The instant case is a prime example of the harsh consequences that result when a
commissioner neglects, at the outset of the cause, to obtain the parties' consent for the
commissioner to hear and decide the cause before making any substantive rulings. This
case is even more troubling because the superior court had available a form, D-204 (rev.
2012) titled "Stipulation for Court Commissioner to Act as Temporary Judge for All
Purposes" (D-204 form), that, if signed by the parties and/or their attorneys, gave the
commissioner the power to hear and decide the cause. Thus, the tantamount stipulation
doctrine should never have been an issue in this case.
Appellant Marc Djulus (Marc), appearing in propria persona as is respondent Kelli
McClintock (Kelli), appeals the judgment of dissolution entered in December 2015.
Among other contentions, Marc asserts the commissioner lacked jurisdiction to hear and
decide the cause because the record contains insufficient evidence to support the
commissioner's finding in June 2014 that Marc consented to the commissioner hearing
the cause as a result of his participation as a pro se litigant in the initial hearing of the
2
parties in March 2014—when the commissioner made several rulings ostensibly not in
Marc's favor.
The commissioner made this finding at the outset of the June hearing after
realizing the parties had not yet been provided with and signed the D-204 form.
Although Kelli and her counsel then signed the D-204 form, Marc refused. Rather than
taking the simple step of stopping the proceedings and sending the cause back for
reassignment, the commissioner instead ruled the tantamount stipulation doctrine applied,
despite the absence of any evidence that Marc knew, or should have known, at the outset
of the March 2014 hearing that the judicial officer was a commissioner, and despite the
evidence in the record, summarized ante, that this judicial officer was initially referred to
as the "court" and as a "judge" but, unfortunately, not as a "commissioner."
Because on this record there is insufficient evidence to support the application of
the tantamount stipulation doctrine, we agree with Marc's contention. As such, we are
constrained to reverse not only the judgment of dissolution, but all orders made by the
commissioner leading up to the judgment (including any restraining order(s)). (See
Horton, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 90.)1
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND2
Marc and Kelli were married in October 2006. They had one child together, born
in November 2009 (minor), and they separated in January 2014. In January 2014, Kelli
1 On remand, if the parties deem it necessary to obtain a restraining order, we encourage them to seek, and the court to issue, such an order or orders expeditiously.
2 Because the primary issue in this appeal is limited to the commissioner's jurisdiction to sit as a temporary judge, our review of the merits of the case is relatively brief. 3
filed a petition seeking an order regarding child and spousal support, custody and
visitation, and attorney fees (petition). The record shows the hearing on the petition took
place on March 13, 2014. Although counsel represented Kelli at the March 13 hearing,
Marc appeared in propria persona. Significant to the issue on appeal, there is no evidence
in the record showing Marc was informed before, or at any time during, the March 13
hearing that Commissioner Darlene A. White, who was presiding over the hearing, was a
commissioner and not a judge.
Rather, the record shows at the March 13 hearing, Commissioner White stated that
she had read the parties' papers, including Marc's response to the petition; that she had
considered the income and expense statements filed by both parties; and that she had read
the "mediator's report." After the lengthy argument by Kelli's counsel, Commissioner
White asked Marc to respond to each of the subject matters raised in the petition. Marc
instead asked to give an "opening statement."
Commissioner White reminded Marc of the purpose of the hearing, noting as
follows:
"So I just go through the issues and make my rulings. Eventually you may get to a
trial. But for today, it's really just a moving calendar where I go through the issues,
understanding -- and I think both parties understand -- everything I do today is temporary
because this is a pending dissolution. [¶] So the orders I make on support and custody
and all that may or may not change as time goes on depending on either because you
agree to do something different in a marital settlement agreement or if the matter goes to
trial. So what I do today is temporary. [¶] So I'm not necessarily precluding you from
4
making an opening statement, as much as I'll hear what you have to tell me, but I just
need to go through the issues one at a time."
Over Marc's objection, at the conclusion of the hearing Commissioner White made
a series of rulings involving physical custody of minor, visitation, child and spousal
support, and an award of attorney fees in favor of Kelli. The record includes two minute
orders from the March 13 hearing. In both minute orders, the box entitled "JUDGE" says
"Darlene A. White." At the bottom of both minute orders, it says "Minutes of the Family
Court." Neither minute order identifies White as a commissioner.
At the hearing on June 3, 2014 concerning Kelli's motion to compel discovery and
for sanctions, Commissioner White stated that as a "preliminary matter" she needed Marc
to sign a "stip." The record shows that Kelli and her legal counsel signed the D-204 form
that same day—June 3, 2014—but that Marc refused to sign the form.
The D-204 form provided:
"Commissioner Darlene A. White is a judicial officer selected by the judges of the
San Diego Superior Court assigned to hear and determine . . . family . . . cases because of
. . . her experience, skill and knowledge in handling these matters.
"In order to have a commissioner act as a judge in a case, all parties to the case
must agree that the commissioner can act as a temporary judge. If any party does not
agree, the case will be reassigned to another judicial officer for today's hearing and all
future hearings. A commissioner's authority to act as a judge upon the agreement of the
parties comes from article VI, sections 21 and 22 of the California Constitution, and Code
of Civil Procedure, section 259, subdivision (d).
5
"To 'stipulate' means you agree to the appointment of Commissioner Darlene A.
White as a judge for this hearing and all future hearings and trials in this case, including
any contempt proceedings and all post-judgment matters.
"IT IS STIPULATED by the attorneys and/or parties signing below that
Commissioner Darlene A. White will hear and decide all present and future matters in
this case as a Temporary Judge, including any contempt proceedings and all post-
judgment matters.
"Date: 6/3/14[.]"
The record shows Commissioner White was unsure whether the parties previously
had signed such a "stip" but noted that, in any event, she has made "rulings on the merits
on [the] case on March 13th, 2014." Commissioner White further noted: "So at this point
there's a tantamount stip -- looking to see if I have a stip in the file or not. In other words,
since I've already ruled on the merits of [the] case, it is too late to now stip me."
Marc in response objected: "Your honor, this ruling was made against my will. I
was not presented with the stip to start with and as it stands right now, those rulings are
in conflict with [the] current situation." (Italics added.)
When asked by Commissioner White what he meant by "conflict," Marc
responded: "Meaning that I have not authorized -- I was not presented with that form on
March 13th, your honor. I self-represent myself. I was --- I did not consent to you being
-- with all due respect, your honor -- you being the judge of this particular case and
therefore, the request for the non-void of the current ruling that has been put in place.
Since it was made against my will, I was not presented with this document and I had not
signed it as of now." (Italics added.)
6
When Commissioner White inquired of Marc whether he had done "anything"
with respect to the March 13 order, like "appeal or writ or file a motion for
reconsideration," Marc responded he had challenged those rulings at the time of the
hearing. Although the undisputed evidence in the record shows at the March 13 hearing
Marc was unaware that White was a commissioner and only learned that fact at the time
of the June 3 hearing, Commissioner White at the June 3 hearing nonetheless found that,
because "[Marc] w[as] here that day [i.e., March 13], right?" and because he had failed to
challenge the fact she was a commissioner, his participation at the March 13 hearing
amounted to a "tantamount stipulation" entitling her to "go forward" with the case. The
record shows Commissioner White made this finding despite her statements that she
"[didn't] know what happened" to the D-204 form, including whether it was "ever signed
or not, signed or lost or not lost."
The record shows Kelli's counsel then agreed with Commissioner White's finding
that Marc's participation in the March 13 hearing was an implied stipulation allowing her
to act as a temporary judge for the duration of the case. The record shows Commissioner
White next informed Marc that, if he was so inclined, he could still challenge her for
"cause," but that challenge involved a "different code section."
The record includes four minute orders entered in connection with the June 3
hearing. As before, all the minute orders listed "Darlene A. White" as "JUDGE" and
stated in myriad places the "court" was making various rulings concerning the parties.
One of the June 3 minute orders provided: "The respondent's request[] for a non-stip is
denied. The court finds that there was a[] tantamount stipulation on 3/13/14 order that
was made on 4/25/14, which was provided to Respondent as a[] finding and order."
7
As relevant here, Commissioner White issued a statement of decision on
December 15, 2015 and entered judgment in dissolution on that same day, which Kelli
contends was mostly favorable to her. Marc timely appealed.
DISCUSSION
A commissioner is empowered only to perform subordinate judicial duties. (Cal.
Const., art. VI, § 22 ["The Legislature may provide for the appointment by trial courts of
record of officers such as commissioners to perform subordinate judicial duties"].)
Article VI, section 21 of the California Constitution provides: "On stipulation of the
parties litigant the court may order a cause to be tried by a temporary judge who is a
member of the State Bar, sworn and empowered to act until final determination of the
cause." (See Code Civil Proc., § 259 [setting forth the powers and duties of court
commissioners and noting in subdivision (d) that a commissioner shall have the power to
"[a]ct as temporary judge when otherwise qualified so to act and when appointed for that
purpose, on stipulation of the parties litigant"].)
Thus, while the "jurisdiction of a court commissioner, or any other temporary
judge, to try a cause derives from the parties' stipulation" (Horton, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p.
90), absent a proper stipulation the judgment or order entered by a court commissioner is
void. (See ibid.; see also People v. Tijerina (1969) 1 Cal.3d 41, 48-49 (Tijerina) [noting
under article VI, section 21 of the California Constitution, "a stipulation of the parties
was constitutionally required for one not occupying the office of judge to serve as a
temporary judge" and further noting without such a stipulation, the order of the
commissioner revoking the defendant's probation was void].)
8
As noted ante, a stipulation need not be in writing and an express oral stipulation
on the record will suffice. (Horton, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 91.) As also noted ante, a
stipulation may be implied under the tantamount stipulation doctrine "if the hearing
involves the performance of a judicial function and the party affirmatively participates in
the proceeding and does not object to the commissioner who conducts the proceeding
until after its completion. ' "An attorney [or party] may not sit back, fully participate in a
trial and then claim that the court was without jurisdiction on receiving a result
unfavorable to him [or her]." ' (Ibid.) '[A]n implied stipulation arises from the parties'
common intent that the subordinate officer hearing their case can do things which, in fact,
can only be done by a judge.' (In re Mark L. (1983) 34 Cal.3d 171, 179, fn. 6.)" (Elena
S. v. Kroutik (2016) 247 Cal.App.4th 570, 575.)
Our high court's decision in Horton and its treatment of the case of In re Frye
(1983) 150 Cal.App.3d 407 (Frye) inform our decision in the instant case. Horton was a
habeas corpus proceeding by a criminal defendant who was convicted of murder and
robbery and was sentenced to death, following a jury trial presided over by a
commissioner. Our high court said, "The issue in this case is whether a court
commissioner may conduct a trial in a capital case when no oral or written stipulation of
the parties authorized him to sit as a temporary judge, but when defense counsel
proceeded to trial without objection, knowing that the judge was a court commissioner.
Petitioner contends that the right to be tried by a regularly appointed or elected superior
court judge is a fundamental and personal one that can only be waived after full
admonition of the defendant and after he has entered an express waiver of the right on the
record. We conclude that the right is not a fundamental personal one requiring an
9
admonition and express waiver, and that the stipulation necessary to vest the
commissioner with authority to try the case can be inferred from the conduct of counsel."
(Horton, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 86, italics added.)
Initially, we note Horton is distinguishable from the instant case because, in
Horton, the defendant was represented by counsel who knew the case was being heard by
a commissioner and who nonetheless actively participated in the proceeding. Here, in
contrast, the record shows Marc appeared in propria persona, but, more importantly, he
did not know, nor, as shown by the record, have any way of knowing, at the March 13
hearing that White was a commissioner and not a judge.
Indeed, Horton expressly distinguished its facts from those in Frye—a case which
is more similar to our case: "In . . . Frye, . . . there was no indication that either counsel or
the defendant in a contempt proceeding were aware that the judicial officer sitting on the
bench was a commissioner rather than a judge. In fact counsel, who practiced rarely in
the particular superior court, was under the impression that the commissioner was a
judge. It was in this context that the reviewing court . . . held that the constitutional
provision regarding temporary judges 'contemplates a knowing and voluntary assent' that
was absent under the facts of the case. Here, by contrast, it is uncontroverted that both
counsel and petitioner were aware that the judge was a commissioner; indeed, counsel
had appeared before the same commissioner many times and had always stipulated to his
presiding in the past." (Horton, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 99, quoting Frye, supra, 150
Cal.App.3d at p. 409; see Michaels v. Turk (2015) 239 Cal.App.4th 1411, 1416
[concluding a domestic violence restraining order against a self-represented defendant
was void because there was no evidence in the record that the defendant knew the order
10
was made by a commissioner and not a judge and further concluding the lack of actual or
implied consent by the defendant is not "harmless error"].)
Here, the undisputed evidence in the record shows that Marc refused to sign the D-
204 form at the June 3 hearing; that he unambiguously informed Commissioner White
during that same hearing he objected to her continuing to preside over the cause; that he
was never presented with the D-204 form or was otherwise informed at the March 13
hearing that White was a commissioner and not a judge; and that the two minute orders
resulting from the March 13 hearing in any event identified Commissioner White as
"JUDGE" and referred to her rulings as made by the "court." As such, we conclude
Marc's mere participation in the March 13 hearing did not invoke the tantamount
stipulation doctrine, thus giving Commissioner White the constitutional power to preside
over the cause as she ruled at the June 3 hearing. (See Horton, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 99;
Frye, supra, 150 Cal.App.3d at p. 409.)
Indeed, as the above authorities clearly show, it was not enough for Marc merely
to be present at [i.e., "You were here that day, right?"], and participate in, the March 13
hearing for the tantamount stipulation doctrine to apply, as Commissioner White found.
Nor was Marc required to challenge the fact she was a commissioner before the June 3
hearing in order to preserve his objection, as she also found.3 Absent a proper stipulation
by Marc, the judgment of dissolution subsequently entered by Commissioner White was
3 Such a finding created a classic Catch-22: requiring Marc, on the one hand, to challenge her status as a commissioner when, on the other hand, he was unaware of that status. 11
void.4 (See Horton, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 90; see also Tijerina, supra, 1 Cal.3d at p. 49;
In re Steven A. (1993) 15 Cal.App.4th 754, 767, 772 [concluding a commissioner's order
terminating family reunification services was void because a stipulation signed by father
applied only to proceedings up to the dispositional hearing and not to any " 'new
proceedings,' " including a permanency planning hearing, after the commissioner refused
the father's request to withdraw his stipulation and continued to preside over the matter].)
In reversing the judgment of dissolution in this case, we are well aware of the
significant resources already expended by the parties and the court. However, when it
became clear at the June 3 hearing that the parties had not signed the D-204 form in
connection with the March 13 hearing, that Marc was unaware at the March 13 hearing
that White was a commissioner and not a judge and that he was unwilling to stipulate
expressly at the June 3 hearing to her continued involvement in the cause, as the record
undisputedly shows, Commissioner White then could have—and should have—vacated
her previous order(s) and, as noted by the D-204 form, reassigned the case to another
judicial officer for that hearing and "all future hearings." Instead, the case went forward
and, more than a year later, ended in a void judgment in dissolution.
4 The right to appeal is wholly governed by statute, and appellate courts have no jurisdiction to consider appeals, except as provided by statute. The primary statute governing the right to appeal is Code of Civil Procedure section 904.1. In essence, section 904.1 codifies the final judgment rule, which provides that review of intermediate rulings—such as Commissioner White's finding in the instant case that Marc impliedly stipulated to her continuing to preside over the cause—should await final disposition of a case. (See Kurwa v. Kislinger (2013) 57 Cal.4th 1097, 1101 [noting the "theory" of the final judgment rule is that " ' "piecemeal disposition and multiple appeals in a single action would be oppressive and costly, and that a review of intermediate rulings should await the final disposition of the case" ' "].) 12
In the future and to avoid a repeat of this case, we strongly encourage judicial
officers seeking to act as temporary judges to inform the parties and/or their counsel at
the outset of the cause of their status as commissioners and obtain either a written
stipulation, using a form similar to the D-204 form at issue here, or an oral stipulation on
the record to their acting in that capacity.
DISPOSITION5
The judgment of dissolution is reversed. On remand, the cause should be
reassigned as expeditiously as possible to another judicial officer. Each party to bear
his/her own costs of appeal.
BENKE, J.
WE CONCUR:
McCONNELL, P. J.
NARES, J.
5 In light of our decision, we conclude it is unnecessary to address Marc's additional arguments on appeal. 13
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. A judgment entered by a court commissioner is void absent a valid stipulation by the parties, and the 'tantamount stipulation doctrine' cannot be applied where the record lacks evidence that the party was aware the judicial officer was a commissioner.
Issues
Whether a commissioner has jurisdiction to preside over a cause absent an express or implied stipulation by the parties.
Whether the 'tantamount stipulation doctrine' applies when a party participates in proceedings without knowledge that the judicial officer is a commissioner.
Disposition. reversed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“without such a stipulation, any ruling by or judgment of the commissioner is void.”