California Court of Appeal Dec 10, 2015 No. D067932Unpublished
Filed 12/10/15 In re B.B. CA4/1 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
In re B.B., a Person Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law. D067932 SAN DIEGO COUNTY HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES AGENCY, (Super. Ct. No. SJ11454A) Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
A.B.,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Kenneth J.
Medel, Judge. Affirmed.
Michele Ann Cella, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Thomas E. Montgomery, County Counsel, John E. Philips, Chief Deputy County
Counsel, and Daniela Davidian, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Dependency Legal Group of San Diego, Tilisha Martin, Carolyn Levenberg and
Susan Lake for Minor.
A.B. (Mother) appeals the order terminating her parental rights to her daughter,
B.B. (B.). (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 366.26.)1 Mother alleged the court erred because it
misapplied the beneficial sibling bond exception to termination of parental rights
(§ 366.26, subd. (c)(1)(B)(v)) when assessing whether termination was proper. We
conclude the court did not misapply the statutory scheme and affirm.
B. was born in August 2003. At that time, Mother's breast milk tested positive for
methamphetamine, but Mother declined voluntary services after she was released from
the hospital. A dependency proceeding was filed in 2005 and B. was removed from
Mother's custody, and placed with her relative caregiver (Grandmother) for three months
before being placed back with Mother. However, by September 2006, B. had again been
removed from Mother's care and placed with Grandmother, and Mother was offered
reunification services, but made no substantive progress. In mid-2008, the court ordered
a permanent plan for B. of legal guardianship with Grandmother, and terminated
1 All further statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
2 We set forth only those facts relevant to the court's permanency planning ruling.
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jurisdiction. B. has remained in Grandmother's home since being placed there in
September 2006.
B. The Current Proceedings
In August 2014 Mother and Grandmother filed section 388 modification petitions.
Mother's petition asserted that, based on changed circumstances, the court should change
its 2008 guardianship order to allow visitation between B. and Mother. Grandmother's
petition asked to modify the 2008 order to allow Grandmother to legally adopt B. The
report filed by the Health and Human Services Agency (Agency) on the competing
modification petitions recommended the court reinstate dependency jurisdiction, set a
section 366.26 hearing, and continue Mother's petition to allow the Agency to assess
Mother's request for visitation.
The court entered a September 17, 2014, order reinstating the dependency case,
granting Mother supervised visitation,3 and setting a section 366.26 hearing for January
2015. The Agency's Assessment Report (the Report), dated January 14, 2015, and filed
in connection with the section 366.26 hearing, stated B. was thriving in her placement in
Grandmother's home, as well as at school and in her community. In the five and one-half
years after B. was placed with Grandmother under guardianship, B.'s contact with Mother
and her brothers was inconsistent: B. never resided with her brothers, and her visits with
them over those years occurred only in conjunction with Mother's irregular visits with B.
From December 2013 through November 2014, B. had no contact with her brothers.
3 At a hearing two weeks later, the court ordered supervised visits up to one time per week, and Mother withdrew her section 388 petition. 3
There were three supervised visits between B. and Mother during November and
December 2014, at which her brothers were in attendance. The Report indicated B.
enjoyed the company of her brothers, and played and interacted with them, but separated
easily from them at the end of the visits. Although B. stated she loved and missed her
brothers and enjoyed their time during the visits, she continued to express a desire to be
adopted by her current caregiver. The Report also noted Grandmother understood B.'s
emotional, developmental and educational needs, and was committed to providing her a
safe and stable home; and concluded Grandmother was capable and motivated to do this
for B., and that she was thriving in Grandmother's care. The Report concluded that
neither the parent-child relationship nor the sibling relationship outweighed the benefits
to B. of adoption, and therefore recommended the court terminate Mother's parental
rights and order adoption as B.'s permanent plan.
In an Addendum Report (the Addendum), dated April 1, 2015, and filed in
connection with the continued section 366.26 hearing, the Agency reported there were
three more visits with Mother, B., and B.'s brothers scheduled for February and March
2015. At the February visit, B. greeted her brothers with hugs and played with them
during the visit, but B. and one brother got into an argument and the brother acted
inappropriately and angrily toward B. At the next visit in mid-March 2015, B. again
greeted her brothers happily, but their interactions were rough and required substantial
adult intercession to attempt to redirect their behavior but the boys continued to engage in
unsafe and inappropriate behaviors. At points during the visit, B. appeared agitated and
upset with her brothers and went alone to the visitation area and play structure. The
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brothers also appeared upset at the attempts by Mother to redirect their behavior, with
one brother asking "[c]an we just end this visit and go" and stating "I don't want to be
here anymore" and "can we go," and telling B. "I hate you." At the end of the visit, when
the children were told to clean up the play area, one brother kicked B. in the side of her
abdomen and knocked the wind out of her, causing her to cry, and the brother refused
Mother's instruction to apologize to B. After the visit, B. told the social worker she
wanted to see her brothers again, and that she worried about them.
The final visit was scheduled for the following week, but Mother did not appear,
and repeated efforts to reach her were unavailing. B. told the social worker that, although
she still hoped to see her brothers, she wanted to be adopted by Grandmother.
The Addendum also reported that, after many years of turbulence and uncertainty
in B.'s placement, B.'s time with Grandmother had brought stability and progress in her
life. However, the turbulence from the reinstatement of the dependency proceedings had
caused some regression, including depression, stress, and an incident in which B. (after a
brief phone conversation earlier that day with Mother) acted out by setting a small fire in
her bedroom. The Addendum included that, although B. would be sad if she could not
see her brothers, she reaffirmed her desire to be adopted. The Addendum concluded that
severing the sibling relationship would not cause significant harm to B., and the
relationship is not so significant as to outweigh the benefits of the stability that adoption
would provide to her.
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C. The Contested Section 366.26 Hearing
At the contested permanency planning hearing, Mother argued against terminating
parental rights because the sibling relationship exception under section 366.26,
subdivision (c)(1)(B)(v), should be applied.4 The court found, by clear and convincing
evidence, that it was likely B. would be adopted and that the statutory exceptions did not
apply. The court ordered adoption as the permanent plan for B. and ordered parental
rights terminated.
ANALYSIS
A. Legal Framework
At the permanency planning stage of juvenile dependency proceedings, the court
must determine by clear and convincing evidence whether the child is adoptable.
(§ 366.26, subd. (c)(1).) If it concludes the child is likely to be adopted, the court must
select adoption as the permanent plan unless it finds termination of parental rights would
be detrimental to the child under a statutorily-specified exception. (In re Autumn H.
(1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 567, 573-574.) "The Legislature has . . . determined that, where
possible, adoption is the first choice . . . '. . . because it gives the child the best chance at
[a full] emotional commitment from a responsible caretaker.' " (In re Celine R. (2003) 31
Cal.4th 45, 53.) The parent has the burden to show that one of the statutory exceptions
applies. (In re Andrea R. (1999) 75 Cal.App.4th 1093, 1108.) Where, as here, the
4 Mother argued below that the parent-child bond exception, under section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)(B)(i), also applied. However, Mother does not on appeal contest the court's rejection of that exception and we do not further examine it. 6
juvenile court determines the parent has not met that burden, we affirm its determination
if supported by substantial evidence. (In re Megan S. (2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 247, 250-
251.)
The exception relied on by Mother is contained in section 366.26, subdivision
(c)(1)(B), which provides that termination of parental rights shall not be ordered if the
court finds a "compelling reason for determining that termination would be detrimental to
the child" because "[t]here would be substantial interference with a child's sibling
there would be such substantial interference, the court must "tak[e] into consideration the
nature and extent of the relationship, including, but not limited to, whether the child was
raised with a sibling in the same home, whether the child shared significant common
experiences or has existing close and strong bonds with a sibling, and whether ongoing
contact is in the child's best interest, including the child's long-term emotional interest, as
compared to the benefit of legal permanence through adoption." (Ibid., italics added.)
This exception contains "strong language creating a heavy burden for the party
opposing adoption." (In re Daniel H. (2002) 99 Cal.App.4th 804, 813.) When
considering the sibling relationship exception, the focus is on the best interests of the
child being considered for adoption. (In re Naomi P. (2005) 132 Cal.App.4th 808, 824.)
Thus, "even if adoption would interfere with a strong sibling relationship, the court must
nevertheless weigh the benefit to the child of continuing the sibling relationship against
the benefit the child would receive by gaining a permanent home through adoption." (Id.
at p. 823.)
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The court must thus make two interrelated determinations: is there a significant
sibling relationship and, if so, would the severance of that relationship be so detrimental
to the child that the detriment outweighs the benefits of adoption? (In re L. Y. L. (2002)
101 Cal.App.4th 942, 952.) As this court observed, "[m]any siblings have a relationship
with each other, but would not suffer detriment if that relationship ended. If the
relationship is not sufficiently significant to cause detriment on termination, there is no
substantial interference with that relationship." (Ibid.) Even where siblings had lived
together and "had similar experiences," and the child "loved [her brother] and they were
very close [and the child] said she would be sad if [they were separated] and would miss
him and worry about his safety," the record does not compel the conclusion the sibling
exception applied to preclude adoption when "there was no evidence [the child], other
than being sad, would suffer detriment if the relationship ended." (Ibid.)
B. Analysis
Mother argues the trial court applied an erroneous standard when it evaluated
whether the sibling exception applied because it stated it was "rely[ing] heavily on the
fact that these siblings have never, ever lived in the same home together as a family"
when it concluded the exception did not apply. From that premise, Mother argues the
trial court believed a precondition to the sibling exception was that the children have
resided together at some time during their lives, and that belief is erroneous. Residing
together is not a necessary condition to the exception contained in section 366.26,
subdivision (c)(1)(B)(v) (see In re Naomi P., supra, 132 Cal.App.4th at p. 824), but it is a
relevant consideration in the matrix of factors when considering the applicability of that
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exception. (Ibid.) The Agency argues, and we agree, that the full context of the trial
court's ruling shows it understood the proper standard, because the trial court observed:
"The sibling exception lists a number of circumstances that would have to occur if the exception applied: whether the child was raised with the siblings in the same home, whether they shared significant common experiences, whether there [are] close and strong bonds, [and] whether the ongoing contact is in the child's best interest. [¶] I don't see—I rely heavily on the fact that these siblings have never, ever lived in the same home together as a family, that they've established a relationship mainly through visitation . . . ."
The above passage shows both that the trial court correctly understood all of the
factors it was to consider, and stated it was relying "heavily"—not exclusively—on the
absence of cohabitation to evaluate the strength of the sibling bond, as well as the fact
that whatever relationship they had established was "mainly through visitation," which
was sporadic and infrequent. Moreover, the court's later observations confirmed it did
not simply jettison the exception based solely on the lack of cohabitation, but instead
properly juxtaposed the benefits of maintaining the sibling relationship against the
benefits of adoption, in accordance with the standards applicable to the statutory
scheme.5 Accordingly, we reject Mother's claim that the trial court misunderstood the
proper standards to be applied in the section 366.26 hearing.
Mother also appears to suggest there was no substantial evidence to support the
trial court's finding that the sibling relationship exception did not apply here, arguing
5 The court observed that, although B. said she loved her brothers and enjoyed contact with them, she confirmed that if she had to choose between continued contact or adoption, she stated, in so many words, that " 'I really, really want to be adopted.' So it seems like she herself answered the question in terms of that analysis." 9
there was "abundant evidence of [B.'s] bond to her brothers." However, the nature and
strength of that bond is only half of the equation, because the court must weigh that
interest against B.'s interest in the security and permanence of adoption. (In re K.P.
(2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 614, 621-623.) It was Mother's burden to show that one of the
statutory exceptions applied (In re Andrea R., supra, 75 Cal.App.4th at p. 1108), and
where (as here) the court determines the parent has not satisfied the burden, we may not
reverse that determination unless the parent demonstrates that determination was an
abuse of discretion. (In re K.P., at pp. 621-623.)
We are unconvinced the trial court's determination—that B.'s interest in the
security and permanence of adoption was not outweighed by her interest in maintaining
her relationships to her brothers—was an abuse of discretion. There was ample
evidentiary support for the determination (unchallenged by Mother on appeal) that B.'s
interest in the security and permanence of adoption was strong, from both the social
worker's assessment and from B.'s expressed desire to be adopted notwithstanding her
knowledge of the potential impact it might have on her sibling relationships. Against that
interest, B. did have some relationship to her brothers. However, it was not a relationship
rooted in having lived together, having shared significant common experiences or having
existing close and strong bonds (§ 366.26, subd. (c)(1)(B)(v)), but instead was a
relationship limited to one developed during visitations that were at best sporadic and, for
nearly a year before the last five visits, nonexistent. Although this relationship generated
feelings of affection in B. toward her brothers, the latter five visits showed it was not a
particularly strong bond, because they were marked by negative interactions and periods
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when B. (despite knowing her time with them was extremely limited) chose to be alone,
and she separated easily from her brothers at the end of those visits. On this record,
Mother has not shown the trial court's determination—that the benefit to B. of ongoing
contacts with her brothers did not outweigh the benefit to B. of the legal permanence
provided by adoption—was an abuse of discretion.
DISPOSITION
The order is affirmed.
McDONALD, J.
WE CONCUR:
HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.
NARES, J.
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AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court did not err in terminating parental rights, as the trial court correctly applied the sibling bond exception by weighing the child's interest in maintaining sibling relationships against the benefits of legal permanence through adoption.
Issues
Did the trial court misapply the sibling bond exception under Welfare and Institutions Code section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)(B)(v)?
Was there substantial evidence to support the trial court's finding that the sibling relationship exception did not apply?
Disposition. Affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“The court must thus make two interrelated determinations: is there a significant sibling relationship and, if so, would the severance of that relationship be so detrimental to the child that the detriment outweighs the benefits of adoption?”
“The sibling exception lists a number of circumstances that would have to occur if the exception applied: whether the child was raised with the siblings in the same home, whether they shared significant common experiences”
“even if adoption would interfere with a strong sibling relationship, the court must nevertheless weigh the benefit to the child of continuing the sibling relationship against the benefit the child would receive by gaining a permanent home”