relationship in a tenuous placement against the security and the sense of belonging a new
family would confer. If severing the natural parent[-]child relationship would deprive the
child of a substantial, positive emotional attachment such that the child would be greatly
harmed, the preference for adoption is overcome and the natural parent‟s rights are not
terminated.‟ [Citation.]” (In re C.F. (2011) 193 Cal.App.4th 549, 555.)
22
“[I]t is only in an extraordinary case that preservation of the parent‟s rights will
prevail over the Legislature‟s preference for adoptive placement.” (In re Jasmine D.,
supra, 78 Cal.App.4th at p. 1350; accord, In re Casey D., supra, 70 Cal.App.4th at p. 51.)
“We determine whether there is substantial evidence to support the trial court‟s ruling by
reviewing the evidence most favorably to the prevailing party and indulging in all
legitimate and reasonable inferences to uphold the court‟s ruling. [Citation.] If the
court‟s ruling is supported by substantial evidence, the reviewing court must affirm the
court‟s rejection of the exceptions to termination of parental rights . . . .” (In re S.B.
(2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 289, 297-298.)
Here, early reports reflected that “[P]arents love their child as witnessed during
when a visit was over, and bonded with Minor during each visit. Indeed, Parents moved
from once weekly two-hour visits to three hours weekly to all day visits to overnight
visits. Eventually, Minor was placed back in the custody of Parents.
However, the court later detained and removed Minor from Parents‟ custody a
second time after several incidents of domestic violence took place in Minor‟s presence.
Since the second detention in February 2016, eight months earlier, Mother had not
received unsupervised visitation. Mother testified she never missed any visitation, but
this is belied by the social worker‟s report that both Parents missed visitation on
September 21, 2016, and possibly on other dates as well.
23
A foster parent reported that Minor pulled away from Mother and had no
separation anxiety when visits ended. The social worker‟s report indicated that Minor did
not have much reaction upon first seeing Mother, Mother did not engage with Minor
much during visitation, her interactions with him were not affectionate, and there was not
a strong attachment between the two. The Merced Department detained Minor before he
was even a month old and he was out of Mother‟s custody until March 3, 2015, and then
from February 18, 2016 to the date of the section 366.26 hearing; thus, Minor had spent
more than half his life outside Mother‟s custody.
When considered in context with the information provided regarding the
relationship between Minor and the PGM, there was no apparent detriment to Minor from
terminating Mother‟s parental rights. Minor referred to the PGM as “mom.” The social
worker observed a clear attachment between Minor and the PGM. The PGM “continues
to work on building a strong and secure attachment with [Minor] by meeting his needs
and providing him with structure, love, and nurturing.” She had known Minor since his
birth. The PGM wanted to adopt Minor because “„[h]e is my grandson and he deserves
to have a good life; he needs to be safe and in a safe, loving environment, and I feel I can
give him what he needs.‟” Thus, Mother failed to prove termination of her parental rights
would be detrimental to Minor. Substantial evidence supports the court‟s order.
III. DISPOSITION
The order terminating Parents‟ parental rights is reversed and the matter is
remanded for a limited evidentiary hearing on the issue of the applicability of the sibling
24
relationship exception. Parents shall be permitted, if they so desire, to testify regarding
the quality of any relationship between Minor and any of his siblings. The juvenile court
shall then make a determination regarding whether the sibling relationship exception
overrides the legislative preference for adoption. In all other respects, the judgment is
affirmed.
McKINSTER J.
We concur:
HOLLENHORST Acting P.J.
MILLER J.
25
Filed 4/18/17
CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
In re J.S., a Person Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law.
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES, E067122
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super.Ct.No. J259403)
v. ORDER GRANTING PUBLICATION J.K. et al.,
Defendants and Appellants.
THE COURT
A request having been made to this Court pursuant to California Rules of Court, rule 8.1120(a), for partial publication of a nonpublished opinion heretofore filed in the above entitled matter on April 5, 2017, and it appearing that the opinion meets the standard for publication as specified in California Rules of Court, rule 8.1105(c),
1
IT IS ORDERED that said opinion be certified for partial publication, with the exception of section II.A. and C., pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 8.1105(b), 8.1105(c)(4), and 8.1105(c)(6).
McKINSTER J.
We concur:
HOLLENHORST Acting P. J.
MILLER J.
2
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that the juvenile court erred by precluding testimony regarding the minor's sibling relationship, which is a relevant factor under the sibling relationship exception to the termination of parental rights. The court affirmed the denial of the mother's section 388 petition but reversed and remanded for a limited hearing on the sibling relationship exception.
Issues
Did the juvenile court err in summarily denying the mother's section 388 petition without an evidentiary hearing?
Did the juvenile court violate the mother's due process rights by excluding testimony regarding the minor's sibling relationship?
Did the juvenile court err in finding the beneficial parental relationship exception inapplicable?
Disposition. Affirmed in part and reversed in part.
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“We reverse and remand the matter for a limited hearing on the issue of the sibling relationship exception.”
“The court found Minor adoptable, found no beneficial relationship exception applicable, and terminated Parents‟ parental rights.”