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In re R.F. CA4/2 (2015) · DecisionDepot
/ California Court of Appeal In re R.F. CA4/2 Unpublished Filed 9/10/15 In re R.F. CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT DIVISION TWO In re R.F., a Person Coming Under the Juvenile Court Law.
THE PEOPLE, E061884 Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super.Ct.Nos. J256006 & FJ52252) v. OPINION R.F.,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Brian Saunders,
Judge. Affirmed.
Wayne C. Tobin, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Eric A. Swenson, Lynne G.
1
McGinnis, and Jennifer B. Truong, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and
Respondent.
Following a contested jurisdictional hearing, the Los Angeles County Juvenile
Court found true that defendant and appellant R.F. (minor) committed one count of
robbery (Pen. Code, § 211) with the use of a deadly and dangerous weapon, to wit, a
knife (Pen. Code, § 12022, subd. (b)(1)).1 After the matter was transferred to San
Bernardino County for disposition, the San Bernardino County Juvenile Court declared
minor a ward of the court and placed her on probation on various terms and conditions.
More from California Court of Appeal Source: opinion data from the Free Law Project / CourtListener (public-domain court records). DecisionDepot is for informational use only and is not legal advice — verify against the official reporter before relying on any text or AI-generated summary.
Minor’s sole contention on appeal is that the weapon use enhancement should be
reversed because there was insufficient evidence to show that minor’s offense was
committed during a carjacking and substitution of a lesser enhancement by the juvenile
court was not permitted. We reject these contentions and affirm the judgment.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND On July 2, 2014, as Gustavo Garcia was leaving work and walking to his car,
minor put a knife to his neck and demanded his phone and wallet. Garcia removed his
wallet, which contained $800 in cash, and gave it to minor. Minor then ran away with
Garcia’s wallet. Garcia followed minor to a Laundromat in his car. When Garcia
entered, minor ran out. Garcia continued to pursue minor on foot, and at some point, a
bystander joined him. As the two men were chasing minor, minor threw items at them
1 All future statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise stated.
from Garcia’s wallet, including $400 in cash. Police eventually arrived and arrested
minor. Garcia recovered his wallet and its contents except $320.
On July 7, 2014, a Welfare and Institutions Code section 602 petition was filed
charging minor with two counts of second degree robbery (§ 211)—one count as to
Gustavo Garcia (count 1) and the other as to James Nickerson (count 2). The petition
also alleged that in the commission of both offenses minor used a deadly and dangerous
weapon, to wit, a knife (§ 12022, subd. (b)(1)). As to the weapon enhancement, the
petition specifically cited in violation of subdivision (b)(2) of section 12022.
Following a contested jurisdictional hearing on August 12, 2014, the Los Angeles
County Juvenile Court found true the robbery allegation in count 1 as well as the weapon
enhancement alleged as to that count. The court dismissed count 2 and its attendant
enhancement as no evidence was presented on that count. In making its findings, the
juvenile court specifically stated, “Court finds count one to be true. 12022 (b) (one)
enhancement is true with a knife. Count two is dismissed. Minor is a person described
by section 602 of the Welfare and Institutions Code.” Because minor was living with her
mother in San Bernardino County, the juvenile court transferred the matter to San
Bernardino County for disposition.
On August 20, 2014, the San Bernardino County Juvenile Court accepted the
transfer. On September 3, 2014, the court declared minor a ward of the court and placed
her in the custody of the probation department on various terms and conditions while she
awaited placement in foster care. The court also ordered minor’s parents to comply with
a reunification plan and treatment program.
On September 8, 2014, minor filed a notice of appeal from the judgment.
DISCUSSION In regard to the weapon enhancement allegation, the petition specifically
stated, “It is further alleged that in the commission and attempted commission of
the above offense [second degree robbery], the said minor, personally used a deadly
and dangerous weapon(s), to wit, knife, said use not being an element of the above
offense [second degree robbery], within the meaning of Penal Code Section 12022[,
subdivision] (b)(2) and causing the above offense to be a serious felony within the
meaning of Penal Code section 1192.7[, subdivision] (c)(24).” (Italics added.)
Section 12022, subdivision (b)(1), authorizes an additional and consecutive one-
year term of imprisonment for use of a dangerous weapon in the commission of a felony
or attempted felony. Section 12022, subdivision (b)(2), states, “If the person described in
paragraph (1) has been convicted of carjacking or attempted carjacking, the additional
term shall be in the state prison for one, two, or three years.” (§ 12022, subd. (b)(2).)
There is no dispute here that minor committed second degree robbery, and the juvenile
court correctly referred to subdivision (b)(1) of section 12022 when it found true the
deadly and dangerous weapon use enhancement.
According to minor, the weapon enhancement should be reversed because there
was no evidence to show her offense was committed during a carjacking and the juvenile
court erred in substituting the lesser enhancement. The People argue that the error in the
petition was a clerical error and that minor was on notice of the weapon enhancement
under subdivision (b)(1) of section 12022 because the petition stated the language from
that subdivision and the juvenile court found minor violated subdivision (b)(1) of
section 12022. The People therefore maintain that, under the circumstances of this case,
the weapon enhancement under section 12022, subdivision (b)(1), was properly pled and
An error in identifying the statute that renders a defendant’s acts unlawful is a
pleading defect, even if it continues throughout the proceedings. (People v. Thomas
(1987) 43 Cal.3d 818, 824-826 (Thomas).) As such, it is evaluated in light of the
statutory and due process requirements governing the preparation of accusatory
pleadings. (Thomas, at pp. 824-826.) The purpose of the due process notice requirement
is to afford an accused “ ‘ “a reasonable opportunity to prepare and present his defense
and not be taken by surprise by evidence offered at his trial.” ’ ” (People v. Lohbauer
(1981) 29 Cal.3d 364, 368; People v. West (1970) 3 Cal.3d 595, 612.)
The defendant also has the right to notice that the prosecution is seeking enhanced
punishment. (See § 1170.1, subd. (e); People v. Sok (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 88, 96,
fn. 8; People v. Hopkins (1974) 39 Cal.App.3d 107, 113 (Hopkins); People v. Henderson
(1972) 26 Cal.App.3d 232, 238.) When the facts supporting such enhancement are
neither alleged nor found by the trier of fact, the aggravation of sentence cannot stand.
(People v. Ford (1964) 60 Cal.2d 772, 794, overruled on other grounds in People v.
Satchell (1971) 6 Cal.3d 28, 35-38; Hopkins, supra, at p. 113; People v. Henderson,
The same reasoning applies in juvenile cases. “ ‘[Due] process requires that a
minor, like an adult, have adequate notice of the charge so that he may intelligently
prepare his defense. [Citation.]’ [Citation.] Compliance with this requirement has been
held by the Supreme Court to mandate that the minor ‘be notified, in writing, of the
specific charge or factual allegations to be considered at the hearing, and that such
written notice be given at the earliest practicable time, and in any event sufficiently in
advance of the hearing to permit preparation.’ [Citation.]” (In re Robert G. (1982) 31
Cal.3d 437, 442 (Robert G.).)
The “ ‘specific allegations of the accusatory pleading, rather than the statutory
definitions of offenses charged, constitute the measuring unit for determining what
offenses are included in a charge.’ [Citation.]” (Thomas, supra, 43 Cal.3d at p. 828;
§ 952.) Consequently, “ ‘even a reference to the wrong statute has been viewed of no
consequence under the circumstances there appearing [citations].’ [Citation.]” (Thomas,
Charging the defendant under the wrong statute is “of no consequence” when the
defendant has not been prejudiced by the error. (Thomas, supra, 43 Cal.3d at pp. 826-
827.) Prejudice in these circumstances implicates constitutional procedural due process
rights. “The ‘preeminent’ due process principle is that one accused of a crime must be
‘informed of the nature and cause of the accusation.’ (U.S. Const., Amend.VI.) Due
process of law requires that an accused be advised of the charges against him so that he
has a reasonable opportunity to prepare and present his defense and not be taken by
surprise by evidence offered at his trial. [Citation.] [¶] Thus, the right to defend has two
related components, namely, the right to notice of the charges, and the right to present a
defense to those charges.” (People v. Jones (1990) 51 Cal.3d 294, 317, italics omitted;
Thomas, supra, 43 Cal.3d at p. 823, and cases cited therein.) Further, “ ‘Notice of the
particular circumstances of the offense is given not by detailed pleading, but by the
transcript of the evidence before the committing magistrate . . . .’ [Citations.]” (Thomas,
Here, the petition fully informed minor that she was charged with using a deadly
weapon, “to wit, knife,” in the commission of the second degree robbery. She, therefore,
could not be surprised by proof of such use, nor can she say that the preparation of her
defense to meet the facts would have been different if the petition had alleged use under
the provision of subdivision (b)(1) of section 12022, rather than subdivision (b)(2) of
section 12022. (See Hopkins, supra, 39 Cal.App.3d at pp. 112-113.) Minor was fully
informed that the People were seeking to enhance her sentence for use of a deadly
weapon. The question thus presented is whether the misstatement of the subdivision of
the code section in the petition, indicating a greater enhancement than that proven at the
jurisdictional hearing and found true by the juvenile court, requires reversal of the
People v. Neal (1984) 159 Cal.App.3d 69 (Neal) is instructive. In Neal, the
information alleged the defendant used a deadly weapon during the commission of rape
and oral copulation, within the meaning of section 12022, subdivision (b), which allowed
an additional one-year imprisonment. (Neal, supra, 159 Cal.App.3d at p. 72.) The jury
found weapons enhancements true as to each crime. The trial court, however, increased
the imprisonment to three years per crime, relying on section 12022.3. Section 12022.3
provides an enhancement for using dangerous weapons during the commission or
attempted commission of certain sex crimes. (Neal, supra, 159 Cal.App.3d at p. 72.)
On appeal, the defendant argued the three-year enhancements should be modified
to one year because the information relied on section 12022, subdivision (b), rather than
section 12022.3. (Neal, supra, 159 Cal.App.3d at p. 72.) The Neal court held, “[W]here
the information puts the defendant on notice that a sentence enhancement will be sought,
and further notifies him of the facts supporting the alleged enhancement, modification of
the judgment for a misstatement of the underlying enhancement statute is required only
where the defendant has been misled to his prejudice. [Citations.]” (Id. at pp. 73-74.)
Because the defendant could not demonstrate prejudice, the sentence was not reduced.
Similarly, the petition alleged a weapon enhancement for carjacking, pursuant to
section 12022, subdivision (b)(2), but the court found true the enhancement based on
subdivision (b)(1) of section 12022. Minor was, or should have been aware, the
prosecutor was seeking the one-year additional enhancement for use of a deadly weapon
in the course of a robbery, based on the allegations in the petition and facts. Minor’s
challenge to the weapon enhancement is solely based on the fact that the accusatory
pleading specified the wrong subdivision of section 12022. She does not contend, nor
could she contend, that using a weapon in the commission of a robbery is not a proper
enhancement, or that there was no substantial evidence to support the juvenile court’s
true finding that minor used a knife in the commission of the robbery.
Minor’s reliance on Robert G., supra, 31 Cal.3d 437 is misplaced. Robert G.
involved a wardship petition which charged a 14-year-old minor with assault with a
deadly weapon. At the contested hearing, the People presented evidence that the minor
threw two rocks while he was in a junior high school parking lot, one of which hit a
school custodian in the back. (Id. at p. 439.) After the People completed their case, the
minor moved for acquittal on the ground that the rock was not a deadly weapon. The
juvenile court denied the motion, although it agreed that the rock was not a deadly
weapon. (Ibid.) After the minor rested without presenting evidence, the People argued
that the petition should be sustained because the evidence established that the minor
committed a battery. Over a defense objection, the juvenile court amended the petition to
charge a battery and then sustained the petition pursuant to that new charge. (Id. at
p. 440.) The Robert G. court reversed the judgment, holding that “a wardship petition
under section 602 may not be sustained upon findings that the minor has committed an
offense or offenses other than one specifically alleged in the petition or necessarily
included within an alleged offense, unless the minor consents to a finding on the
substituted charge.” (Id. at p. 445.)
Contrary to minor’s arguments on appeal, the purported amendment that occurred
in this case did not violate the due process principles elucidated in Robert G., supra,
31 Cal.3d 437. The juvenile court here did not add an enhancement that was not alleged
in the petition. The language in the petition alleged a weapon enhancement under
section 12022, subdivision (b)(1), despite its reference to subdivision (b)(2). The petition
alleged that minor “in the commission and attempted commission of the above offense
[second degree robbery], the said minor, personally used a deadly and dangerous
weapon(s), to wit, knife, said use not being an element of the above offense [second
degree robbery] . . . .” There was no dispute that minor was charged with, and the
juvenile court found true, that she had committed a robbery as opposed to a carjacking.
Accordingly, in making its true finding on the weapon use enhancement, the juvenile
court cited to the correct statutory provision. The court’s true finding on the weapon
enhancement under section 12022, subdivision (b)(1), was not a substitution of the
charged enhancement with an uncharged enhancement.
We also reject minor’s claim that substitution of a lesser enhancement violates the
California Supreme Court’s decision in People v. Wolcott (1983) 34 Cal.3d 92 (Wolcott).
In Wolcott, the court concluded that assault with a deadly weapon was not a lesser
included offense of a robbery charge with a special allegation that the defendant used a
firearm in the commission of the robbery. The Supreme Court determined that the
section 12022.5 allegation could not be considered in determining whether assault with a
deadly weapon was a lesser included offense of robbery. (Id. at pp. 98-102.) Here, the
juvenile court did not add an uncharged enhancement and minor was provided notice of
the weapon enhancement under section 12022, subdivision (b)(1). Accordingly, Wolcott
is not controlling authority in this case.
Under the circumstances of this case, minor has failed to establish that her right to
procedural due process was violated. The weapon enhancement allegation under
subdivision (b)(1) of section 12022 was properly pled and proven, and the juvenile court
properly cited that subdivision in finding the weapon enhancement allegation true.
III
DISPOSITION The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
HOLLENHORST J.
CODRINGTON J.