HOUSER, J., Concurring.
I concur in the judgment. Although in accord with the conclusion reached by my associates, I cannot agree with that part of the main opinion herein to the effect that as part of the
res gestae
evidence was admissible as to what was said by defendant Rosher after the accident occurred, to wit: “It is my fault. I should not have been looking around.”
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Definitions are of little assistance. According to my recollection, in the published opinion of one of our comparatively early justices of the Supreme Court of this state, in substance it was declared that “definitions of the term
res gestae
are as numerous as the various cures for rheumatism, and about as useful”. But what, to my mind, is of greater importance is the undeniable fact that by the greater weight of authority in this state evidence of declarations made, however soon after the completion of any act or transaction, are inadmissible as a part of the
res gestae.
The opinion in the case of
People
v.
Ah Lee, 60
Cal. 85, contains a most comprehensive explanation and illustration of the principles of law upon which the admissibility of evidence under the doctrine of
res gestae
depends. The precise point there at issue was whether statements made by a person
immediately after
he was stabbed were admissible in evidence. In ruling upon the question thus presented the court quoted with approval from a pamphlet written by Cockburn, C. J., in connection with an opinion theretofore rendered in the English case of
Rex
v.
Bedingfield,
14 Cox C. C. 341, wherein it appeared that the prosecution offered to prove that some ten or fifteen minutes before her death a woman who had been attacked, on “coming from her house, at a distance of fifteen or twenty yards from her door, holding her apron to her throat, exclaimed: ‘Oh, dear aunt, see what Bedingfield has done, ’ Bedingfield not being present at the time”. A part of "the pertinent language appearing in such pamphlet is as follows:
“Whatever act or series of acts constitute, or in point of time immediately accompany and terminate in the principal act charged as an offense against the accused, from its inception to its consummation or final completion, or its prevention or abandonment, whether on the part of the agent or wrongdoer in order to its performance, or on that of the patient or party wronged in order to its prevention, and whatever may be said by either of the parties during the continuance of the transaction, with reference to it, including herein what may be said by the suffering party, though in the absence of the accused, during the continuance of the action of the latter, actual or constructive, e. g., in the case of flight or applications for assistance, form part of the principal transaction, and may be given in evidence as part
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of the
res gestae
or particulars of it; while, on'the other hand, statements made by the complaining party, after all action on the part of the' wrongdoer, actual or constructive, has ceased, through the completion of the principal act or other determination of it by its prevention, or its abandonment by the wrongdoer, such as, e. g., statements made with a view to the apprehension of the offender, do not form part of the
res gestae,
and should be excluded. ... It is perfectly obvious that there is a limit to the time within which such statements must be made in order to be admissible in evidence as a part of the
res gestae.
But if made
after the termination of the act to which they refer,
they are merely narrative of a past transaction,
whether made within a minute or' an hour afterward.
And ‘where declarations offered in evidence are merely narrative of the past occurrence, they cannot be received as proof of the existence of such occurrence’. (1 Greenl. Ev. 110.) ‘An act cannot be varied, qualified, or explained either by a declaration which amounts to no more than a mere narrative of the past occurrence, or by an isolated conversation held, or an isolated act done, at a later period.’ (1 Taylor’s Ev. 53.) ”
After quoting extensively from such pamphlet, our Supreme Court in effect declared that statements made
“immediately after”
an occurrence did not constitute a part of the
res gestae
and were not admissible in evidence.
In the case of
Heckle
v.
Southern Pac. Co.,
123 Cal. 441 [56 Pac. 56], the question presented to the court was whether the trial court had erred in granting a motion for a new trial on the ground that on the trial of the action error had been committed in sustaining an objection to the introduction of evidence as to what was said by a person who had been caught under a wheel of a car and was still under the wheel, held there firmly by the weight of the car, at the time he made the declarations sought to be introduced in evidence. Preceding a statement of the facts, the court made the following observation:
“ ... A declaration, to be admissible on that ground, must be
an undesigned part, or incident, of the occurrence in question.
It must be, in a general sense, contemporaneous with the main occurrence, although, in case of a sudden accident or attack, the declarations would not be inadmissible merely because the blow or collision immediately preceded it;
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it must be the natural and spontaneous outgrowth of the main occurrence, and must exclude the notion of deliberation or calculation, or of design to manufacture evidence for future purposes; and, if it be a mere narrative of past events, it then is clearly within the category of inadmissible hearsay, and must, beyond doubt, be excluded. ...”
In
Williams
v.
Southern Pac. Co.,
133 Cal. 550 [65 Pac. 1100, 1102], it appears that a witness was permitted to testify regarding statements made “soon after the accident”. With reference to the application of the
res gestae
rule, the court said:
“The ruling admitting these declarations was clearly erroneous. It is contended that they were part of the
res gestae.
. . . Statements are like other circumstances
when they are part of it,
and if the whole affair cannot be rightly understood without them, they are competent. Expressions of persons who are actors,
made during the occurrence,
may generally, but not always, be proved. If spontaneous, and caused by the event, they may nearly always be shown. But if, afterwards,
no matter how shortly afterwards,
there is an attempt to explain what has happened, or to account for it, or to defend one’s self, or the like, it is incompetent, and inadmissible as
res gestae. A narrative, even if given Hiring the occurrence, is inadmissible. (Heckle
v.
Southern Pac. Co.,
123 Cal. 441 [56 Pac. 56].) ...”
In
Lissak
v.
Crocker Estate Co.,
119 Cal. 442 [51 Pac. 688], the plaintiff recovered a judgment against the defendant for personal injuries sustained by the falling of an elevator in which plaintiff at the time was a passenger. At the trial of the action a witness testified that after the elevator had stopped and the plaintiff had been taken “out of the cage”, the elevator operator stated that “he lost all control, and the connection cord got broke”. In ruling that such statement “formed no part of the
res gestae
and should have been excluded by the (trial) court”, the Supreme Court cited the case of
Lane
v.
Bryant,
9 Gray (Mass.), 245 [69 Am. Dec. 282], in which the facts were similar to those in the instant case in that it appeared that the plaintiff was injured in a collision between his carriage and that of the defendant, and a witness was asked what the defendant’s servant said to the plaintiff at the time of the accident, and while the plaintiff was being taken from the carriage, to
[541]
which he replied that the servant said that the plaintiff was not to blame. In ruling upon the admissibility of such testimony the Supreme Court of Massachusetts said that “The declaration of the defendant’s servant was incompetent, and should have been rejected. It was made after the accident and the injury to the plaintiff’s carriage had been done. It did not accompany the principal act on which the whole case turned, or tend in any way to elucidate it. It was only the expression of an opinion about a past occurrence and no part of the
res gestae.
It is no more competent because made
immediately after the accident than if made a week or a month afterward.”
(Citing authorities.)
In the murder case of
People
v.
Wong Ark,
96 Cal. 125 [30 Pac. 1115], a police officer testified that “after the shooting” he ran a distance of about 140 yards (which certainly should have required not more than thirty seconds) to a place where the woman who had been shot was lying on a porch and that then and there, not within the presence of the defendant, he “had a conversation with her for possibly half a minute, or a little longer”, in which conversation the woman declared that defendant was the man who shot her. In ruling that such declaration was not admissible in evidence as a part of the
res gestae,
the following was quoted from Wharton on Evidence: “The distinguishing feature of declarations of this class is, that they should be
necessary incidents of the litigated
act,—necessary, in this sense, that they are part of the immediate concomitants or conditions of such act, and are not produced by the calculated policy of the actors. . . . The rule before us, however, does not permit the introduction, under the guise of
res gestae,
of a narrative of past events,
made after the events are closed,
by either the party injured or by the bystander.” Thereafter the opinion in the cited case continues: “At the time the declaration referred to was made, the shooting had been done, and the assailant had escaped from the scene of the shooting. The declaration was not the fact talking through the party, but the party’s talk about the facts. ...”
In a separate concurring opinion, Mr. Justice Garoutte elaborated upon the question as to whether the declaration made by the woman was a part of the
res gestae.
Therein he took occasion to criticise certain authorities and to distinguish others. Among other authorities cited, Justice
[542]
Garoutte referred to the case of
Commonwealth
v.
McPike,
3 Cush. (Mass.) 181 [50 Am. Dec. 727], in which it appeared that “the attorney for the commonwealth called Benjamin D. Shaw as a witness, who testified that about the time mentioned by the preceding witness, he heard the voice of a woman crying ‘Murder!’ - as she was going upstairs. He got up, and going towards the room, met the last witness coming out, who told him not to go up, for the defendant would kill her, and then he saw the defendant coming out of the room. The witness then went for a watchman, and coming back, went immediately up to the room where the deceased was, and there found her on the floor bleeding profusely. She asked the witness for some water, and to go for a physician. She said that John (meaning the defendant) had stabbed her, and told the witness what she wanted done if she died.” The following comment is then made by Justice Garoutte: “Upon appeal, the court held the statement of the deceased admissible, upon the ground that the period of time at which these acts and statements took place
was so recent after the receiving of the injury
as to justify its admission as part of the
res gestae
and upon the further ground that in the ¿dmission of testimony of this character much must be left to the exercise of the
sound discretion
of the presiding judge.
These grounds are untenable. Neither upon principle nor authority does the fact (of itself) that the statement was made within a very few moments after the injury was received stamp such statement as res gestae.
As to the second ground relied upon to support the admission of the evidence the same court said in
Lund
v.
Inhabitants of Tyngsborough,
9 Cush. (Mass.) 41, referring to the admission of evidence as
res gestae:
‘Its admission
is not left to the discretion of the presiding judge,
as has been sometimes supposed, but is governed by principles of law which must be applied to particular cases as other principles are applied in the exercise of a judicial judgment. ’ ” Mr. Justice Garoutte then restated the facts and continued:
“It is entirely apparent that her statement as to the stabbing was the narrative of a past event, and should not have been admitted as
res gestae.
It was no more a part of the
res gestae
than if the statement had been made to the witness upon his return after calling a physician.”
[543]
After further comment on the English case of
Rex
v.
Bedingfield,
14 Cox C. C. 341, in part Justice Garoutte said :
“No rule can be laid down for all cases. Each case must be tested to a great extent by its own facts, but the fact that the statements may have been made
immediately subsequent to the wounding
is in no sense true
indicia
that they are
res gestae.
When the statements are the spontaneous outgrowth of the main fact,—when, as Mr. Wharton says, ‘they are the act talking for itself, and not what people say when talking about the act’,—then they become
res gestae,
otherwise they are merely narrative of a past event, and in the interest of truth and justice should be rejected. . . .
“In this case the ‘thing done’ was the shooting. The officer was not present at the time, but was 140 yards distant. He traveled that distance, and found the deceased lying upon the sidewalk, and several Chinese in her immediate presence; an opportunity for reflection and recollection had presented itself; and corrupt influences may have suggested her statement. It was a statement that defendant did the shooting.
It was a narrative of a past event; in no respect an automatic or spontaneous incident of the shooting; no part of the thing done; and should not have been placed before the jury.”
In the case of
Boone
v.
Oakland Transit Co.,
139 Cal. 490 [73 Pac. 243, 244], it appears that, over the objection of the defendant, a witness was allowed to testify that when the car stopped after the accident, and after the conductor had gone from the place where it stopped to the place where the defendant lay, and again returned to the car, the witness had a conversation with the conductor, in which the latter said: “These ladies seem to blame me—seem to think it is my fault.” With reference thereto, in part the Supreme Court said: “This was not a part of the
res gestae.
It happened
after
the accident, and after a sufficient time had elapsed for the defendant to walk almost half a block and back again. It was not even a relation of the facts which caused the accident, but was a mere narrative of the opinion of third persons as to who was at fault. Its admission was against all the rules with relation to
res gestae.”
(Citing authorities.)
[544]
To like effect, see, also,
Luman
v.
Golden A. C. M. Co.,
140 Cal. 700, 709 [74 Pac. 307] ;
Kimic
v.
San Jose etc. Ry. Co.,
156 Cal. 379, 391 [104 Pac. 986] ;
Willard
v.
Valley Gas & F. Co.,
171 Cal. 9, 16 [151 Pac. 286], and authorities respectively there cited.
It thus becomes apparent that the application of the
res gestae
doctrine should be limited to acts or declarations which are necessary incidents of the completed act or- transaction, and which act transpires, or which declarations are made, preceding in time the completion or consummation of the main act or transaction; and that in the operation of such principle, in arriving at a proper conclusion as to whether any given act or declaration constitutes a part of the
res gestae
of the main act or transaction, the element of time within which such incidental act has been performed, or such incidental declaration has been made, following the completion or consummation of the main act or transaction, should not be given consideration. In other words, the element of time is a false quantity in the problem which is presented for solution by the trial court. Nor should the legal determination of the question be left to the sound discretion of the trial court. The decision of such question should be founded upon principles of law and based solely upon the ultimate fact of whether the given act or the declaration is a necessary incident to the main act or transaction which in point of time preceded the completion of such main act or transaction.
Reasoning from the judicial declarations contained in the cited authorities of this state, I am led to the conclusion in the instant ease, that the alleged statement made by Mr. Rosher, after the accident in question had occurred, in substance, that it was his fault and that “he should not have been looking around”, was no part of the
res gestae
and consequently was erroneously admitted in evidence. But, in view of the further fact that Rosher was a party defendant to the action, it would seem clear that, at least as far as he was concerned, his statement was properly receivable in evidence as a declaration or admission against interest. Nor does it appear that any motion was made by the other defendant that the effect or the substance of the questioned evidence be limited in its application to the one defendant. Furthermore, unquestioned evidence was received from other witnesses which, if not in express terms, at least in sub
[545]
stance, was to the same effect as the conclusion contained in the statement that the accident occurred because of the fault of the defendant Kosher, and that “he should not have been looking around”. It therefore becomes obvious that no prejudice to the defense of either of the defendants arose from the reception of the evidence of which appellants here complain.
A petition for a rehearing of this cause was denied by the District Court of Appeal on November 16, 1931, and a petition by appellant to have the cause heard in the Supreme Court, after judgment in the District Court of Appeal, was denied by the Supreme Court on December 17, 1931.