California Court of Appeal Jun 1, 1926 No. Docket Nos. 5580, 5581.Published
Before: Langdon
LANGDON, P. J.
Two companion cases are presented by this appeal, one an action by Lawrence V. Overell and the other by Eobert E. Overell, against Arthur O. Overell, to have him removed as trustee under two certain declarations of trust. Under each declaration of trust 375 shares of the capital stock of the J. M. Overell Furniture Company, a corporation, is held in trust. The parties plaintiff are beneficiaries under the trust declarations. The parties plaintiff and the party defendant are brothers. E'ach declaration of trust is dated October 20, 1920, and made by the mother of the parties, Anna E. Overell, who appointed herself trustee thereunder and designated the defendant as her successor in the event of her death before the expiration of the trust.
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Mrs. Overell died in 1923, since which time the defendant has acted as trustee under said declarations of trust.
Each trust declaration provides that the trustees shall hold the stock with full and complete voting power thereof, paying the entire net income to the beneficiary for a period of ten years, after which time the trust estate shall be transferred to the beneficiary discharged of any and all trusts; and in the event of the death of the beneficiary during the existence of the trust, then said trust property is to be transferred, discharged of any trusts, to his heirs at law.
All the stock of the Overell Furniture Company is owned by the Overell family. The defendant owns 509 shares and holds 750 shares in trust for the plaintiffs in these proceedings, and the remainder of the 2,500 shares is owned by other brothers.
The plaintiffs sought the removal of the defendant as trustee and the appointment of another trustee or the termination of the trust, it being contended that the defendant was not a fit and proper person to be trustee of the stock because his personal interests conflicted with his duties as trustee; that the actions of the defendant with relation to the management and voting of plaintiffs’ stock were inimical to the best interests of plaintiffs, and that because of the personal antagonism existing between the defendant and the plaintiffs, defendant was not a proper person to act as trustee.
The trial court gave judgment removing Arthur O. Overell as trustee and appointing as trustee the nominee of the plaintiffs. Defendant appeals from this judgment and contends that the complaint does not state a cause of action for the removal of the trustee; that the findings do not support the judgment and that the evidence is insufficient to support the findings.
No demurrers were filed to the complaints and the following is a summary of their allegations: Both of the plaintiffs are employed in the business of the Overell Furniture Company. Robert E. Overell is credit manager and has been employed in the business for about eight years. Lawrence Y. Overell has been employed in various capacities for about three years. The trustee, by reason of being such, has control of a majority of the stock of the corporation and, in addition, dominates and controls another brother, I. R. Over-
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ell, so that he controls two-thirds of the stock of this corporation. He became trustee of the stock on January 8, 1923, and at the first stockholders’ meeting thereafter, in April, 1923, proceeded to cause the number of directors of the corporation to be reduced from five to three, and changed the by-laws of the corporation so as to permit their amendment at any directors’ meeting by a two-thirds vote of the directors. By reducing the number of directors, the defendant eliminated Walter E. Overell from the board of directors. Walter E. Overell had been on the board of directors for several years, was familiar with the business, and the best interests of the business and of the stock belonging to the trust estate required the retention of Walter on the board of directors. The defendant, haying chosen a board of directors subject to his domination and having changed the by-laws so they could be amended at any time by two-thirds of this board, and having further adopted a resolution that any person might hold two offices, proceeded to elect himself president and general manager and become in full control of the affairs of the corporation.
It is alleged that the income from the trust estate depends entirely upon dividends declared upon the stock and that the payment of the same rests entirely with the defendant; that dividends have not been declared for the year 1922 nor for the year 1923, although the earnings of the corporation have been large; that the defendant had the power to increase his salary as he saw fit; that the defendant proposed to cause the capital stock of the Overell Furniture Company to be increased to the extent of $100,000 and was about to take the necessary steps to call a stockholders’ meeting and by proper legal action increase the stock to such extent, and that by reason of being the trustee under the trust declaration, he would have sufficient voting power to secure the increase of stock; that there was no necessity for the increase of the capital stock and that this step was being taken despite the objections of the plaintiffs and for the purpose of compelling them to raise large sums of money to purchase the additional stock, or in the event of their failure so to do, the defendant would purchase the additional stock, thereby permanently securing the control of the corporation; that only by having the voting power of the trust stock could the defendant increase the capital
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stock; that plaintiffs would be- unable to purchase sufficient of the new stock to retain their proportionate interests in the corporation; that defendant notified the plaintiffs that he proposed to remove the business of the corporation to a new building and refused to discuss the matter with plaintiffs; that this matter was of great importance to said corporation and therefore to the trust estate consisting of stock in said corporation and the stock of plaintiffs should be fairly and impartially represented in voting on this question; that defendant, for a period of two years, has taken a hostile, unpleasant, and insulting attitude toward plaintiffs, calling them vile names and stating to them that they were not entitled to any interest in the business nor any stock therein, and that defendant attempted to intimidate, plaintiffs by telling them that if they were to take any steps to secure control of their stock he would discharge them from their positions; that by reason of the hostility and antagonisms existing between the parties, the defendant would not act for the best interests of the plaintiffs.
The trust declarations provide that the trust may be terminated at any time prior to the expiration of the ten-year period, in the discretion of the trustee. The complaints allege that by reason of the hostile feeling between the defendant and the plaintiffs, the defendant could not exercise a fair and impartial discretion in this matter of terminating the trust.
Appellant urges that the matters complained of are all within the legal rights of the defendant and will not constitute cause for his removal as trustee. We cannot agree with this position.
In all matters connected with his trust a trustee is bound to act in the highest good faith toward his beneficiary and may not obtain any advantage therein over the latter by the slightest misrepresentation, concealment, threat, or adverse pressure of any kind. (Sec. 2228, Civ. Code.) As long as the confidential relation lasts the trustee or other fiduciary owes an undivided duty to his beneficiary, and cannot place himself in any other position which would subject him to conflicting duties, or expose him to the temptation of acting contrary to the best interests of his original
cestui que trust.
This prohibition operates irrespective of
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the good faith or bad faith of such dealing. (3 Pomeroy Equity Jurisprudence, sec. 1077.)
The ease of
Gartside
v.
Gartside,
113 Mo. 348 [20 S. W. 669], is one involving a trust of stock in a “family” corporation and presents many features similar to the case at bar. The defendant trustee was a brother of the complainants, having been appointed trustee under the will of their father. Part of the trust estate consisted of stock in a coal company. We quote from the decision: “Defendant is president and treasurer of the company, and he is enabled without the consent of plaintiffs, to control the election of the board of directors, as he, his mother, his sister that sides with him, and his brother own 4020 of the shares while plaintiffs own 1980. He pays the dividends on the stock to his sisters. . . . He refuses to give his sisters any information in regard to the business of the coal company. . . .
“We think also that the court erred in not removing defendant from the trust for these reasons: First, He occupies antagonistic relations to the coal company property. He owns stock as an individual, as trustee, he holds the stock of his sisters, and he controls the business of the company as its president. He is, indeed, the company, being in full and complete control of it. He elects himself president and treasurer and fixes and pays his own salary. . . . Defendant’s attorneys make this distinction with great clearness between defendant’s actions as an officer of the company and his contract as trustee and complain that plaintiffs cannot or will not see that distinction.
“The argument is that the beneficiaries have no right to inquire into defendant’s management of the corporate property, and that, even if they had such right, it is evident ‘they together represent too small a fraction of its stock to enable them to exercise control of the business and it is a sufficient answer, to all their complaint and criticism that all that has been done represents the will of the majority of those interested in the company.’ If that is true, then it is perfectly manifest that the stock of the complaining -beneficiaries should be held by someone other than the defendant. This would operate as a slight check, at least, on his management of the company's affairs. The fact that he can control the company without the consent of complainants,
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instead of--being a reason for permitting him to retain the title to their stock with the power to vote it, affords the strongest reason why. he should surrender it to someone whose interests are not identical with his. His dual relations to this property are antagonistic, and the court should sever them by removing him from the trusteeship, and by the appointment of some other discreet business man, who, no doubt, will be able to find some legal method of inquiring into the management of the business of the company.”
Many features of the instant case are considered in the foregoing quotation; another feature of the instant case is discussed in the case of
Pyle
v.
Pyle,
137 App. Div. 573 [122 N. Y. Supp. 259], affirmed, 199 N. Y. 538 [92 N. E. 1099], as follows: “By accepting a salary as president of the corporation, he has placed himself in a position whereby his personal interest may, or has, come directly in conflict with, and to a certain extent antagonistic to, his interest as trustee. It is not necessary to determine that he has acted in bad faith or received from the corporation a sum in excess of what he would have been legally entitled to if he had been selected as president of the corporation had he not been a trustee of an estate holding one-half of the capital stock. One-half of the salary paid to him diminishes to that extent what would otherwise be paid to the beneficiaries of the trust which he represents, and to this extent at least he is not in a position to so act that his personal interest does not come in conflict with his interest as trustee. He ought not to have placed himself in such position, and, having done so, ought not to be permitted to act as trustee.”
In
Matter of Hirsch’s Estate,
160 App. Div. 367, 376 [101 N. Y. Supp. 883, 889], it is said: “It is not necessary to determine that the appellant acted in bad faith or received from the corporation a sum in excess of what he would have been legally entitled to had he been selected as president and counsel for the company by the stockholders owning stock in their own right. He placed himself in a position where his personal interest and the interest of the beneficiaries for whom he was trustee were to a certain extent antagonistic.”
In
May
v.
May,
167 U. S. 310 [42 L. Ed. 179, 17 Sup. Ct. Rep. 824], the court said: “The power of a court of equity to remove a trustee, and substitute another in his
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place, is incidental to its paramount duty to see that trusts are properly executed; and may properly be exercised whenever such a state of mutual ill feeling, growing out of his behavior, exists between the trustees, or between the trustee in question and the beneficiaries, that his continuance in office would be detrimental to the execution of the trust, even if for no other reason than that human infirmity would prevent the co-trustee or the beneficiaries from working in harmony with him, and although charges of misconduct against him are either not made out, or are greatly exaggerated. (Citing authorities.) ”
Also, in
McPherson
v.
Cox,
96 U. S. 404, 419 [24 L. Ed. 746], it is said: “Where a trustee is charged with an active trust, which gives him some discretionary power over the rights of the
cestui que trust,
and which brings him into constant personal intercourse with the latter, it may be conceded that the mere existence of strong, mutual ill feeling between the parties will, under some circumstances, justify a change by the court.”
In the instant case the trustee has discretionary power over the termination of the trust, and the declaration of dividends, which constitute the income from the estate. The trustee and beneficiaries are brought into constant personal contact because of the employment by the same corporation.
We quote further from
Gartside
v.
Gartside, supra:
“The second reason why the defendant should be removed' from the trusteeship mentioned is the unfriendly and even hostile relations that exist between him and the
cestui que trusts.
Hostility between the trustee and the
cestui que trust
is not of itself a sufficient ground of removal, unless it appears that the action of the former is probably controlled or might be controlled by it. Some of the courts make a distinction between hostility growing out of the trustee’s fault, or partly out of his fault, and that growing wholly out of the fault of the
cestui que trust.
Conceding that such distinction is founded in reason, which is not clear to us, however, yet we think that the evidence in this ease shows conclusively that defendant is not entirely without fault.
“In our opinion the hostility of these parties and the situation and nature of the property and their relations to it make the continuance of defendant as trustee incompatible with the best interests of the beneficiaries and he should
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be removed. This position is supported by authority, and, it seems to us, upon principle, too. Perry on Trusts, sec. 276, and cases cited.”
Cases announcing a principle in harmony with the foregoing authority are:
Maydwell
v.
Maydwell,
135 Tenn. 1 [Ann. Cas. 1918B, 1043, 185 S. W. 712];
Wilson
v.
Wilson,
145 Mass. 490, 493 [1 Am. St. Rep. 477, 14 N. E. 521] ;
Laughlin
v.
Wells Bldg. Co.,
179 Wis. 56 [190 N. W. 899]. The case last cited answers the argument of appellant based upon the fact that the record shows that the beneficiaries of the trust have probably been as disagreeable and inconsiderate in their treatment of the trustee as he has been in his treatment of them, in the following language: “We find, however, upon examining the evidence, that a state of serious antagonism has arisen between the trustee and the
cestids que trustent.
Whether the trustee is more to be blamed for the existence of this antagonism than the
cestuis que trustent,
we need not determine. . . . While it is true that the mere fact that a quarrel exists between a
cestui que trust
and the trustee is not ground for the removal of the latter, yet such a fact, in connection with other facts and circumstances, may be taken into consideration in determining whether or not a trial court has abused its discretion in removing the trustee. In the case of a trust not coupled with any interest in the trustee, the welfare of the beneficiaries of the trust constitutes the chief matter for consideration.”
The attack made by the appellant upon the findings is without merit. It is true that some of the findings are immaterial and unnecessary to the decision, but that fact does not prejudice the appellant. There are in the record finding's sufficient to meet the rules of law enunciated in the decisions from which quotations have been made herein which are supported by the evidence. Defendant voted the stock of the beneficiaries to his personal alvantage in such matters as his election to the offices of president and general manager, and in increasing his salary and in making changes in the board of directors and in the by-laws of the corporation, all calculated to increase his power and control in the corporation. A very bitter antagonism exists between defendant and plaintiffs, which has gone so far as to be manifested in physical violence upon some occasions. Such conditions tend to make it impossible for the defendant to
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impartially exercise his discretion in the matter of terminating the trust and in other matters involving the interests of the beneficiaries.
The contention that the findings do not support the judgment is answered by our discussion of the sufficiency of the complaints, as the findings embody, substantially, the allegations of the complaints.
The only other matter requiring consideration is the contention that the appellant should be allowed a reasonable sum for attorney’s fees for services rendered on appeal, which sum is suggested as $2,500 in each of the two cases. In exercising discretion in this matter we are impressed by the fact that the trial court has already allowed the trustee $2,500 in each case, or a total of $5,000, to meet any obligation he may be under for the expenses of this litigation. In view of that fact we are inclined to take the position of the court in the case of
Laughlin
v.
Wells Bldg. Co., supra,
wherein it was said: “The trial court allowed the plaintiff (the trustee) $1,500 for legal services in this case, allowed him for disbursements actually paid out as trustee, and allowed him to tax statutory disbursements made by him in this action. In view of such allowance, we have reached the conclusion that the plaintiff (the trustee) should have no further allowances for costs, disbursements or counsel fees upon this appeal.”
The judgments are affirmed.
Nourse, J., and Sturtevant, J., concurred.
A petition by appellant to have the cause heard in the supreme court, after judgment in the district court of appeal, was denied by the supreme court on July 30, 1926.
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court affirmed the removal of a trustee who held a controlling interest in a family corporation, finding that his personal interests conflicted with his fiduciary duties and that intense hostility between the trustee and beneficiaries rendered his continued service detrimental to the trust.
Issues
Whether a trustee may be removed for conflict of interest when his personal business interests as a corporate officer conflict with his duties to the beneficiaries.
Whether intense mutual hostility between a trustee and beneficiaries constitutes sufficient grounds for the removal of the trustee.
Disposition. affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“His dual relations to this property are antagonistic, and the court should sever them by removing him from the trusteeship”
“In the case of a trust not coupled with any interest in the trustee, the welfare of the beneficiaries of the trust constitutes the chief matter for consideration.”