California Court of Appeal Nov 3, 2015 No. E061903Unpublished
Filed 11/3/15 P. v. Fulkerson CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E061903
v. (Super.Ct.No. SWF1401222)
KEVIN RONALD FULKERSON, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Ronald L. Taylor, Judge.
(Retired Judge of the Riverside Super. Ct. assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
art. VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.) Affirmed.
Buckley & Buckley, and Christian C. Buckley, for Defendant and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Charles C. Ragland and
Kimberley A. Donohue, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
1
A jury convicted defendant and appellant Kevin Ronald Fulkerson of attempted
voluntary manslaughter (Pen. Code, §§ 664/192)1 as a lesser included offense to the
charge of attempted murder. The jury also found true an allegation that defendant
inflicted great bodily injury on the victim. (§ 12022.7, subd. (a).) Defendant personally
admitted that he had suffered a prior conviction for voluntary manslaughter in the state of
Ohio and that the conviction constituted both a “strike” and a “serious felony conviction”
within the meaning of sections 667, subds. (a)(1) and (b)-(i), and 1170.12. Defendant
was sentenced to a total of 14 years in prison.
On appeal, defendant’s sole contention is that there was insufficient evidence
because the prosecution failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant did not
act out of a reasonable belief that his actions were necessary in self-defense. We
disagree, and affirm the judgment.
STATEMENT OF FACTS
Defendant and the victim, Steven Cook, were neighbors, separated by one or two
lots. At some point Cook sold defendant a computer with the plan that defendant would
sign up for Internet service and Cook could access the Wi-Fi connection from outside
defendant’s home. At this time the two men were getting along well.
However, according to Cook’s testimony, by the time of the subject shooting there
were bad feelings between them because defendant had borrowed some tools from Cook
and refused to return them. There had also been an incident in which defendant “rode his
1 All subsequent statutory references are to the Penal Code.
2
motorcycle up to my house, jumped off and aggressively came at me.” This was
apparently due to Cook’s objections over defendant’s fast and noisy approach on his
Harley-Davidson. When defendant rushed up to Cook, the latter punched him and
knocked him down. (Defendant’s version of the incident differed, as will be set out.)
Cook testified that on the date of the shooting he went to the fence outside
defendant’s property and asked for his tools back. Defendant’s girlfriend Stacy Campeau
approached and hit Cook in the face, causing him to fall. Cook then entered the yard as
Ms. Campeau continued to strike at him; Cook heard defendant say “It looks like my
girlfriend is kicking your ass.” Cook testified that he did not respond. Cook testified that
he believed he was struck in the back of the head (inferentially by defendant wielding a
shotgun)2 and when he turned around, he was shot in the abdomen.
On cross-examination, Cook denied that he pursued Ms. Campeau, insisting that
his only concern was to retrieve his tools. He admitted that he had had three beers and
was feeling the effects to some extent. He confirmed that defendant had been the
aggressor in the earlier incident when he had knocked the latter down. Cook testified that
he did not remember threatening Ms. Campeau or approaching defendant, but admitted
that due to his injuries his recollection was imperfect. He was adamant that he would not
have taken a swing at a woman.
A neighbor of both the victim and the defendant described the incident rather
differently. He testified that on the day of the shooting, he had met Cook at a Home
2 Cook also testified that he had a palpable wound to the back of his head.
3
Depot and Cook spoke angrily about his dispute with defendant over the tools. Later in
the day, he was spraying weeds on his property when Cook approached and told him that
he planned to try and make it up with defendant. The witness saw Cook approach
defendant’s residence and knock on the door before returning. Cook drove away, but
returned in a few minutes, evidently upset. Defendant came out of his residence and
began to argue with Cook, both men cursing and speaking loudly. As Cook stood near
defendant’s motorcycle, defendant brandished a walking cane at him, saying something
like “Don’t touch my bike.” The victim left again.
The witness then testified that the victim returned a third time to continue the
dispute. While he did not see Ms. Campeau or the victim, he heard defendant say “Oh, a
girl just got you.” He then saw the victim enter defendant’s property quickly and
approach the residence, where Ms. Campeau was on the porch. Despite the victim’s
claim that he would never have hit a woman, the witness testified that Cook knocked
Ms. Campeau down, or at least partly down. Before the witness could intervene, he saw
the victim either fall or be pushed off the porch and land on his back.3 The victim got up
and began to go back up the porch stairs when the witness saw a flash, heard a bang, and
saw that the victim had been shot. Defendant—for it was he—continued to strike at the
victim until the latter fell. A police witness confirmed that the neighbor witness stated at
the time that defendant continued to strike the victim with the shotgun after shooting him.
3 The witness used the term “flying off.”
4
Defendant’s statement to police was then played for the jury. In essence
he confirmed the sequence of events recounted by the neighbor, and elaborated that
Cook had approached “drunk, high . . . goin’ friggin’ nuts,” “rantin’ and ravin’
and cussin’.” Defendant retrieved the shotgun (which in fact belonged to the victim) and
testified that when he returned to the door, he saw the victim “snatchin’ my chick . . . had
his hands on her and they’re . . . wrestlin’ . . . I just . . . freaked . . . freaked out, man, and
I shot the [expletive].” Defendant said he thought the victim might have grabbed
Ms. Campeau’s hair but claimed that he had only brought the gun out to give it back to
the victim. However, he admitted that after the shooting he said, “ ‘Just die, mother
fucker’ ” and that he had not seen any type of weapon in the victim’s hands.
Both defendant and Ms. Campeau testified for the defense. In relevant part, and in
addition to corroborating the neighbor’s testimony about the sequence of events,
Ms. Campeau testified that just before the shooting, Cook was threatening to kill her and
“kick Kevin’s [defendant’s] ass.” She also testified that Cook “charged” at her, grabbed
her hair, and began punching her. Ms. Campeau also stated that Cook received the injury
to his head not from being struck from behind, but when he fell off the porch. However,
her testimony differed from defendant’s pretrial statement in one respect; she indicated
that after Cook fell off the porch, he got up and “charged” again, but as defendant had
emerged, “instead of Steve charging me, he charged Kevin [defendant].” She then heard
a “bang.” Ms. Campeau further testified that Cook continued to threaten defendant even
after Cook fell.
5
Finally, Ms. Campeau testified that defendant had a bad back and had had multiple
back surgeries; as a result, he was in constant pain and had mobility problems. She
denied that defendant could run or “charge” anyone, as the victim testified he did on the
occasion of the motorcycle encounter.
On cross-examination she admitted that defendant was able to ride his motorcycle.
She testified that after she knocked Cook down, she and defendant laughed, and that she
was not frightened at that point. She was also impeached with her statements to police at
the time in which she did not describe the victim as having run or “charged” at her, and
did not say that he had punched her in the head.4 Ms. Campeau also acknowledged that
after the shooting, defendant got a beer and told her “ ‘I’m going to jail.’ ”
Defendant began by admitting a prior conviction for larceny and described his
medical problems and disability, which he testified included persistent pain, the inability
to bend, and the inability to sit or stand for extended periods. He testified that he used a
cane to walk more than a few steps. According to defendant, it was Cook who attacked
him on the occasion of the earlier encounter, when police were called.
Defendant admitted that after Ms. Campeau knocked the victim down, defendant
went indoors to have a cigarette. He testified consistently with his pretrial statement that
when he came back to the door after retrieving the shotgun (which he said he intended to
4 We note, however, that the neighbor testified that Cook did appear to strike Ms. Campeau in the head.
6
return to Cook),5 he saw the victim assaulting Ms. Campeau, with the latter screaming.
He stated that he was “just devastated. I just couldn’t believe this guy’s beating on my
chick, I mean.” And when the victim “came towards me,” “Next thing I know, the gun’s
going off.” Defendant further testified that when he saw that the victim “got ahold of my
chick swinging her around, beating on her,” he became frightened. He claimed not to
know how the gun discharged, even suggesting that the victim might have pulled the
trigger, grabbing for the weapon, but admitted that it was cocked with the hammer back.
He disclaimed any intent to shoot the victim.
The jury was instructed on attempted voluntary manslaughter on the theories both
of heat of passion/provocation and imperfect self-defense, as well as self-defense. While
it is not clear from the verdict which theory the jury relied upon in finding defendant
guilty of attempted voluntary manslaughter, clearly it rejected at least some element of
the self-defense claim.
DISCUSSION
Although defendant frames his argument in terms of the People’s asserted failure
to prove “beyond a reasonable doubt” that he did not believe that shooting Cook was
necessary to prevent serious harm to himself or Ms. Campeau (see People v. Aranda
(2012) 55 Cal.4th 342, 360), in reviewing the verdict we take a somewhat different view
of the evidence. Our task is not to decide whether in our view the prosecution proved that
5 He testified that there was a shell “stuck” in the gun, but that he intended to shoot it into the air before giving it to Cook.
7
defendant’s acts were legally without excuse to the “beyond a reasonable doubt”
standard. Instead, we only determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have found
that the prosecution met this burden by producing evidence in support of the verdict that
is reasonable, credible, and of solid value. (People v. McCurdy (2014) 59 Cal.4th 1063,
1104.)
In order to claim true self-defense, a defendant must act in real fear of imminent
death or danger of great bodily injury, and such fear must be reasonable. (Pen. Code,
§ 197, subd. (1); People v. Lopez (2011) 199 Cal.App.4th 1297, 1305.) Although the
version of events offered by defendant and Ms. Campeau certainly reflected a chaotic
situation, it did not compel the conclusion that defendant acted in the belief that the
victim was likely to inflict great bodily injury either on himself or Ms. Campeau.
First, defendant fetched the shotgun before the victim assaulted Ms. Campeau on
the porch. His claim that he just intended to return the weapon to the victim was not
particularly credible, and the jury’s evident rejection of this testimony was certainly
reasonable. Second, the neighbor’s testimony was that defendant shot the victim at a
time when the latter was at most preparing to re-engage with Ms. Campeau, but had not
yet reached her. Ms. Campeau in fact testified similarly. Defendant’s testimony was that
he was “devastated” when he saw the victim grabbing Ms. Campeau and arguably
striking her, and his assertion that he was in fear for her safety at the time of the shooting
was no more credible than the inference that he shot the victim in rage. It is also to be
noted that in his statement to police, defendant never claimed that the victim charged at
8
him, but clearly implied that he lost control of himself when he saw the victim struggling
with, or assaulting, Ms. Campeau.
The conclusion that defendant acted out of sudden anger is buttressed by the
evidence that defendant continued to bludgeon the victim after shooting him instead of
backing off; that he told the victim to “ ‘just die,’ ” and that after the shooting he got a
beer and remarked to Ms. Campeau that “ ‘I’m going to jail.’ ” All of these points
support the conclusion that the shooting was intentional and committed out of anger
rather than fear. (See People v. Enraca (2012) 53 Cal.4th 735, 759.)
In our view it is more likely that the jury relied on heat of passion as the basis for
finding defendant guilty only of attempted voluntary manslaughter. However, if it relied
on imperfect self-defense (see People v. Vasquez (2006) 136 Cal.App.4th 1176, 1178-
1179), there was also constitutionally sufficient evidence to support this conclusion. The
victim was not armed and no injuries had been inflicted on Ms. Campeau other than a
few scratches and fingerprint bruises. Ms. Campeau had in fact repulsed him twice by
knocking him down. The jury could have found that defendant genuinely believed that
either he or Ms. Campeau was at risk of death or great bodily injury as required, but that
any such belief was unreasonable so that it only rose to the level of imperfect self-
defense.
Defendant also points to section 198.5, (the Home Protection Bill of Rights),
which provides that “Any person using force intended or likely to cause death or great
bodily injury within his or her residence shall be presumed to have held a reasonable fear
9
of imminent peril of death or great bodily injury to self, family, or a member of the
household when that force is used against another person . . . who unlawfully and forcibly
enters . . . the residence . . . .” An unenclosed front porch is not part of the “residence”
for the purpose of this statute. (People v. Brown (1992) 6 Cal.App.4th 1489, 1496-1497.)
Nevertheless, the jury was instructed on the presumption and evidently found that the
prosecution’s evidence was sufficient to rebut it. As our discussion above should make
clear, this finding was fully appropriate.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
McKINSTER Acting P. J. We concur:
KING J.
MILLER J.
10
AI Brief
AI-generated · verify before citing
Holding. The court held that there was sufficient evidence to support the defendant's conviction for attempted voluntary manslaughter, as a reasonable trier of fact could conclude the defendant acted out of anger rather than a reasonable or honest belief in the necessity of self-defense.
Issues
Whether there was sufficient evidence to support the conviction for attempted voluntary manslaughter given the defendant's claim of self-defense.
Whether the presumption of reasonable fear under the Home Protection Bill of Rights applied to the defendant's actions on his front porch.
Disposition. Affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“An unenclosed front porch is not part of the “residence” for the purpose of this statute.”
“All of these points support the conclusion that the shooting was intentional and committed out of anger rather than fear.”