California Court of Appeal Jul 7, 2016 No. E065337Unpublished
Filed 7/7/16 In re M.K. CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
In re M.K. et al., Persons Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law.
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES, E065337
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super.Ct.Nos. J258288, J258289 & J258290) v. OPINION M.K. et al.,
Defendants and Appellants.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Annmarie G. Pace,
Judge. Affirmed in part; dismissed in part.
Rich Pfeiffer, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant Mother.
Pamela Rae Tripp, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant Father.
1
Jean-Rene Basle, County Counsel, and Jamila Bayati, Deputy County Counsel, for
Plaintiff and Respondent.
I
INTRODUCTION1
The subjects of this dependency appeal are two sisters and one brother, born in
2009, 2010, and 2014. San Bernardino County Children and Family Services (CFS) is
the Respondent. Mother, joined by the alleged father,2 appeals, challenging compliance
with the Indian Child Welfare Act (25 U.S. § 1901 et seq., ICWA). We dismiss father’s
appeal for lack of standing.
The ICWA issue is raised for the first time on appeal in mother’s opening brief.
The record offers no credible evidence that the subject children are Indian children. Even
if they are Indian children, they are being adopted by mother’s older brother who shares
the same heritage as mother. We affirm the judgment.
II
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. Detention
On August 22, 2014, CFS received a referral indicating mother smoked
methamphetamine and failed to provide for the basic needs of the two daughters.
1 All statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless stated otherwise.
2The alleged father has no standing to appeal. (In re Daniel M. (2003) 110 Cal.App.4th 703, 707-709.)
2
Mother, born in 1989, had a learning disability, a history of marijuana use, depression,
and domestic violence with father. Mother’s apartment was uninhabitable. Mother was
pregnant and tested positive for methamphetamine and marijuana at a medical
appointment. CFS initiated a voluntary family maintenance (VFM) plan for mother.
In November 2014, the son was born, jaundiced and lethargic, and tested positive
for marijuana. When mother brought the infant to the emergency room, he was gravely
ill and was admitted due to his jaundice.
Mother began attending an outpatient drug treatment program but she was dropped
from the program on January 2, 2015, for noncompliance. After she evaded CFS for
three weeks, when mother finally brought the children to the CFS office, the boy was
dirty and had a severe diaper rash; one daughter had a red right eye and a mark on her
cheek; and the other had a bleeding sore on her lip. Mother claimed she was sober but
refused to submit to a drug test. She admitted drinking that morning and taking a muscle
relaxer to calm her nerves. CFS staff noted mother was fidgety and irate.
On January 12, 2015, CFS detained the siblings with their maternal uncle and aunt
based on mother’s failure to comply with her VFM plan. The section 300, subdivision
(b), allegations were about parental substance abuse and the failure to meet the children’s
basic needs, medical neglect of the son, and father’s criminal history. The subdivision
(g) allegations were about father’s unknown whereabouts and his ability to parent.3
3Other allegations included that parents had engaged in domestic violence and mother had a learning disability limiting her ability to care for the children. These were dismissed by agreement.
3
On January 15, 2015, the court detained the siblings with the maternal relatives,
and set a jurisdiction/disposition (J/D) hearing for February 5, 2015. The February 5,
2015 J/D report indicated mother tested positive for marijuana during her three
pregnancies, and positive for methamphetamine when pregnant with her son. She also
received supplemental security income (SSI) for a learning disability, had never finished
high school, and had no apparent employment history. Mother admitted she had smoked
marijuana since age 16, but denied the allegations of substance abuse, claiming she may
have tested positive because someone slipped her drugs. Her criminal history included
arrests for obstruction of a police officer, burglary, and petty theft. She had a CPS
history of general neglect referrals.
The parents were not married. Father’s criminal history included drug charges,
gang crime, and parole violations. Father did not provide for the children, and they never
lived with him. Father’s whereabouts were unknown.
The three siblings were comfortable in their placement with their relative
caregivers. The boy’s diaper rash had cleared, and his skin color improved.
After a successful mediation, the court sustained the section 300 petitions,
removed the children from mother, ordered family reunification services for mother,
found father was not entitled to services, and set a review hearing for August 2015.
B. Six-Month Review
The August 2015 six-month review hearing report recommended termination of
mother’s services and the setting of a section 366.26 with the plan of adoption. Mother
had failed to communicate with CFS and refused to have therapy. Father had been
4
arrested for murder in the shooting death of a four-year-old boy in Highland. Meanwhile,
the siblings were being well cared for in their relatives’ home.
On August 27, 2015, mother attended the review hearing. The court ordered her
to have a drug test and set a trial for September 30, 2015. Mother’s test result was
positive for amphetamines, and a subsequent test was positive for ethanol 40.
Mother testified at trial she had participated in an unknown number of parenting
sessions. She had been dropped from services and was on a waiting list but she was not
getting phone calls because her phone bill was unpaid. She had problems with
transportation and drug testing. Mother admitted using marijuana but she claimed she
quit using it when pregnant with her son. Her diabetes affected the drug tests.
After argument, the court found mother had failed to make progress in her case
plan, so the court terminated family reunification services and set a Notice Review
Hearing, and a section 366.26 hearing for January 28, 2016. The court advised mother of
her writ rights.
On October 16, 2015, father was personally served written notice of the section
366.26 hearing. The court continued the Notice Review Hearing to have father
transported to court. Father was present in custody at that hearing. He was appointed
counsel and arraigned on the petition. The court advised father that CFS was
recommending termination of parental rights and adoption at the section 366.26 hearing,
and advised father of his writ rights, and gave oral notice of the section 366.26 hearing.
No writ petitions were filed after the setting of the section 366.26 hearing.
5
C. Section 366.26 Hearing and Section 388 Petition
In January 2016, CFS recommended termination of parental rights to permit
adoption by the maternal aunt and uncle. In January 2016, mother gave birth to a girl,
who was immediately removed from mother. The relative caregivers declined placement
of this newest sibling. Since their placement in January 2015, the three subject children
had adjusted and improved.
Mother had visited only twice in the reporting period but she also attended family
functions where the children were present. The maternal relatives wanted to adopt the
siblings, who were attached to their caretakers and their cousins. The maternal uncle is
mother’s older brother. Therefore, mother and the maternal uncle have the same claim, if
any, to Indian heritage. The maternal uncle and his wife were high school sweethearts
who married in 2005. Both are in their early 30’s, employed as a security guard and at
United Parcel Service. They have no reported medical issues, criminal or Child
Protection Services history. They have two biological sons, ages 9 and 12, who receive
good grades in school and enjoy the siblings. The maternal relatives practice love,
acceptance and structure, and teach family values and respect for all.
On January 28, 2016, mother filed a section 388 petition, asking for return of the
children or reinstatement of family reunification services and liberalized visits. Mother
had participated in a parenting course and other programs, and received positive
feedback. The petition stated the siblings were attached to Mother. Mother reportedly
began substance abuse treatment on October 14, 2015. She had provided five negative
drug tests.
6
In response, CFS recommended denial of mother’s section 388 petition because
mother had failed to participate in therapy and a 12-step program. Mother had trouble
controlling the children at supervised visits, and the children easily separated from her.
On February 3, 2016, the court found the petition did not establish a prima facie
case. The court held the section 366.26 hearing. Mother testified that during visits, she
and the children read and played together, and the children called her “Mom” and resisted
leaving. She objected to termination of parental rights but she admitted the children were
comfortable in their placement. The court found the children adoptable, terminated
parental rights, and advised their parents of their appellate rights.
D. ICWA Notice
The Indian Child Inquiry Attachments, ICWA-010(A), filed with the original
dependency petitions indicated mother stated the children may have Indian ancestry,
either Cherokee or “Hoomaui.”
At the detention hearing, mother filed a Parental Notification of Indian Status
form, ICWA-020, indicating her tribal affiliation was “Chekrroe/Hoomaui.” She told the
court she believed her grandparents were “Cherokee Indian” and her father’s side of the
family was “Hooweeke” or “Hoomau.”
On January 22, 2015, the ICWA clerk mailed the Notice of Child Custody
Proceeding for Indian Child forms, ICWA-030, by certified mail, noticing the federally-
recognized Cherokee tribes, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), the Secretary of the
Interior, and mother of the jurisdictional/dispositional hearing set for February 5, 2015.
The notice identified the children and their parents, their respective dates of birth and
7
current and former addresses. The notice stated the Cherokee heritage stemmed from
mother’s family, and “Mother also claims Humaui and Hookeekei - not Federally
recognized.” There was no other information for father.
The maternal grandmother was identified with her current and partial former
address, as well as her birthdate and location. The maternal grandfather was also listed
with no current address and a former address as San Bernardino, California. Two
maternal great-grandmothers were listed by current but not former addresses. The
“Humaui” or “Hookeekei” heritage reportedly stemmed from one maternal great-
grandmother, and the Cherokee heritage stemmed from another such relative; the latter
died in December 2014 in San Bernardino. Two maternal great-grandfathers were named
but were reported as deceased in 2013. Their former addresses were listed. One was
born on “01/03/??” in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
In February 2015, CFS noted that mother had asserted in an interview that she
might have Cherokee ancestry and she provided as much family information as she could
about Indian heritage. On February 24, 2015, CFS filed a second ICWA declaration of
due diligence, indicating the three federally-recognized Cherokee tribes, the BIA, and
Secretary of the Interior, had received the ICWA-030s by certified mail. Correspondence
from the Cherokee Nation and from the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians
indicated the children or relatives could not be found as current enrolled members.
On April 2, 2015, CFS filed a “Final ICWA Declaration of Due Diligence,”
advising that 65 days had passed since the tribes, BIA and Secretary of Interior had been
notified of proceedings. Correspondence from the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians,
8
dated March 3, 2015, stated the children were not registered or eligible to register. No
affirmative response of tribal membership was received, and, hence, ICWA did not apply.
The court found ICWA did not apply. The attorneys of record posed no objections.
On November 24, 2015, at the six-month review hearing, father confirmed he had
no Indian ancestry. The January 2016 section 366.26 report indicated ICWA did not
apply. No party raised ICWA arguments in the trial court or through writ proceedings.
III
ICWA
Mother claims that the ICWA notice was inadequate in that the information, as
provided by mother to CFS, proved to be insufficient to determine possible Indian
membership. In particular, mother argues CFS should have noticed the Hualapai or
Havasupai tribes of Arizona because their names are somewhat similar to the one to
which mother believed she had paternal tribal ties. The various spellings were
“Hoomau,” “Hooweeke,” “Hoomaui,” “Humaui,” and “Hookeekei.” Respondent notes
that the United Houma Nation is a state-recognized, but not federal, Indian tribe in
Louisiana where the children’s great-grandfather was born. Mother also argues the
information she provided was not detailed enough to allow a determination of Cherokee
heritage.
The ICWA is designed to protect the interests of the Indian child and promote the
stability and security of Indian tribes and families. (In re Karla C. (2003) 113
Cal.App.4th 166, 173-174.) It sets forth the manner in which a tribe may obtain
jurisdiction over child custody proceedings involving an “Indian child.” ICWA defines
9
an “Indian child” as “any unmarried person who is under age eighteen and is either (a) a
member of an Indian tribe or (b) is eligible for membership in an Indian tribe and is the
biological child of a member of an Indian tribe.” (25 U.S.C. § 1903(4).)
ICWA notice requirements ensure a tribe has the opportunity to assert its rights
under the statute. (In re C.D. (2003) 110 Cal.App.4th 214, 222.) Substantial compliance
with ICWA noticing requirements is sufficient for this court to affirm the judgment. (In
re Kahlen W. (1991) 233 Cal.App.3d 1414, 1421-1422.) Strictly proper ICWA notice is
not required to withstand appellate challenge. (In re Antoinette S. (2002) 104
Cal.App.4th 1401, 1404.) A trial court’s findings as to whether proper notice was given
and whether ICWA applies are reviewed for substantial evidence. (In re E.W. (2009) 170
Cal.App.4th 396, 403-404; In re J.T. (2007) 154 Cal.App.4th 986, 991.)
In a dependency, “where the court knows or has reason to know that an Indian
child is involved, the party seeking the foster care placement of, or termination of
parental rights to, an Indian child shall notify the parent or Indian custodian and the
Indian child’s tribe, by registered mail with return receipt requested, of the pending
proceedings and of their right of intervention.” (25 U.S.C. § 1912(a); Welf. & Inst. Code,
§ 224.2, subd. (a).) Notice of the proceedings must be sent to all tribes of which the child
may be a member or eligible for membership. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.48l(b)(l);
Welf. & Inst. Code, § 224.2, subd. (a)(3).)
California Rules of Court, rule 5.482(b) states: “Proof of notice filed with the
court must include Notice of Child Custody Proceedings for Indian Child (form ICWA-
030), return receipts, and any responses received from the Bureau of Indian Affairs and
10
tribes.” The social worker has a duty to inquire about and obtain, if possible, all of the
information about a child’s family history. (In re S.M. (2004) 118 Cal.App.4th 1108,
1116-1117.) The duty of inquiry, however, extends to the parents, not grandparents or
extended family. (In re S.B. (2005) 130 Cal.App.4th 1148, 1161.) The ICWA applies to
federally recognized tribes; notice to non-federally recognized tribes is not required. (25
U.S.C. § 1903(8); In re K.P. (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 1, 5.) ICWA noticing provisions
are triggered where the juvenile court knows or has reason to know that an Indian child is
involved. (In re Desiree F. (2000) 83 Cal.App.4th 460, 469.) Where the tribe of heritage
named by the parent is not on the list of federally recognized tribes, a court has no reason
to know a child is an Indian child. (In re K.P., at p. 5.)
Here mother claimed she might have Cherokee ancestry and other tribal ancestry
using various spellings of an “H” tribe, none of which are federal tribes. The ICWA-
030s were substantially complete, particularly on the maternal side, from which the
alleged Indian heritage was derived. CFS complied with the California Rules of Court,
rule 5.482 requirements for ICWA noticing. In the court below, mother and her attorney
never clarified which was the “H” tribe with which mother claimed affiliation.4 Nor did
they present evidence at trial or an offer of proof on appeal that mother may have been
referring to the Hualapai or Havasupai tribes. Instead, CFS correctly stated the “H”
tribes, which mother named, were not federally-recognized tribes so the ICWA did not
apply. (25 U.S.C. § 1903(8); In re Wanomi P. (1989) 216 Cal.App.3d 156, 166-167.)
4The Federal Register lists at least 10 federally-recognized tribes in the contiguous 48 United States commencing with the letter “H,” and several more in Alaska.
11
A parent’s failure to name a federally-recognized tribe does not mean there is a
need for further inquiry or noticing of that tribe. (In re Aaron R. (2005) 130 Cal.App.4th
697, 707.) In a case where a mother alleged on appeal that she was a member of
Colfax/Todd’s Valley Consolidated Tribe, the agency did not conduct ICWA noticing,
because the tribe was not federally recognized. The parents argued on appeal that the
agency failed to provide proper ICWA notice, by not investigating whether that band was
affiliated with the Miwok or Maidu tribes and potentially affiliated with federally-
recognized tribes. (In re K.P., supra, 175 Cal.App.4th at pp. 4-5.) The appellate court
held ICWA did not apply to a non-federally recognized tribe and no notice was required.
(Id. at p. 6.) The appellate court also rejected new information on appeal, which had not
been presented in the juvenile court, and noted the parents cited no authority requiring the
agency to investigate possible federal affiliation of all tribes. (Id. at p. 5.)
Mother claims that CFS should have sent notice to the Hualapai or Havasupai
tribes because of the similarity of those names to the other “H” names used by mother.
However, CFS would have to engage in sheer speculation because no evidence in the
record suggests mother had tribal ties with the Arizona tribes. Even if mother had tried to
name the United Houma Nation based on a maternal relative born in Baton Rouge,
Louisiana, that tribe is a non-federally recognized tribe.5
5 The United Houma Nation’s internet website—www.unitedhoumanation.org— describes that tribe’s efforts to achieve federal recognition, hindered by a lack of funding and legal representation.
12
Mother also argues CFS did not provide maiden names and birth dates for certain
relatives and should have obtained more information. However, the ICWA clerk
submitted sworn declarations attesting she had provided the information CFS had
received about relatives. For example, the maternal great-grandfather, a remote relative,
was included on the form with his birthplace and the month and day of his birth. CFS
was not required to inquire repeatedly about mother’s claim of Indian heritage once it had
obtained all the information mother could provide. As to the paternal heritage, the court
did confirm father had no apparent Indian heritage.
After the three federally-recognized Cherokee tribes determined the children were
not Indian children, as indicated in tribal correspondence, the court found ICWA did not
apply. No attorney objected to that finding, which was based on substantial evidence. (In
re E.W., supra, 170 Cal.App.4th at pp. 403-404.)
On appeal, mother points to no evidence in the record indicating any family
member was a member of a federally-recognized tribe, or eligible for membership, and
no offer of proof is made to this court. (25 U.S.C. § 1903(4); Code of Civ. Proc., § 909.)
Mother had no additional ICWA information. Even if ICWA applied, the children are
being adopted by mother’s older brother, preserving any Indian relationship. Therefore,
any ICWA noticing deficiencies constituted harmless error. (In re Cheyanne F. (2008)
164 Cal.App.4th 571, 577-579.)
Furthermore, although the parents may not have been able to waive or forfeit
ICWA notice requirements, because of the dearth of ICWA evidence, there is no need to
address the issue of waiver or forfeiture. (Dwayne P. v. Superior Court (2002) 103
13
Cal.App.4th 247, 257; In re Marinna J. (2001) 90 Cal.App.4th 731, 739.) At some point,
there must be finality in the ICWA noticing process. (In re Z.W. (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th
54, 67.) “Parents cannot spring the matter for the first time on appeal without at least
showing their hands.” (In re Rebecca R. (2006) 143 Cal.App.4th 1426, 1431.)
IV
DISPOSITION
We dismiss father’s appeal for lack of standing. Mother’s claims wholly lack
merit. We affirm the judgment.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
CODRINGTON J.
We concur:
McKINSTER Acting P. J.
MILLER J.
14
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court affirmed the termination of parental rights, finding that the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA) did not apply because the children were not members of or eligible for membership in any federally recognized tribe. The court further held that the agency's ICWA notice was sufficient and that any alleged deficiencies were harmless.
Issues
Whether the juvenile court erred in finding that the Indian Child Welfare Act did not apply to the dependency proceedings.
Whether the agency failed to provide adequate ICWA notice by not investigating potential tribal affiliations for non-federally recognized tribes.
Whether the alleged father has standing to appeal the judgment.
Disposition. Affirmed in part; dismissed in part.
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“The record offers no credible evidence that the subject children are Indian children.”
“ICWA applies to federally recognized tribes; notice to non-federally recognized tribes is not required.”
“Parents cannot spring the matter for the first time on appeal without at least showing their hands.”