California Court of Appeal Aug 18, 2015 No. D066453Unpublished
Filed 8/18/15 Rockey v. Capabianca CA4/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT DIVISION ONE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
STEVEN LAWRENCE ROCKEY, D066453
Plaintiff, Cross-defendant and Appellant, (Super. Ct. No. 37-2012-00091126- v. CU-CO-CTL)
MARIA CAPABIANCA,
Defendant, Cross-complainant and Respondent.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Randa
Trapp, Judge. Affirmed.
Edelberg & Espina, Claire N. Espina and Arnel O. Tan for Plaintiff, Cross-
defendant and Appellant.
The Law Offices of Richard L. Knight and Richard L. Knight for Defendant,
Cross-complainant and Respondent.
After a bench trial, the court found for defendant Maria Capabianca on all claims
brought by plaintiff Steven Lawrence Rockey except his claim for conversion of personal
property, for which it awarded him $2,500. The court found for Rockey on all cross-
claims brought by Capabianca except her claim for intentional infliction of emotional
distress (IIED), for which it awarded her $34,983.07, after the offset of Rockey's nominal
damage award.
Rockey appeals the judgment in favor of Capabianca on three grounds. First, he
contends the court erred in denying his motion in limine to exclude evidence of his prior
felony conviction. Although Rockey admitted to being a convicted felon, he contends
this evidence was irrelevant, or should have been excluded under Evidence Code section
3521 because the conviction's prejudicial effect substantially outweighed its probative
value.
Second, Rockey contends the evidence supported a larger damage award on his
claim for conversion of personal property. Although the court found only an obstruction
by Capabianca and no permanent taking, Rockey nonetheless contends he is entitled to
the value of the property, plus interest, not just compensation for loss of use of the
property.
Third, Rockey contends the court erred in finding Capabianca prevailed on her
IIED claim because the record does not support a finding of causation.
We affirm the judgment.
1 All further statutory references are to the Evidence Code unless noted otherwise. 2
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Rockey and Capabianca met in 2006. Soon after, Capabianca invited Rockey to
move in with her. In 2008 or 2009, Capabianca began an extensive remodel of her house.
Since she had to leave for work during the day, Capabianca allowed Rockey to serve as
her "eyes and ears" during the construction project. Rockey also made several monetary
advancements toward the construction, for which Capabianca reimbursed him.
During the summer of 2011, Rockey and Capabianca's relationship started to
deteriorate. Capabianca stopped paying Rockey for his construction advancements,
making him angry and volatile. Rockey verbally and physically lashed out at
Capabianca, causing her to fear him. In addition, Rockey behaved erratically, staying up
for two or three days at a time, talking incomprehensibly, and falling on the floor.
By August, Capabianca planned to force Rockey to move out of her house.
However, when he told her he had been diagnosed with brain cancer, she changed her
mind.2 Because Capabianca previously experienced the death of two friends from brain
cancer, she "knew what was going to happen" and felt it was her responsibility to help
Rockey through this tough time.
Rockey's admission of his illness greatly affected Capabianca. She told her friend,
Debbie Jackson, that she was devastated by the news. The day after learning about the
cancer, Capabianca wanted to stay home and help Rockey, but he insisted that she go to
work. While on the job, Capabianca's back went out and she had trouble standing. After
2 Rockey later testified at trial that he never had a brain tumor. 3
work, Capabianca went to see her chiropractor, James Padilla, D.C., who had treated her
over the past six years.
Dr. Padilla assessed her condition and put her on medical leave for 18 weeks. He
testified that her injury could have been triggered by the emotional trauma caused by
Rockey's admission of his illness, especially because she had suffered no previous injury
that would have worsened her back pain and she had never experienced as severe a back
problem.
In October 2011, Rockey took a trip to Texas to help a friend build a boat pier.
While he was gone, one of the construction workers at Capabianca's house found an extra
key to one of Rockey's locked toolboxes and opened it. Inside, he discovered 43.81
grams of hashish, 30.24 grams of marijuana, and 5.5 grams of methamphetamine. The
toolbox also contained papers relating to Rockey's previous felony drug conviction.
When confronted, Rockey admitted the drugs were his, leading Capabianca to
believe that his erratic behavior really stemmed from drug use, not brain cancer. After
this realization, Capabianca became very distraught and depressed and sought a
restraining order against Rockey.
When Rockey returned from Texas, he asked Capabianca for permission to collect
his belongings from her house. Capabianca obliged, but told him about the restraining
order and said a sheriff would need to be present while he was there. Rockey hired ACE
Relocation Services (ACE) to pick up his things from Capabianca's home. ACE
collected over two tons of Rockey's belongings, but did not collect all of his personal
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property. Rockey claimed that some of his items were missing, but Capabianca told him
that she gave ACE everything she had of his.
Roughly two years later, in October 2013, Capabianca found more of Rockey's
belongings at her home and Rockey had a friend pick up the rest of his property.
Afterward, Rockey continued to claim Capabianca had some of his personal property,
including most of his tools and his rings. Rockey filed a complaint against Capabianca
alleging conversion, fraud and breach of contract. Capabianca filed a cross-complaint
alleging breach of contract, negligence, fraud, and IIED. A three-day bench trial was set
for May 2014. Before trial, Rockey filed a motion in limine to exclude his previous
felony conviction. The court chose not to rule on this motion. At trial, Capabianca
testified that the only items of Rockey's that she retained were a couple of trees and an
inversion table—which she agreed to return to Rockey at any time.
After hearing the evidence and arguments by counsel, the court found for
Capabianca, with an offset of her award for Rockey's nominal damages on his conversion
claim.
DISCUSSION
I
Motion in Limine
A. Rockey's Failure to Object to a Deferred Ruling
Rockey contends that the court denied his motion in limine to exclude evidence of
his prior felony conviction. However, the record does not support this contention.
Rather, the court deferred ruling on the motion and instructed the parties to object to any
5
issues as the trial progressed. Therefore, it was Rockey's responsibility to press for a
ruling or object to the admission of the evidence at trial until a ruling was obtained. (See
Shaw v. County of Santa Cruz (2008) 170 Cal.App.4th 229, 283.) Because Rockey failed
to do either, and thus deprived the court of the opportunity to correct the alleged error, he
has forfeited any claim of error in the introduction of evidence of his prior conviction.
(See ibid.; see also Broden v. Marin Humane Society (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 1212, 1227
[noting that to preserve the right to challenge the admission of evidence on appeal, a
party must timely object in the trial court].)
B. Abuse of Discretion Standard and Harmless Error
Even if Rockey had not forfeited this issue, we in any event conclude the court did
not abuse its discretion when it deferred its ruling on the motion in limine. "When a
matter is left to the discretion of the trial court, on appeal we apply the abuse of discretion
standard of review." (Cahill v. San Diego Gas & Electric Co. (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th
939, 957 (Cahill).) No abuse of discretion exists if there is a reasonable or "fairly
debatable" legal justification for the trial court's decision. (Ibid.) A judgment under this
standard of review is only reversed if in light of the facts, viewed in favor of the decision,
the decision is one that is outside the bounds of reason and therefore no judge could have
"reasonably have reached that decision under applicable law." (Ibid.)
Here, the court reasonably determined that deferring a ruling on the motion would
avoid the possibility of excluding evidence before knowing its relevance and context.
(See City and County of San Francisco v. Coyne (2008) 168 Cal.App.4th 1515, 1520.) In
addition, Rockey's main concern was the potential prejudicial effect of the evidence,
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which is of significantly less concern in a bench trial than in a jury trial. (Amtower v.
Photon Dynamics, Inc. (2008) 158 Cal.App.4th 1582, 1593 [recognizing that a motion in
limine is designed to preclude the presentation of evidence deemed inadmissible and
prejudicial by the moving party, to avoid the need to " ' "unring the bell" ' " in the event a
motion to strike is granted in proceedings before a jury].) Because the judge, not a jury,
was the trier of fact here, the risks of confusion or prejudice from the admission of the
evidence was at most de minimis. (See Harris v. Rivera (1981) 454 U.S. 339, 346.) For
this separate reason, we conclude the court did not abuse its discretion by choosing to
defer ruling on the motion, and instructing the parties to object when necessary during the
proceedings.
Finally, even if the court did err in not ruling on the motion, that error was
harmless. Perhaps the strongest support for harmless error is the fact the court did not
rely on Rockey's prior conviction in its statement of decision. Instead, the court cited to
credible witness testimony to support its findings and damage award.
Rockey's argument that the court's perception was likely colored by the admission
of his felony record amounts to nothing more than speculation. Any error stemming from
the court's decision not to rule on the motion was harmless.
C. Invited Error
In addition, Rockey is estopped from alleging he was prejudiced as a result of the
court's decision to defer ruling on his motion in limine. Under the doctrine of invited
error, "where a party by his conduct induces the commission of error, he is estopped from
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asserting it as a ground for reversal on appeal." (Norgart v. Upjohn Co. (1999) 21
Cal.4th 383, 403.)
Here, after filing a motion in limine to exclude evidence of Rockey's prior
conviction, the record shows his counsel proceeded to proffer that evidence for proper
consideration by the trier of fact. Having done so, Rockey cannot now be heard to
contend that this evidence prejudiced the court and negatively influenced its decision.
II
Inadequate Damages for Conversion Claim
A. Rockey's Failure to Move for New Trial
"A failure to timely move for a new trial ordinarily precludes a party from
complaining on appeal that the damages awarded were either excessive or inadequate,
whether the case was tried by a jury or by the court." (Jamison v. Jamison (2008) 164
Cal.App.4th 714, 719, 720; see County of Los Angeles v. Southern Cal. Edison Co.
(2003) 112 Cal.App.4th 1108, 1121-1122 [holding the county could not argue, for the
first time on appeal, that the court did not correctly determine the value of the tax on its
damage award because it had not moved for a new trial].) Because it is the trier of fact's
duty to weigh the evidence and resolve issues of credibility, a party who challenges a
damage award on appeal without a motion for a new trial "unnecessarily burdens the
appellate court with issues that can and should be resolved at the trial level." (Jamison, at
pp. 719, 720.)
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Here, Rockey did not move for a new trial to contest his damage award for
conversion of personal property. Therefore, he has forfeited appellate review on this
issue.
B. Calculation of Damages
Even if Rockey had properly moved for a new trial, substantial evidence in the
record supports the court's finding that he suffered only nominal damages from the loss
of use of his property. "When an appellant contends the evidence is insufficient to
support a judgment . . . or factual finding, we apply the substantial evidence standard of
review. . . . '[W]e are bound by the "elementary, but often overlooked principle of law,
that . . . the power of an appellate court begins and ends with a determination as to
whether there is any substantial evidence, contradicted or uncontradicted," to support the
findings below. [Citation.] We must therefore view the evidence in the light most
favorable to the prevailing party, giving it the benefit of every reasonable inference and
resolving all conflicts in its favor . . . .' " (Cahill, supra, 194 Cal.App.4th at pp. 957-958.)
An appellate court does not reweigh evidence, but rather defers to the trier of fact. (Id. at
p. 958.)
As noted in the statement of decision, Capabianca returned a substantial amount
of Rockey's property "within a relatively short period of time." In addition, Capabianca
later went through each room in her house, with help from her friends, to document and
gather anything of Rockey's that had not been collected by ACE the first time around.
Capabianca also made an offer during mediation efforts to give back any and all of
9
Rockey's belongings that she had in her possession. This offer supports the finding that
she did not purposefully or intentionally try to keep his property from him.
Rockey contends that a finding of conversion supports a damage award of the
market value of the property plus interest. However, this is not the case where the
property has been returned to its rightful owner. (Krusi v. Bear, Stearns & Co. (1983)
144 Cal.App.3d 664, 673.) "Where . . . one recovers his property which had been
unlawfully taken from him, he is considered as having received it in mitigation of
damages, and the measure of damage . . . is the expense of procuring its return with
interest." (Beetson v. Hollywood Athletic Club (1930) 109 Cal.App. 715, 722.)
As previously stated, Capabianca testified that she no longer had any of Rockey's
property, save the couple of items she was more than willing to return to him or his agent.
The court's award of $2,500 is over $1,000 more than Rockey paid to have his property
packed and stored for him by ACE.
In addition, the record shows Rockey struggled to provide a consistent market
value of his allegedly missing property, as evidenced by the ever-changing totals he gave
the court. He first speculated his belongings were worth $25,000. However, he later
changed it to $49,000, nearly a 100 percent increase over his previous estimate. These
numbers were only his estimates, as the record shows he had no receipts, catalogs or
other information corroborating the actual market value of the items. While it is not the
job of this court to reweigh evidence, it is still the rule that no matter what the measure of
damages, any injury that is " 'speculative, remote, imaginary, contingent, or merely
10
possible cannot serve as a legal basis for recovery.' " (Lueter v. Cal. (2002) 94
Cal.App.4th 1285, 1302.)
For all of the above reasons, we conclude that substantial evidence supports the
nominal damages awarded to Rockey for his conversion claim.
III
Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress Claim
Rockey contends the court erred in awarding Capabianca damages for her IIED
claim because there was insufficient evidence to show that he actually caused her injury.
We previously stated in Spackman v. Good (1966) 245 Cal.App.2d 518, 533 that the issue
of causation in actions for infliction of emotional distress is one of substantial evidence.
It calls for adequacy of proof in the specific case, rather than in the particular class of
injury. Because the element of actual cause is a question of fact, the court's finding on
this element is entitled to considerable deference. (See Slaughter v. Legal Process &
Courier Service (1984) 162 Cal.App.3d 1236, 1250.) Applying the substantial evidence
standard of review, we conclude Rockey failed to prove the evidence below was
inadequate to support the court's finding.
Rockey's main argument for insufficient evidence is that the court refused to
"permit further examination" of Capabianca's testimony that her grandson was dying
around the same time she was dealing with Rockey's claim of brain cancer. However,
Civil Code section 128 states that "every court shall have the power . . . to provide for the
orderly conduct of proceedings before it." (§ 128, subd. (a).) This surely empowers the
court to prohibit a party from turning the trial into a "fishing expedition," especially
11
where the examining party has not conducted any meaningful pretrial discovery on the
subject, thereby wasting the court's time and resources.
Regardless of whether or not Rockey was able to further examine Capabianca
about her ill grandson, substantial evidence supports the court's finding of IIED. Under
the substantial evidence standard, even overwhelming evidence by the appellant must be
disregarded if there is even the slightest evidence by the respondent that will sustain the
court's finding. (Electronic Equipment Express, Inc. v. Donald H. Seiler & Co. (1981)
122 Cal.App.3d 834, 849.) The testimony of one witness, if credible and believed by the
trier of fact, is typically enough to support the court's judgment. (Ibid.)
Here, at trial, Capabianca's friend, Debbie Jackson, testified that Capabianca
actually believed Rockey had brain cancer and was an "[emotional] wreck" after learning
about his condition. Dr. Padilla, Capabianca's chiropractor, also testified regarding
research showing that stress can cause a person's back to go out, and that he believed this
to be what happened to Capabianca. In addition, Capabianca herself testified that she
already had two friends battle brain cancer, so she knew what Rockey would be going
through and immediately refrained from her prior plan to force him to move out.
Moreover, in its statement of decision, the court stated that it found the testimonies
of Capabianca, Dr. Padilla and Jackson credible and believable. The court also stated
that its finding regarding Capabianca's injury stemmed directly from its belief in Dr.
Padilla's testimony.
Based on this record, we conclude that substantial evidence exists for the court's
finding that Rockey actually caused Capabianca's IIED.
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DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. Capabianca is awarded her costs on appeal.
PRAGER, J.*
WE CONCUR:
HALLER, Acting P. J.
MCINTYRE, J.
* Judge of the San Diego Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution. 13
AI Brief
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Holding. The court affirmed the judgment, holding that the appellant forfeited his evidentiary and damages claims by failing to object or move for a new trial, and that substantial evidence supported the trial court's findings on the IIED claim.
Issues
Did the trial court err in deferring a ruling on a motion in limine to exclude evidence of a prior felony conviction?
Did the trial court err in its calculation of damages for the conversion of personal property?
Was there sufficient evidence to support the trial court's finding of causation regarding the intentional infliction of emotional distress claim?
Disposition. Affirmed
Quotations verified verbatim against the opinion
“Because Rockey failed to do either, and thus deprived the court of the opportunity to correct the alleged error, he has forfeited any claim of error in the introduction of evidence of his prior conviction.”
“A failure to timely move for a new trial ordinarily precludes a party from complaining on appeal that the damages awarded were either excessive or inadequate”
“Based on this record, we conclude that substantial evidence exists for the court's finding that Rockey actually caused Capabianca's IIED.”