California Court of Appeal May 25, 2016 No. E064590Unpublished
Filed 5/25/16 In re Z.J. CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
In re Z.J., a Person Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law.
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES, E064590
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super.Ct.No. J249605)
v. OPINION
D.J.,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Annamarie G.
Pace, Judge. Affirmed.
William D. Caldwell, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant.
Jean-Rene Basle, County Counsel, and Danielle E. Wuchenich, Deputy County
Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
1
Defendant and appellant D.J. (mother) appeals from the summary denial of her
August 18, 2015, Welfare and Institutions Code1 section 388 petition, which requested in
the alternative that her daughter Z.J. (child), the subject of these dependency proceedings,
be placed in her care under a family maintenance plan, or that she receive reunification
services. Mother also challenges the trial court’s September 28, 2015, order curtailing
We find no abuse of the trial court’s discretion, and affirm.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
The child came to the attention of plaintiff and appellant San Bernardino County
Children and Family Services (CFS) in May 2013, when she was one month old. She
was admitted to the hospital for a clavicle injury; examination revealed multiple
fractures, including healing fractures to her left clavicle and her “left posterior 6th rib,” as
well as older metaphyseal fractures of the distal end of both femurs. According to a
forensic pediatrician who examined the child, the fractures appeared, at least in part, to
have been inflicted nonaccidentally. Mother was the child’s primary caretaker; though
she lived with her father and two brothers, she reported that she did not leave the child in
their care. The father of the child was not a member of the household and had no contact
with the child.
CFS took the child into protective custody on May 23, 2013, placing her with a
family member. On May 28, 2013, CFS filed a section 300 petition, alleging serious
1 Further undesignated statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
2
physical harm (§ 300, subd. (a)), failure to protect (id. subd. (b)), severe physical abuse to
a child under five (id. subd. (e)), and no provision for support by the alleged father (id.,
subd. (g)).2 On May 29, 2013, the trial court detained the child and removed her from
her parents. Pursuant to section 361.5, subdivisions (b) or (e), the trial court found that
“no reunification services may apply” for mother. The court ordered mother to have
visitation of once a week for two hours, supervised by CFS.
In the jurisdiction/disposition report, filed June 14, 2013, CFS noted that mother
initially stated that she believed the child’s injuries were caused by the doctor at the time
of delivery. She also gave several inconsistent statements to police, eventually admitting
to one instance where she had been “irritated,” and likely caused the injuries to the
child’s legs by using excessive force in trying to dress her.
The report included information from the forensic pediatrician who examined the
child, confirming that pulling on or dragging the child by her legs could have caused the
femur injuries; the cause of the child’s other injuries remained unknown. The doctor
opined that a broken clavicle during delivery was “plausible,” but the rib injury was not
consistent with an injury occurring during delivery; a cracked rib was possible, but not a
complete fracture, which is what the child had suffered.
In the jurisdiction/disposition report, the social worker also observed that mother
was affectionate with the child and attentive to her during the one visit that had then
taken place since removal. The social worker was concerned, however, by mother’s
2 The alleged father, later demonstrated to be the child’s biological father, is not party to this appeal, and will be discussed only as necessary for context.
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“rough” handling of the child’s legs while changing her, noting that mother “seemed
oblivious to how she was handling the child.” The social worker “cautioned [mother] to
be careful of the child’s legs and she responded ‘she’s fine.’” When the social worker
reminded mother that she was being observed because the child had been injured, and the
child’s legs were still sensitive and not casted, mother responded “‘they didn’t cast them
because they were already healing.’” The social worker “explained that this fact does not
negate [mother] from being cautious with the handling of the baby’s legs.” At a hearing
on June 19, 2013, the trial court authorized CFS not to allow mother to change the child’s
diapers during visits if she continued to handle the child in an inappropriately rough
manner.
At the contested jurisdictional/dispositional hearing on September 13, 2013,
mother was present, but in custody; she was incarcerated on July 3, 2013, and would not
be released until December 19, 2013.3 The trial court found that the child came within
section 300, subdivisions (a), (b) and (e). The trial court ordered reunification services
for the child’s father, but denied them to mother, pursuant to section 361.5, subdivision
(b)(5).4
3 Our record does not include information regarding the precise basis for mother’s incarceration. Apparently she did suffer a criminal conviction, as she is to remain on formal probation until December 18, 2017. CFS asserts in briefing that mother was convicted of child endangerment, and mother has not disputed that assertion. However, CFS does not point to anything in the present record in support of its characterization of mother’s conviction.
4 Section 361.5, subdivision (b)(5) authorizes the court to deny reunification services to a parent if the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that “the child was [footnote continued on next page]
4
In subsequent status reports, CFS informed the trial court that, after her release
from incarceration, mother visited with the child consistently, on a weekly basis and
under CFS supervision, as allowed under the trial court’s visitation orders; CFS described
no further incidents of rough handling of the child by mother. The child apparently had
suffered no long-lasting effects from her injuries. Meanwhile, reunification efforts with
the child’s father were unsuccessful, for a variety of reasons irrelevant to the present
appeal, leading to the termination of his services on January 29, 2015, and the setting of a
section 366.26 permanency planning hearing for May 29, 2015.
In a section 366.26 report, filed on May 27, 2015, CFS recommended that the
section 366.26 hearing be continued. Since being removed from mother’s custody, the
child spent one month placed with a relative caretaker, then was placed in nonrelative
foster care. Though the social worker viewed the child as adoptable, CFS had not
identified an “appropriate and approved adoptive family for placement.” The trial court
accepted that recommendation, continuing the section 366.26 hearing to September 28,
2015.
On August 18, 2015, mother filed her section 388 petition, requesting the child be
placed in her care under a family maintenance plan, or in the alternative that she receive
family reunification services. Mother had completed a 52-week child abuse prevention
program and had participated in individual counseling. She stated that she has
[footnote continued from previous page] [footnote continued from previous page] brought within the jurisdiction of the court under subdivision (e) of Section 300 because of the conduct of that parent . . . .”
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“maintained a consistent presence in the child’s life” and asserted that she and the child
are “bonded to one another.” Additionally, she claimed she “has taken responsibility for
her actions in this case, and has diligently attended services in order to become a better
parent.” The trial court summarily denied the petition, finding the requested changes not
to be in the child’s best interest. The trial court further noted that the child “was removed
at a very young age and has never lived [with] mother since. Mother has not occupied a
parental role.”
At the continued section 366.26 hearing on September 28, 2015, CFS reported that
it still had not found a permanent home for the child; a nonrelative family that had been a
possibility had “changed their mind last minute.” CFS asked for a further continuance to
allow it to find the child an appropriate adoptive home, and requested the court reduce
mother’s visits from weekly to two times per month to help facilitate the process of the
child “attach[ing] to someone else.” The trial court granted CFS’s requests, both with
respect to a continuance, and curtailing mother’s visitation.
II. DISCUSSION
A. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by Summarily Denying Mother’s
Section 388 Petition.
Mother contends the trial court abused its discretion by summarily denying her
section 388 petition. For the reasons stated below, we disagree.
1. Applicable Law and Standard of Review.
“Section 388 permits ‘[a]ny parent or other person having an interest in a child
who is a dependent child of the juvenile court’ to petition ‘for a hearing to change,
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modify, or set aside any order of court previously made or to terminate the jurisdiction of
the court’ on grounds of ‘change of circumstance or new evidence.’ [Citation.] ‘If it
appears that the best interests of the child may be promoted by the proposed change of
order, . . . the court shall order that a hearing be held . . . .’ [Citation.] Section 388 thus
gives the court two choices: (1) summarily deny the petition or (2) hold a hearing.
[Citations.] In order to avoid summary denial, the petitioner must make a ‘prima facie’
showing of ‘facts which will sustain a favorable decision if the evidence submitted in
support of the allegations by the petitioner is credited.’” (In re Lesly G. (2008) 162
Cal.App.4th 904, 912.)
There are two requirements for a prima facie showing: The petitioner must show
that (1) there is a genuine change of circumstances or new evidence, and (2) a
modification of a previous order would be in the best interests of the child. (In re
Anthony W. (2001) 87 Cal.App.4th 246, 250.) The petitioner has the burden of showing
changed, not changing, circumstances. (In re Casey D. (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 38, 47.)
Once reunification services have been denied or terminated, “the parents’ interest in the
care, custody and companionship of the child are no longer paramount. Rather, at this
point, ‘the focus shifts to the needs of the child for permanency and stability’ [citation],
and in fact, there is a rebuttable presumption that continued foster care is in the best
interests of the child. [Citation.] A court hearing a motion for change of placement at
this stage of the proceedings must recognize this shift of focus in determining the
ultimate question before it, that is, the best interests of the child.” (In re Stephanie M.
(1994) 7 Cal.4th 295, 317 (Stephanie M.).)
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“We review a summary denial of a hearing on a modification petition for abuse of
discretion. [Citation.] Under this standard of review, we will not disturb the decision of
the trial court unless the trial court exceeded the limits of legal discretion by making an
arbitrary, capricious, or patently absurd determination.” (In re A.S. (2009) 180
Cal.App.4th 351, 358.)
2. Analysis.
It is questionable whether mother made a prima facie showing that new evidence
or changed circumstances existed. With respect to new evidence, the circumstance that
the child suffered no long-lasting effects from her injuries is fortunate, but ultimately
irrelevant to whether mother should have physical care and custody over the child; the
fact remains that mother inflicted multiple broken bones on a one-month old infant.
Mother’s showing of changed circumstances is somewhat more plausible, but still falls
short of compelling. Her participation in a child abuse prevention program and
individual counseling is laudable, even if it was a required condition of her probation,
rather than purely voluntary. Mother apparently made some progress toward developing
“healthier coping skill[s], healthier developmental parenting and positive attitudes
towards the parenting process.” And her visitation with the child was apparently regular
(except for the period when she was incarcerated) and uneventful (with the exception of
the one incident of “rough” handling of the child’s legs, before she had the benefit of the
child abuse prevention classes). Nevertheless, we doubt that regular, supervised
visitation, plus completion of a parenting class—even one of 52 weeks duration—is
sufficient for mother to demonstrate changed, as opposed to merely changing,
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circumstances, given the seriousness of the circumstances that gave rise to the child’s
dependency.
In any case, even assuming a genuine change of circumstance, mother failed to
make a prima facie showing that the requested changes were in the child’s best interest.
Fundamental to the child’s interest in permanency and stability is that she be placed in a
home that is physically safe. Any parent who, like mother, has previously inflicted
serious, nonaccidental injuries on an infant has a hard row to hoe in showing he or she is
now able to provide a home that is physically safe for a child. That showing is even more
difficult where, as here, reunification services have been terminated or were never
ordered, and a rebuttable presumption that continued foster care is in the child’s best
interest applies. (Stephanie M., supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 317.)
In arguing she has made the required showing, mother points to the bond she
alleges she shares with the child, developed in the month the child was in her care before
removal, and in the subsequent weekly visitation. She also emphasizes that (as of the
time of briefing in this appeal, at least) CFS had yet to identify a prospective adoptive
home for the child; she reasons on this basis that she may be the child’s “best chance of
permanency.” This evidence of the child’s best interests, however, does not compel a
conclusion different from that of the trial court, even giving it all the weight it reasonably
could be given. The trial court reasonably could have concluded that, given the serious
circumstances that led to the dependency, the prospects for reunification with mother
were slim, despite the progress mother contended that she had made, and no matter how
well her supervised visitation with the child may have gone. Though a prospective
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adoptive family had not yet been identified, the child was considered adoptable, and it
was reasonable for the trial court to give substantial weight to the circumstance that a
permanent placement is more likely to be found if there are no pending obstacles to
adoption, such as possible reunification with a birth parent.
In short, the trial court did not exceed the bounds of reason in denying mother’s
section 388 petition. We therefore will not disturb the trial court’s order.
B. The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by Reducing Mother’s Visitation.
Mother raises both procedural and substantive objections with respect to the trial
court’s order curtailing her visitation. We find no abuse of discretion.
Visitation orders are the prerogative of the juvenile court, which must always
consider the best interests of the child when making them. (In re Jennifer G. (1990) 221
Cal.App.3d 752, 756-757.) “In exercising its discretion, the court is required to make a
‘“‘reasoned judgment’” and compl[y] with the “‘legal principles and policies appropriate
to the particular matter . . . .’”’” (In re Lee G. (1991) 1 Cal.App.4th 17, 26-27.) We will
not disturb the court’s decision unless it is arbitrary, capricious, or patently absurd.
(Stephanie M., supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 318.)
Mother suggests, without quite asserting, that the trial court erred by modifying
her visitation in the absence of a section 388 petition by CFS, citing In re Lance V.
(2001) 90 Cal.App.4th 668 (Lance V.) for the proposition that a “section 388 petition [is]
required to alter [a] visitation order.” Lance V., however, does not stand for that
proposition. In that case, the Court of Appeal stated that “[w]hen a change in orders is
being sought and the pertinent statutes do not otherwise provide a method for change, the
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proper method is a motion pursuant to section 388.” (Id. at p. 675.) It does not follow,
however, that a section 388 petition must always precede a change in a prior court order.
To be sure, a section 388 petition is an “appropriate procedural mechanism to use when a
party seeks a modification of a court order based on new evidence or changed
circumstances . . . .” (Nickolas F. v. Superior Court (2006) 144 Cal.App.4th 92, 99.) But
section 385 provides that a dependency court order “‘may at any time be changed,
modified, or set aside, as the judge deems meet and proper,’” after providing the parties
with notice and an opportunity to be heard. (See Nickolas F., supra, at p. 98.)
In Lance V., the parent had not received notice or an opportunity to be heard, and
the order at issue was reversed on that basis. (Lance V., supra, 90 Cal.App.4th at pp.
676-677.) Here, in contrast, mother had notice that CFS was seeking a change in the
visitation order. CFS requested a change in visitation in the supplemental report filed on
September 24, 2015. Mother had an opportunity to be heard on the issue by filing a
written opposition in advance of the September 28, 2015 hearing, or by presenting
evidence or argument at that hearing (or by requesting a continuance, if she required
more time to prepare a response). Mother’s procedural arguments with respect to the trial
court’s order regarding visitation are therefore rejected.
We also reject mother’s claim of error regarding the merits of the trial court’s
order reducing her visitation. It is hardly uncommon, and is entirely appropriate, for
visitation to be decreased once the focus of the dependency has shifted from the parent’s
interest in reunification to the child’s need for permanency and stability. (E.g. In re S.H.
(2011) 197 Cal.App.4th 1542, 1559 (S.H.).) The trial court reasonably determined that
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decreasing visitation with mother, in anticipation that the child would need to bond to a
new prospective adoptive family, and to facilitate CFS’s efforts to identify such a
prospective adoptive family, was in the best interests of the child. (See ibid. [affirming
order reducing visitation to twice a year for two hours, to promote attachment to new
caregivers].)
Mother suggests that the absence of any “new evidence that the child suffers
detriment” from their visitation requires reversal of the trial court’s order. Not so.
“[T]he governing statute . . . requires a detriment finding before the juvenile court is
authorized to deny visitation; not before the juvenile court is authorized to modify a term
of a previous order granting visitation.” (S.H., supra, 197 Cal.App.4th at 1558.) Even if
the visitation with mother was not itself detrimental, the trial court could reasonably
adjust its frequency and duration in light of the child’s particular circumstances. Mother
points to nothing that compels the conclusion the trial court’s ruling exceeded the bounds
of reason.
III. DISPOSITION
The orders appealed from are affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
HOLLENHORST Acting P. J. We concur:
MILLER J.
CODRINGTON J.
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AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in summarily denying the mother's section 388 petition for modification or in reducing her visitation rights, as the mother failed to demonstrate that the requested changes were in the child's best interest.
Issues
Did the trial court abuse its discretion by summarily denying the mother's section 388 petition for modification?
Did the trial court abuse its discretion by reducing the mother's visitation rights without a formal section 388 petition?
Was the reduction of visitation supported by the child's best interests after the focus shifted to permanency?
Disposition. Affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“We find no abuse of the trial court’s discretion, and affirm.”
“In any case, even assuming a genuine change of circumstance, mother failed to make a prima facie showing that the requested changes were in the child’s best interest.”