Huntington v. Donovan

This is an action to quiet title to a quarter-section of land near Del Sur, Los Angeles County, within the overlapping United States land grant to the Atlantic Pacific Railway, made by Congress in 1866 (14 U.S. Stats. 292) in aid of its proposed railroad from the Colorado River to the Pacific Ocean, and the grant made in 1871 (16 U.S. Stats. 573) to the Southern Pacific Railroad Company for its "branch line" from Tehachapi to Yuma via Los Angeles. The latter grant was void as to lands in the overlapping grants, and in 1886 the rights of the former reverted to the United States, and the land was restored to the public domain (24 U.S. Stats. 123; United States v. SouthernPacific R. R. Co., 146 U.S. 570, [36 L.Ed. 1091, 13 Sup. Ct. Rep. 152]; United States v. Colton Marble Lime Co.,146 U.S. 615, [36 L.Ed. 1104, 13 Sup. Ct. Rep. 163]; Southern Pacific R.R. Co. v. United States, 183 U.S. 519, [46 L.Ed. 307, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 154]; United States v. Southern PacificR. R. Co., 184 U.S. 49, [46 L.Ed. 425, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 285, see, also, Rose's U.S. Notes].) Plaintiff claims under the grant to the Southern Pacific Railroad Company and the defendant under a desert land entry made in 1910. A patent was issued to this company on January 9, 1885, in pursuance of the grant of 1871, for 33,249 acres of land, including the land in controversy. On January 28, 1890, the company by a grant deed conveyed 1,280 acres, including the land in controversy, to Nathan Cole, Jr. The latter, by deed dated February 8, 1890, recorded March 13, 1890, conveyed the land in question to C.A. Sargent. On March 17, 1890, a suit was brought by the United States against the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, Nathan Cole and other grantees and mortgagees of that company, to cancel the patent of January 9, 1885, and other similar patents. *Page 748 This suit was twice appealed to the supreme court of the United States (Southern Pacific R. R. Co. v. United States,168 U.S. 1, [42 L.Ed. 355, 18 Sup. Ct. Rep. 18]; United States v.Southern Pac. R. Co., 184 U.S. 49, [46 L.Ed. 425, 22 Sup. Ct. Rep. 285, see, also, Rose's U.S. Notes]). The patents were canceled. Plaintiff claims that he is not bound by this cancellation because C.A. Sargent, his predecessor, was not a party to the suit, although he was the record owner, and for the further reason that the final decree excluded the land in controversy. It is true that Sargent was not bound by the decree, or by the cancellation of the patent upon which his title depends, as by an adjudication, but plaintiff's rights, so far as they are affected by the law therein declared, must be determined in accordance therewith. The supreme court of the United States in that case determined the effect of certain acts of Congress, and we must give to them the same construction in this case. That case turned, in part, upon the question as to whether the Atlantic Pacific Railroad had made an effective location of its line of railroad, so as to vest in it the title of the lands along such line in such overlap. [1] So far as this question of fact is concerned it is not open to litigation between the parties here, as we take judicial notice of the invalidity of this grant to the Southern Pacific Railroad Company. (Southern Pacific R. R. Co. v. Painter,113 Cal. 247, [45 P. 320].) And where it appears that the land is within this overlapping grant we have held the patent to the company void. (Owen v. Pomona Land Water Co., 6 Cal. Unrep. 438, [61 P. 472].) This court has frequently taken notice of the invalidity of these patents. (Southern Pac. R. R.Co. v. Wood, 124 Cal. 475, [57 P. 388]; Southern Pac. R. B.Co. v. Lipman, 148 Cal. 480, 491, [83 Pac., 445]; Wilson v.Southern Pac. R. R. Co., 150 Cal. 731, [89 P. 1089].) Plaintiff claims that as he holds under a United States patent to the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, that patent cannot be collaterally attacked. [2] The general rule is that patents cannot be so attacked (United States v. Stone, 69 U.S. (2 Wall.) 525, [17 L.Ed. 765]; Michigan L. L. Co. v. Rust,168 U.S. 589, 593, [42 L.Ed. 591, 18 Sup. Ct. Rep. 208]), but a void patent can be so attacked (Marsh v. Nickols etc. Co.,128 U.S. 605, [32 L.Ed. 538, 9 Sup. Ct. Rep. 168]; Steel v. St.Louis etc. *Page 749 Co., 106 U.S. 447, [27 L.Ed. 226, 1 Sup. Ct. Rep. 389, see, also, Rose's U.S. Notes], cited in Klauber v. Higgins, 117 Cal. 451, 465, [49 P. 466]). That this patent is void and subject to collateral attack is clear, for its invalidity results from the fact that the lands covered thereby had been previously granted by act of Congress to the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad, and the title thereto was in such railroad when the patent was issued (1885) to the Southern Pacific Railroad Company. (Marsh v. Nichols etc. Co., supra; Southern Pac. R. R.Co. v. United States, 168 U.S. 1, 41, [42 L.Ed. 355, 18 Sup. Ct. Rep. 18, see, also, Rose's U.S. Notes].) Plaintiff also claims that even if the patent is invalid, Congress has declared by acts passed in 1891 (26 U.S. Stats. 1093, [U.S. Comp. Stats., sec. 4992]), and in 1896 (29 U.S. Stats. 42, [U.S. Comp. Stats., secs. 4901-4903]), that no suit can be brought to determine such invalidity after March 2, 1901 (five years after the act of March 2, 1896), and that the effect of this limitation is to validate the patent after that date. In this connection appellant calls attention to the decision of the supreme court of the United States in United States v.Chandler-Dunbar Water Power Co., 209 U.S. 447, [52 L. Ed. 881, 28 Sup. Ct. Rep. 579, see, also, Rose's U.S. Notes], in which it was held that the failure of the United States to bring a suit to cancel a void patent results in confirming title in the patentee. The court said: "We can see no reason for doubting that the statute (26 Stats. 1093, c. 561, sec. 8), which is the voice of the United States, had that effect. It is said that the instrument was void and hence was no patent. But the statute presupposes an instrument that might be declared void. When it refers to 'any patent heretofore issued,' it describes the purport and source of the document, not its legal effect. If the act were confined to valid patents it would be almost or quite without use. Leffingwell v. Warren, 2 Black (U.S.), 599," [17 L.Ed. 261, see, also, Rose's U.S. Notes]. In the case at bar, however, the patent relied upon by appellant was attacked by the government in 1890, and in that suit was decreed to be void and canceled. [3] It is evident from the act itself that this five-year period for the bringing of actions to cancel patents was not intended to protect grantees of small portions of the lands patented, where the patent was attacked in time *Page 750 and decreed invalid. If such grantees are bona fide purchasers they were protected by elaborate provisions of the act by which they could secure title from the government. No case has been called to our attention, and we have discovered none, in which the federal courts have been called upon to determine the effect of the five-year limitation upon the rights of a grantee of a portion of the patented premises where the patent itself has been canceled in an action between the government and the patentee, and the grantee is not made a party to the action in which the patent was canceled. In the case of United States v.Norris, 222 Fed. 14, 19, [137 C. C. A. 552], an action had been commenced against the patentee to cancel the patent within the five-year period. After the expiration of that period the grantee of the patentee was made a party, and it was held that he was protected by the five-year limitation, and that not having been made a party until after the expiration of that period the suit as to him must fail because begun too late. In that case, however, the patent had not been canceled at the time the grantee was made a party and the action failed because the grantee had taken the title to the entire tract. The supreme court of the United States has construed with strictness the five-year limitation upon the power of the government to bring suit to annul a patent. (United States v.New Orleans Pac. Ry. Co. et al., 248 U.S. 507, [63 L.Ed. 388, 39 Sup. Ct. Rep. 175].) The rule is thus stated in UnitedStates v. St. Paul M. M. Ry. Co., 247 U.S. 310, 313, [62 L. Ed. 1130, 38 Sup. Ct. Rep. 525, 526]: "Laying aside other questions raised by the government, we have reached the conclusion that, having regard to the general principle which requires a strict construction to be given to legislation in derogation of the public right, and in view of the legislative history of this particular enactment, the proviso must be given the effect of a curative measure confined to lands theretofore patented, and not granting dispensation for frauds or mistakes thereafter occurring. It will be observed that the proviso is not a mere statute of limitation, but an absolute bar of suits by the United States; not merely of suits to vacate and annul patents, but of suits to recover either the land or the value thereof; not merely in favor of bona fide purchasers, but also of the immediate recipient of an unlawful certification or *Page 751 patent. The general principle of public policy applicable to all governments, that the public interest should not be prejudiced by the negligence or default of public officers, which underlies the rule of strict construction for statutes of limitation, applies with peculiar force to a statute of this character. (United States v. Knight, 14 Pet. (U.S.) 301, 315, [10 L.Ed. 465]; Gibson v. Chouteau, 13 Wall. 92, 99, [20 L.Ed. 534]; United States v. Thompson, 98 U.S. 486, 489, [25 L.Ed. 194]; Fink v. O'Neil, 106 U.S. 272, 281, [27 L.Ed. 196, 1 Sup. Ct. Rep. 325]; United States v. Nashville, Chattanooga St.Louis Ry. Co., 118 U.S. 120, 125, [30 L.Ed. 81, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1006, see, also, Rose's U.S. Notes]); United States v. Whited Wheless, 246 U.S. 552, [62 L.Ed. 879, 38 Sup. Ct. Rep. 367].)" The purpose of this remedial legislation fixing a limitation within which patents may be attacked and exempting a bona fide purchaser from the results of the invalidity of the patent is fully accomplished as to plaintiff if he is allowed in this action to prove that he is in fact a bona fide purchaser and thus show title. It remains to be determined whether he is protected as a bona fide purchaser under acts of Congress passed for that purpose. The law of March 2, 1896, confirmed the title of bona fide purchasers from the Railroad Company. (United States v. Southern Pacific R. R. Co., 117 Fed. 544, affirmed Southern Pac. R. Co. v. United States,200 U.S. 341, [50 L.Ed. 507, 26 Sup. Ct. Rep. 296]; United States v.Winona etc. R. R., 165 U.S. 463, 477, [41 L.Ed. 789, 17 Sup. Ct. Rep. 368, see, also, Rose's U.S. Notes].) Under the previous acts of 1887 and 1891, for the protection of a bonafide purchaser, it was necessary for the purchaser to take some affirmative action to secure a patent in order to fully protect himself (San Jose Land Water Co. v. San Jose Ranch Co.,129 Cal. 673, [62 P. 269], affirmed 189 U.S. 177, [47 L.Ed. 765, 23 Sup. Ct. Rep. 487, see, also, Rose's U.S. Notes]), but this was unnecessary under the act of March 2, 1896, supra. Without some such affirmative action, however, it is necessary for the grantee of the patentee to show that he is a bona fide purchaser in order to claim the benefit of this remedial legislation. [4] The burden of proof of his good faith is on such purchaser when attacked by the government (Wright-BlodgettCo. v. United States, 236 U.S. 397, [59 L.Ed. 637, 35 Sup. Ct. Rep. 339]), or by *Page 752 a private party. (Great Northern Ry. Co. v. Hower,236 U.S. 702, [59 L.Ed. 798, 35 Sup. Ct. Rep. 465, see, also, Rose's U.S. Notes]; Code Civ. Proc., secs. 1869, 2061, subd. 5.)