court erred by denying his request for reimbursement of his separate property. We
affirm the judgment.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Husband and Wife married on October 13, 2001. They separated on March 14,
2014. They did not share any children. In May 2014, Husband was 68 years old and
Wife was 66 years old. Husband had worked as a firefighter. Wife had worked as a
personal assistant and transaction coordinator for a real estate agent and broker. Wife
was a licensed real estate agent, but never used her license.
Both Husband and Wife retired in 2005. At that time, Husband was ready to
retire and urged Wife to retire as well so they could travel and she could spend time
with her grandchildren. In 2005, Wife began training her daughter to take over Wife’s
job in the real estate office. Through 2011 or 2012, as payment for a loan, Wife
continued working as a personal assistant two to five hours per week for the real estate
1 All subsequent statutory references will be to the Family Code unless otherwise indicated.
2
agent/broker. However, Wife’s primary focus since 2005 had been cooking, cleaning,
laundry, and household chores. Wife was in good health. Wife had a monthly social
security income of $746 less $198 for MediCare payments. Husband’s retirement
income was approximately $10,000 per month.
After retiring in 2005, Husband was busy working with a contractor on building
a house for Husband and Wife in Big Bear City (the Big Bear house). There was not a
mortgage on the house; it was built as cash was available from 2006 through 2011. The
Big Bear house was approximately 3,900 square feet and had a stipulated value of
$775,000. The lot on which the Big Bear house was built was purchased in 2003.
Wife owned a residence in Fawnskin, which she had owned since 1987. During
Husband and Wife’s marriage, the loan on the Fawnskin property was refinanced three
times. The first refinance allowed approximately $95,000 to be taken out. The second
refinance left approximately $100,000 in cash. The third refinance generated an extra
$130,000 in cash. The cash from the refinancing, at least from the second and third
refinancing, went into a joint account and was used for construction of the Big Bear
house. During the construction period Husband and Wife always had joint accounts.
The Fawnskin house was ultimately sold in a short sale.
Husband owned a residence in San Dimas, which he acquired in 1974 (the San
Dimas house). In 2004, the San Dimas house was sold. Wife’s name was added to the
title of the San Dimas house at the time of the sale for title insurance purposes. Money
from the sale of the San Dimas house went into a joint account and a portion of it was
used to construct the Big Bear house. Husband had a “401-A” account and an IRA that
3
he also used to pay for the construction. The cost of the Big Bear house was
approximately $507,700.
The family court issued a ruling on submitted matter. In the written ruling, the
family court wrote, in relevant part, “In this matter, the Court finds that [Wife] needs
spousal support to help her meet her financial needs as well as to put her as close as
possible to the marital standard of living. This Court does not believe that it is
appropriate to impute income to [Wife]. No evidence was presented which would
support an income to her, or that there were jobs available for which she qualified and
could earn an income. Furthermore, she is retired, just as [Husband] is retired, with
both of them beyond retirement age. The parties have a right to retire, and they did that.
[Husband] knew [Wife] substantially retired in 2006, a year after he did, and that she
fully retired in 2011. Their retirement has been part of the marital standard of living
since well before the dissolution of marriage was filed, and [Wife] is not now going to
be thrown out of retirement. For these same reasons, this Court will also not be issuing
a Gavron warning to [Wife].” The court awarded Wife $4,000 per month in spousal
support and $5,500 in attorney’s fees.
DISCUSSION
A. RETIREMENT
1. CONTENTION
Husband contends the family court erred by concluding Wife has the same right
to retire as Husband. Husband asserts Wife, as the supported spouse, has an obligation
to become self-supporting and therefore does not have a right to retire.
4
2. BACKGROUND LAW
In In re Marriage of Reynolds (1998) 63 Cal.App.4th 1373, this court discussed
the issue of whether the supporting spouse (as opposed to the supported spouse) has a
right to retire when the retirement could lead to a lower income. This court wrote,
“Furthermore, we hold that no one may be compelled to work after the usual retirement
age of 65 in order to pay the same level of spousal support as when he was employed.”
(Id. at p. 1378.)
Section 4320 lists a variety of factors the family court should consider when
ordering spousal support. Two of the factors are “[t]he age and health of the parties.”
(§ 4320, subd. (h).) The statute also provides the family court should consider “[t]he
goal that the supported party shall be self-supporting within a reasonable period of
time . . . . However, nothing in this section is intended to limit the court’s discretion to
order support for a greater or lesser length of time, based on any of the other factors
listed in this section, Section 4336, and the circumstances of the parties.” (§ 4320, subd.
(l).) The family court may also take into account “[a]ny other factors the court
determines are just and equitable.” (§ 4320, subd. (n).)
3. INTERPRETING THE “AGE” FACTOR
The conflict in this case arises between the portion of the statute that authorizes
the family court to consider “age,” which could be interpreted as retirement age, and the
portion of the statute that sets forth the goal of the supported party becoming self-
supporting. In other words, can the family court determine that a supported spouse
5
being of retirement age outweighs the “self-supporting” factor. In order to determine
this, we need to understand what is meant by the “age” factor in the statute.
When interpreting a statute, we begin with the words in the statute, applying their
usual and ordinary meaning and construing them in context. If the plain meaning of the
statutory text is ambiguous, then we may turn to rules of construction or legislative
history. (Mejia v. Reed (2003) 31 Cal.4th 657, 663.)
The plain language of the statute reflects the family court is to consider “[t]he
age and health of the parties” when ordering spousal support. (§ 4320, subd. (h).) For
the age factor to have meaning, the family court would need to consider whether the
parties are young and therefore presumably more likely to work and earn a living wage,
or whether the parties are older and perhaps no longer working. In other words, the
plain language of the statute reflects age is a factor in determining spousal support. The
point of considering age when determining spousal support, in part, is that there comes
an age when people commonly stop working.
The age of 65 is the customary retirement age. (In re Marriage of Morrison
(1978) 20 Cal.3d 437, 454; In re Marriage of Reynolds, supra, 63 Cal.App.4th at p.
1378; In re Marriage of Shimkus (2016) 244 Cal.App.4th 1262, 1277.) Thus, given the
plain language of the statute, a relevant consideration for a court when ordering spousal
support is the age of the parties, and the point of that factor is to determine if the parties
are younger or older, and if the parties are older, whether they have reached the
customary retirement age of 65.
6
4. WEIGHING THE FACTORS
“An award of spousal support is a determination to be made by the trial court in
each case before it, based upon the facts and equities of that case, after weighing each of
the circumstances and applicable statutory guidelines. [Citation.] In making its spousal
support order, the trial court possesses broad discretion so as to fairly exercise the
weighing process contemplated by section 4320, with the goal of accomplishing
substantial justice for the parties in the case before it. ‘The issue of spousal support,
including its purpose, is one which is truly personal to the parties.’ [Citation.] In
awarding spousal support, the court must consider the mandatory guidelines of section
4320. Once the court does so, the ultimate decision as to amount and duration of
spousal support rests within its broad discretion and will not be reversed on appeal
absent an abuse of that discretion. [Citation.] ‘Because trial courts have such broad
discretion, appellate courts must act with cautious judicial restraint in reviewing these
orders.’” (In re Marriage of Kerr (1999) 77 Cal.App.4th 87, 93, fn. omitted.)
Under section 4320, the family court is to consider: (1) “[t]he extent to which
the earning capacity of each party is sufficient to maintain the standard of living
established during the marriage” (§ 4320, subd. (a)); and (2) “[t]he needs of each party
based on the standard of living established during the marriage” (§ 4320, subd. (d)).
The marital standard of living is “a general description of the station in life the parties
had achieved by the date of separation,” rather than a “mathematical standard.” (In re
Marriage of Smith (1990) 225 Cal.App.3d 469, 491.)
7
In the family court’s ruling on submitted matter,2 it concluded that Wife needed
spousal support to put her near the marital standard of living. Thus, the court was
properly considering the marital standard of living as well as Wife’s needs. (§ 4320,
subds. (a) & (d).)
Next, the court determined that it would not impute income to Wife because
(1) there was no evidence she had an income; (2) there was no evidence of jobs
available to Wife; (3) Wife was retired; and (4) Wife had a right to remain retired. The
court’s consideration of Wife being retired reflects the court taking into account “the
station in life the parties had achieved,” i.e., that they were both retired. (In re
Marriage of Smith, supra, 225 Cal.App.3d at p. 491; § 4320, subds. (a) & (d)). The
court’s comment that Wife had a right to remain retired reflects consideration of both
the parties’ “station of life” as well as Wife’s age because Wife was beyond the
customary retirement age of 65. The family court’s reasoning reflects it was following
the requirements of section 4320, taking into account the marital “standard of living” as
well as the ages of the parties. (§ 4320, subds. (a), (d) & (h).) The family court’s
2 Generally, the absence of a statement of decision means that we must conclude the lower court made all findings necessary to support its order under any theory argued. But this is “merely a corollary of the general rule that a judgment is presumed to be correct and must be upheld in the absence of an affirmative showing of error. This presumption applies only on a silent record. [Citation.] In contrast, ‘When the record clearly demonstrates what the [family] court did, we will not presume it did something different.’” (Border Business Park, Inc. v. City of San Diego (2006) 142 Cal.App.4th 1538, 1550.) The family court did not issue a statement of decision, but it did issue a detailed ruling on submitted matter setting forth its reasoning.
8
comments concerning Wife’s lack of income and the lack of available jobs is related to
Wife being retired and thus is a proper consideration. (§ 4320, subds. (a), (d) & (h).)
The court also took into account “[t]he goal that the supported party shall be self-
supporting within a reasonable period of time.” (§ 4320, subd. (l).) The court
explained, “Their retirement has been part of the marital standard of living since well
before the dissolution of marriage was filed, and [Wife] is not now going to be thrown
out of retirement. For these same reasons, this Court will also not be issuing a Gavron
warning to [Wife].” “[A] ‘Gavron warning’ is a fair warning to the supported spouse
[that] he or she is expected to become self-supporting.” (In re Marriage of Schmir
(2005) 134 Cal.App.4th 43, 55.)
The court’s reasoning reflects it weighed the goal of the supported party
becoming self-supporting against the marital standard of living, and reconciled that the
goal of self-support would conflict with maintaining the marital standard of living
because the marital standard of living included being retired. The court’s reasoning
shows it considered the relevant factors. Further, the court’s reasoning is tied to the
evidence, which reflects the parties retired in 2005, and in 2014 Wife was 66 years old.
Accordingly, the family court did not abuse its discretion because its reasoning directly
relates to the evidence and the factors it is legally required to consider. The family
court’s decision is within the law and within the bounds of reason. (See In re Marriage
of Weinstein (1991) 4 Cal.App.4th 555, 564 [abuse of discretion occurs when the
decision exceeds the bounds of reason].) Accordingly, we conclude the family court did
not err.
9
Husband contends the family court erred by not requiring Wife to make an effort
to become self-supporting because the court has effectively ordered Husband to pay
Wife spousal support for the rest of her life. Husband’s argument focuses on the
evidence that Wife has the ability to work. Husband is asking this court to reweigh the
factors and afford greater weight to Wife’s ability to work than to Wife’s age. As
explained ante, the family court’s weighing of the factors was reasonable and within the
bounds of the law. We cannot reweigh the factors to accord greater weight to the
supported spouse’s ability to work. (See In re Marriage of Cheriton (2001) 92
Cal.App.4th 269, 304 [the trial court has discretion to determine the appropriate weight
to accord each factor].)
Husband contends the family court erred by failing to consider the factor set
forth in section 4320, subdivision (a)—“[t]he extent to which the earning capacity of
each party is sufficient to maintain the standard of living established during the
marriage.” Husband asserts the family court failed to include in its weighing process
the length of time it would take for Wife to become self-supporting. Contrary to
Husband’s position, the family court did consider this factor. The family court
explained that Wife did not have an income, that retirement was part of the marital
standard of living, that Wife was beyond retirement age, that Wife could not be
expected to start working again, and that the Court did not expect Wife to become self-
supporting. The family court considered Wife’s ability to work as shown by the court’s
discussion of Wife’s retirement status. The family court’s reasoning shows it accorded
greater weight to the supported spouse’s age than to the supported spouse’s ability to
10
work. Thus, we are not persuaded that the family court missed a factor in the weighing
process.
Next, Husband contends the family court erred because it did not consider “the
goal that the supported party shall be self-supporting.” (§ 4320, subd. (l).) The family
court did consider this goal as shown by the court’s decision that it would not issue a
Gavron warning. “[A] ‘Gavron warning’ is a fair warning to the supported spouse
[that] he or she is expected to become self-supporting.” (In re Marriage of Schmir,
supra, 134 Cal.App.4th at p. 55.) The family court explained it was not issuing a
Gavron warning because Wife was retired and past the age of retirement. The court’s
decision shows it considered the goal of the supported party becoming self-supporting,
but accorded greater weight to Wife’s age. Thus, the court did not miss a required
factor; rather, it afforded greater weight to the age factor. (See generally In re Marriage
of Kochan (2011) 193 Cal.App.4th 420, 429-430 [the family court should not enter an
order that effectively requires a spouse to forego retirement].)
B. ATTORNEY’S FEES
Husband contends the family court erred by awarding Wife need-based
attorney’s fees because the court incorrectly relied on the premise that Wife has a right
to retire.
In the family court’s ruling on submitted matter, when the family court awarded
attorney’s fees to Wife it did so “[b]ased on all of the foregoing factors set forth above,
as well as the disparity in the parties’ incomes.” The “spousal support” section is above
the “attorney’s fees” section in the family court’s ruling on submitted matter, therefore,
11
presumably the family court was referencing its spousal support analysis in awarding
attorney’s fees.
“Under sections 2030 and 2032, a family court may award attorney fees and
costs ‘between the parties based on their relative circumstances in order to ensure parity
of legal representation in the action.’ [Citation.] The parties’ circumstances include
assets, debts and earning ability of both parties, ability to pay, duration of the marriage,
and the age and health of the parties.” (In re Marriage of Winternitz (2015) 235
Cal.App.4th 644, 657.)
As in spousal support, the age of the parties is a relevant factor in awarding
attorney’s fees. The purpose of age being a factor is that there comes an age, such as
the customary retirement age of 65, when a party may no longer work. In the instant
case, the family court found, based on the evidence, that Wife was retired and that
retirement was part of the marital standard of living. The family court relied on proper
factors when awarding attorney’s fees. Accordingly, we conclude the family court did
not err.
C. SEPARATE PROPERTY
The family court concluded Husband failed to sufficiently trace his separate
property alleged to have been used to pay for the construction of the Big Bear house
because, while there was testimony about the money used to construct the house, no
documents were submitted in support of the tracing of funds. Husband contends the
trial court erred because the statute does not require tracing be accomplished with
documents.
12
Section 2640, subdivision (b), provides, “In the division of the community estate
under this division, unless a party has made a written waiver of the right to
reimbursement or has signed a writing that has the effect of a waiver, the party shall be
reimbursed for the party’s contributions to the acquisition of property of the community
property estate to the extent the party traces the contributions to a separate property
source. The amount reimbursed shall be without interest or adjustment for change in
monetary values and may not exceed the net value of the property at the time of the
division.”
The term “tracing” is not defined in the statute. (§ 2640.) However, in 1966 our
Supreme Court wrote the following: “Property acquired by purchase during a marriage
is presumed to be community property, and the burden is on the spouse asserting its
separate character to overcome the presumption. [Citations.] The presumption applies
when a husband purchases property during the marriage with funds from an undisclosed
or disputed source, such as an account or fund in which he has commingled his separate
funds with community funds. [Citation.] He may trace the source of the property to his
separate funds and overcome the presumption with evidence that community expenses
exceeded community income at the time of acquisition. If he proves that at that time all
community income was exhausted by family expenses, he establishes that the property
was purchased with separate funds.” (See v. See (1966) 64 Cal.2d 778, 783.)
The Supreme Court went on to explain, “The husband may protect his separate
property by not commingling community and separate assets and income. Once he
commingles, he assumes the burden of keeping records adequate to establish the
13
balance of community income and expenditures at the time an asset is acquired with
commingled property.” (See v. See, supra, 64 Cal.2d at p. 784.)
We understand the Supreme Court’s opinion to mean that if separate property is
commingled with community property in a bank account, then the owner of the separate
property has the burden of keeping records establishing community funds were
exhausted when the purchase was made. As a lower court, we cannot contradict the
opinion of the Supreme Court. (Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court of Santa
Clara County (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450, 455-456.) Therefore, we must conclude tracing
requires documentary proof because our Supreme Court has held records must be kept,
and the point of keeping records is to offer them in court as evidence.
Next, Husband asserts that if documents are required for tracing, then he
provided sufficient evidence. At trial, Husband provided a handwritten note that reads:
“Money from S.D. House = $372,187
“[Money from] 401A 40,600
“My Seperate [sic] Prop. Total = $412,787.00”
Husband contends the note is sufficient evidence for tracing his separate property
because Wife stipulated to the admission of the note and Wife corroborated Husband’s
testimony that money from the sale of Husband’s San Dimas house was used to pay for
the construction of the Big Bear house.
We first address the stipulation theory. Wife’s attorney stipulated to the
admission of Husband’s handwritten note. A stipulation that evidence is admissible
does not equate with the concession of an issue. (See Raphael v. Bloomfield (2003) 113
14
Cal.App.4th 617, 626 [requiring a stipulation and concession].) For example, parties
can stipulate to the admission of a toxicology report without conceding that the test
subject was drunk or sober. In the instant case, Wife stipulated to the admission of the
handwritten note but disputed that Husband had sufficiently traced his separate
property. In sum, Wife’s stipulation that Husband’s handwritten note was admissible
does not equate with sufficient evidence of tracing Husband’s separate property.
Next, we address the corroboration theory. Wife testified that some money from
the sale of Husband’s San Dimas house was used to pay for the construction of the Big
Bear house. However, Wife did not specify how much of the money was used to pay
for the construction. When asked if the money from the sale of the San Dimas house
went directly into building the Big Bear house, Wife responded, “Eventually, some of it,
maybe.” When again asked if the money from the sale of the San Dimas house was
used to pay for constructing the Big Bear house, Wife answered, “[S]ome of it did.”
Wife’s testimony reflects some money from the sale of Husband’s San Dimas
house was used to construct the Big Bear house. However, Wife did not confirm that a
particular amount of money from the sale was used to pay for the construction. As a
result, Wife’s testimony does not provide substantial evidence for tracing Husband’s
separate property because it is unclear what amount of money from the sale of the San
Dimas house was used to pay for construction. (See In re Marriage of Cochran (2001)
87 Cal.App.4th 1050, 1057-1058 [tracing ruling is reviewed for substantial evidence].)
Further, the evidence reflects the construction of the Big Bear house cost
approximately $507,700. Two refinances of Wife’s Fawnskin house produced
15
approximately $230,000 in cash. Husband is asserting he paid $412,787 toward the
construction of the Big Bear house. Husband also had a monthly income of
approximately $10,000 per month. Disregarding the monthly income, the money from
the two refinances and Husband’s alleged separate property totals $642,787, which was
$135,087 more than was needed to construct the Big Bear house. If the 2003 purchase
price of $110,695 for the lot on which the Big Bear House was built was included, then
there was still $24,392 more than was needed. Given that more money was available
than was needed, it cannot be determined what amount of Husband’s separate property
went toward the construction of the Big Bear house.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. Respondent is awarded her costs on appeal.
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
MILLER J.
We concur:
McKINSTER Acting P. J.
CODRINGTON J.
16
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court affirmed the judgment of dissolution, holding that the family court did not abuse its discretion in awarding spousal support and attorney's fees based on the parties' retirement status and age, and correctly denied the husband's request for separate property reimbursement due to insufficient tracing of funds.
Issues
Did the family court err in awarding spousal support by concluding the supported spouse has a right to retire?
Did the family court err in awarding need-based attorney's fees to the supported spouse?
Did the family court err in denying the husband's request for separate property reimbursement for failing to sufficiently trace his contributions?
Disposition. Affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“The parties have a right to retire, and they did that.”
“We must conclude tracing requires documentary proof because our Supreme Court has held records must be kept, and the point of keeping records is to offer them in court as evidence.”