In Re Estate of Hughston

GAROUTTE, J.

The appeals in this case are taken from orders or judgments refusing to revoke the probate of a will. A motion is now made by respondent to dismiss those appeals, upon the ground that such orders or judgments are not appeal-able.

Prior to 1901 the Code of Civil Procedure (sec. 963, subd. 3) did not authorize an appeal from an order or judgment refusing to revoke the probate of a will. That question was squarely met and decided in

Estate of

Winslow, 128 Cal. 311. While appellants now attack the legal soundness of that decision, this court is satisfied with the conclusion there declared, and will not disturb it.

The orders or judgments here appealed from were made during the latter days of January, 1901. Upon February 28, 1901, the aforesaid subdivision of section 963 of the Code of Civil Procedure was amended by giving an appeal from orders or judgments refusing to revoke the probate of a will, and it is upon the efficacy of this amendment to the statute that appellants largely rely for authority to take these appeals. In speaking as to probate orders, decrees, and judgments, section 1715 of the Code of Civil Procedure declares: “The appeal must be taken within sixty days after the order, decree, or judgment is entered.” In the present case the orders or judgments appealed from were not entered until after February 28, 1901, and not being entered until after a right of appeal was given by the aforesaid amendment, it is claimed that an appeal exists in this case.

By subdivision 3 of section 963 of the Code of Civil Procedure, as amended, appeals are given from judgments and orders revoking or refusing to revoke the probate of a will. There is no intimation, even, that this amendment was intended to apply to judgments and orders already made. There is noth

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ing whatever to indicate that the legislature contemplated that this amendment should have a retroactive effect, even conceding the existence in that body of power to so declare. - The general principle of law is unquestioned, that, in the absence of express direction, no legislative act will be construed as having retroactive effect. "Indeed, the general principle as to the retroactive effect of legislative enactments is not disputed by appellants, but it is insisted that as the time for appeal only begins to run from the date of the entry of a judgment or order, and the judgments or orders in this case not having been entered until after the amendment went into effect, therefore the law is given no retroactive effect by holding that a right of appeal is granted in the present case. The court does not agree with this contention. It is the judgment or order that the statute says may be appealed from. The entry of that judgment or order only serves the purpose of fixing the time from which the appeal may be taken. And section 1715 of the Code of Civil Procedure, already quoted, only fixes the time when and the number of days in which a party mny take his appeal. Certainly, as to probate orders, decrees, or judgments, their entry in the book prescribed by the statute is no part thereof. They are perfect and complete, and have full force and effect before they are entered. The right of app -al is given from the order or judgment, and may be exercised when the order or judgment is entered. It is the duty of the proper officer to make the entry, and he can be compelled to perform his duty. The judgment is the result of judicial action. The entry of the judgment is purely a ministerial matter. Appellants rely upon cases similar to